Quiz in Health and Disease

In some individuals, the arms, backs of the hands, and face may be dotted with what pigmented marks?

"Age spots"

A tiny computer chip called a __________ can be placed on medicine bottles that beeps periodically as a reminder to take the drug and tracks how many and at what time pills have been taken.

"smart cap"

In developing nations with widespread poverty, malnutrition, disease, and armed conflict, average life expectancy is...

55 years.

Heart Disease is the leading cause of to overall death in the United States however over the past four decades it has declined by _________?

70%

What is the average life expectancy in the US for men and women?

78.8-76 for men 81 for women

What also contributes by constricting blood flow to the retina?

Atherosclerosis

What effects one's ability to taste?

Cigarette smoking, dentures, medications, and environmental pollutants.

What are sources of assistive technology?

Computers and smart devices

What are greatest at high frequencies, although detection of soft sounds diminishes throughout the frequency range?

Decrements

What country has the highest life expectancy?

Japan

Neuron loss in later life ________

Progresses at different rates among different regions of the cerebral cortex

As the immune system ages, __________ which attack antigens (foreign substances) directly, become less numerous and effective

T cells

What part of the eye becomes more translucent and scatters light, which blurs images and increases sensitivity to glare?

The cornea (clear covering of the eye)

What is sleep apnea?

a condition in which breathing ceases for 10 seconds or longer, resulting in many brief awakening

Federico has a family history of macular degeneration. Which of the following diets should Federico follow to decrease his own risk of developing macular degeneration?

a diet emphasizing fish high in omega-3 fatty acids

What contribution of heredity to length of life decreases in favor of what environmental factors?

a healthy diet; normal body weight; regular exercise; little or no tobacco, alcohol, drug use, an optimistic outlook, low psychological stress, and social support.

After age 80, a _____________________ occurs—surviving African Americans live longer than members of the white majority

a life expectancy crossover

What is a Centenarians?

a person who is one hundred or more years old.

What are basic self-care tasks required to live on one's own, such as bathing, dressing, getting in and out of bed or a chair, or eating?

activities of daily living

What are tasks necessary to conduct the business of daily life and also requiring some cognitive competence, such as telephoning, shopping, food preparation, housekeeping, and paying bills?

instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)

Because lung tissue gradually loses its elasticity, vital capacity (amount of air that can be forced in and out of the lungs)

is reduced by half between ages 25 and 80

Japan's leading status in average life expectancy has been attributed to...?

it's low rates of obesity and heart disease (linked to its low-fat diet) along with its favorable health-care policies.

What causes taste to decline in later adulthood?

largely due to a decline in number and distribution of taste buds on the tongue.

The heart pumps with _______ force, maximum heart rate __________, and blood flow throughout the circulatory system slows

less, decreases

What is calling up past experiences with the goal of achieving greater self-understanding?

life-review

What increases the risk of wrinkles?

long-term alcohol use, cigarette smoking, and psychological stress and sun exposure

As hearing declines, older people report ________.

lower self-efficacy

Aging neurons established new synapses after...

other neurons had degenerated

In regards to reminiscing, engaged in to reduce boredom and revive bitter events, is linked to adjustment problems is called?

self-focus

What changes to the cardiovascular system occur in late adult hood?

the heart muscle becomes more rigid, and some of its cells die while others enlarge, leading the walls of the left ventricle (the largest heart chamber, from which blood is pumped to the body) to thicken.

Some centenarians share with siblings a segment of identical DNA on the fourth chromosome, suggesting that a certain gene, or several genes, may increase...

the likelihood of exceptionally long life

In countries around the globe, women outlive men by an average of __________ years.

5

Brain-imaging research and after-death autopsies reveal that the loss becomes greater starting in the _________ and amounts to as much as _______to _______ percent by age _________.

50's 5 to 10 % by 80

What can be seen beneath the more transparent skin, which has largely lost its layer of fatty support and further limits ability to adapt to hot and cold temperatures?

blood vessels

Research suggests that as people grow older, both

body transcendence (focusing on psychological strengths) and ego transcendence (orienting toward a better life for those who will follow) increase.

