Race and Ethnicity Midterm

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"...the gap between rich and poor in the United States is growing at an alarming rate. In fact it's wider now than at any time since World War II" pg 327 "being born into a particular class, racial/ethnic group, and sex has repercussions that touch upon every aspect of a person's life" pg 327

Strangers Chapter 1

. Native-born Americans have not always welcomed newcomers with open arms; indeed, they often have responded with overt acts of discrimination, ranging from avoidance to violence and murder. Individuals of the dominant group usually absolve themselves of blame for a minority group's low status and problems, attributing these instead to supposed flaws within the group itself (for example, slowness in learning the mainstream language or lack of a work ethic). among isolated peoples, the arrival of a stranger has always been a momentous occasion, often eliciting strong emotional responses. One excellent technique for evaluating how perceptions of similarity attract closer interaction patterns consists of ranking social distance , the degree of closeness or remoteness individuals prefer in interaction with members of other groups. In the twenty-first-century studies (Table 1.1), non-ethnic whites still remained in the top position as the most accepted, with many of the other top 10 slots filled by Canadians, British, Irish, French, and Germans, essentially continuing an 85-year pattern. Particularly striking, though, was the dramatic rise of African Americans. Now ranking fifth, they first broke the racial barrier by entering the top sector in 2001 and placing ahead of most other white ethnic groups in 2012 By definition, the stranger is not only an outsider but also someone different and personally unknown. People perceive strangers primarily through categoric knowing—the classification of others on the basis of limited information obtained visually and perhaps verbally. .6 People make judgments and generalizations on the basis of scanty information, confusing an individual's characteristics with typical group-member characteristics. Migration is the general term that refers to the movement of people into and out of a specified area, which could either be within a country or from one country to another. Emigration is a narrower term that refers to the movement of people out of a country to settle in another, while immigration refers to the movement of people into a new country to become permanent residents. So we could speak, for example, of the emigration of people from Peru and their immigration into the United States. To the sending country, they are emigrants and to the receiving country, they are immigrants. minority group not to designate a group's numerical representation but to indicate its relative power and status in a society Minority-Group Characteristics The group receives unequal treatment from the larger society. The group is easily identifiable because of distinguishing physical or cultural characteristics that are held in low esteem. The group feels a sense of group identity