What is cloudy areas in the lens, resulting in foggy vision and (without surgery) eventual blindness—increases tenfold from middle to late adulthood

cataracts

What later life brings increased contentment, affectionate, enjoyable bonds with others, and continued service to society.

psychosocial maturity

As the result of age-related changes, the heart ________ in late adulthood.

pumps with less force

What can be predicted by a country's health care, housing, and social services, along with lifestyle factors?

quality of life

What two risk factors associated with heart disease have helped with the current decline in the past four decades?

quit smoking, reducing high blood pressure, advancement in medical treatment

)lder adults who report having attained intrinsic (personally gratifying) life goals....

typically express acceptance of their own death

Identical twins typically die within _______ years of each other, whereas fraternal twins of the same sex differ by more than ________ years.

3 and 6 years

Some scientists believe that______ years is close to the maximum, and ________to _______ years is as much as most humans can expect.

122 85 to 90

In the United States, the gap in life expectancy at birth between the wealthiest and the poorest individuals is ______ years for men and ______ years for women.

14½ and 10 years

What two things help protect the immune response in old age, where as obesity aggravates the age-related decline?

A healthy diet and exercise

Surmounting physical limitations by emphasizing the compensating rewards of cognitive, emotional, and social powers

Body transcendence

As contemporaries die, facing the reality of death constructively through efforts to make life more secure, meaningful, and gratifying for younger generations

Ego transcendence

The heart muscle becomes more responsive to signals from pacemaker cells within the heart, which initiate each contraction in later adulthood (true or false).

False less responsive

________ is/are among predictors of better physical functioning and survival over the next two years in very old people.

High T cell activity

Which of the following adults is most likely to experience disturbed sleep due to sleep apnea?

Jake, who is overweight and drinks alcohol heavily

What causes hearing to decline in late adulthood?

Reduced blood supply and natural cell death in the inner ear and auditory cortex, along with stiffening of membranes (such as the eardrum).

Life expectancy varies substantially with SES. (True or False)

True

Research shows that the most obvious outward signs of aging—graying hair, facial wrinkles, and baldness—bear no relationship to cognitive functioning or to longevity. (True or False)

True

United States falling below the overwhelming majority of industrialized nations in regards to average life expectancy. (True or False)

True

Older adults require about _________ total sleep as younger adults:

as much

What is array of devices that permit people with disabilities to improve their functioning, is available to help older people cope with physical declines?

assistive technology

What is Ego integrity associated with?

associated with more favorable psychological well-being—a more upbeat mood, greater self-acceptance, higher marital satisfaction, closer relationships with adult children, greater community involvement, and increased ease in accepting help from others when it is needed

The immune system is more likely to malfunction by turning against normal body tissues in an

autoimmune response

What is involved in many life-support functions, also performs less well, placing older adults at risk during heat waves and cold spells?

autonomic nervous system

What is the number of years that an individual born in a particular year is expected to live?

average life expectancy

What is believed to cause a decrease in touch?

believed to be due to loss of touch receptors in certain regions of the skin and slowing of blood circulation to the extremities—contributes

What causes a decrease in smell?

decrease in the number of smell receptors, along with loss of neurons in brain regions involved in processing odors.

When both parents survive to age 70 or older, the chances that their children will live to 90 or 100 are...

double that of the general population

What involves coming to terms with one's life?

ego integrity versus despair

Until age 70 or 80, men experience more sleep disturbances than women, for several reasons such as...

enlargement of the prostate gland and those who are overweight and use alcohol heavily—are more prone to sleep apnea

Fortunately, there are ways to foster restful sleep, such as

establishing a consistent bedtime and waking time, exercising regularly, and using the bedroom only for sleep (not for eating, reading, or watching TV).

Why do women live longer than men?

extra X chromosome, less aggressive and reduced risk taking

Regarding sleep as people age, they have more difficulty

falling asleep, staying asleep, and sleeping deeply.

What is a cosmic and transcendent perspective directed beyond the self to affinity with past and future generations and oneness with the universe?

gerotranscendence

The joint contribution of what three factors relate to life expectancy?

heredity and environment to biological aging

Besides biological aging, What increases an individual's risk for cataracts?

heredity, sun exposure, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and certain diseases (such as hypertension and diabetes) increase the risk of cataracts

Certain immune indicators, such as ___________, predict better physical functioning and survival over the next two years in very old people

high T cell activity

Robust centenarians have a low incidence of genes associated with...

immune-deficiency disorders, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease.

Which statement about adapting to the physical changes of aging is true?

in the United States, sense of personal control is a strong predictor of older adults' health status.

As hearing declines, older people report _____________

lower self-efficacy, more loneliness and depressive symptoms, and a smaller social network than their normally hearing peers

When light-sensitive cells in the macula, or central region of the retina, break down, older adults may develop what causing central vision blurs and gradually is lost?

macular degeneration

What is a . species-specific biological limit to length of life (in years), corresponding to the age at which the oldest known individual died?

maximum lifespand

Those who emphasize attainment of extrinsic goals (such as money or prestige)...

more often fear life's end.

Regarding physical changes, what generally declines at a faster rate in late adulthood than in middle age?

muscle strength, which generally declines at a faster rate in late adulthood than in middle age.

What characteristics related to cognitive functioning or to longevity of life?

neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, immune-system, and skeletal and muscular health are strongly associated with cognitive performance and both quality and length of later life

Because the heart pumps with less force and the maximum heart rate decreases, a sufficient oxygen may

not be delivered to body tissues during high physical activity

What causes the skin to be less active in late adulthood?

oil glands that lubricate the skin become less active, leading to dryness and roughness.

Despite physical declines, increased health problems, a restricted future, and death of loved ones, most older adults maintain a sense of...

optimism, gaining in enjoyment, happiness, and general psychological well-being with age

Older people display a compensating emotional strength, called

positivity effect

Protective factors include which help shield cells in the macula from toxic levels of free radicals?

regular, brisk physical activity and a diet emphasizing fish high in omega-3 fatty acids, which promote cardiovascular health, and fruits and vegetables high in vitamins A, C, E, and carotenoids (yellow and red plant pigments),

What is telling stories about people and events from their past and reporting associated thoughts and feelings?

reminiscence

Regarding sleep, changes in brain structures controlling...

sleep and higher levels of stress hormones in the bloodstream, which have an alerting effect on the central nervous system, are believed to be responsible.

What factors positivity influence average life expectancy?

slow biological aging, improved nutrition, medical treatment, sanitation, and safety.

Those who are poor sleepers more often report

slower reaction times and attention and memory difficulties.

Cardiovascular and respiratory deficiencies are more extreme in lifelong

smokers and in people who have failed to reduce dietary fat or have had many years of exposure to environmental pollutants.

What is the major factor of increase average life expectancy?

steady decline in infant mortality as well as death rates

The autonomic nervous system also releases higher levels of....

stress hormones into the bloodstream than it did earlier, perhaps to arouse body tissues that have become less responsive to these hormones over the years

What characteristics are associated with SES?

stressful life events, wide-ranging unhealthy behaviors, jobs with health risks, and weak social supports

What is it called when older people say they feel younger than they look and than they actually are?

subjective aging

What areas of the brain tended to show greater shrinkage than the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes?

the prefrontal cortex (responsible for executive function and strategic thinking), and the corpus callosum (which connects the two cortical hemispheres).

Where does neuron loss occur?

throughout the cerebral cortex

Late life, hearing impairments are more common than visual impairments. (True or False)

true

A less competent immune system reduces the effectiveness of available...

vaccines and increases the risk of a variety of illnesses—in addition to infectious diseases (such as the flu), cardiovascular disease, certain forms of cancer, and various autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes

Because lung tissue gradually loses its elasticity, ________ is reduced by half between ages 25 and 80.

vital capacity

What causes the loss of brain function in older individuals?

withering of the myelin coating on neural fibers, loss of synaptic connections, death of neurons, and enlargement of ventricles (spaces) within the brain

Height continues to decline, especially in what gender?

women, as loss of bone mineral content leads to further collapse of the spinal column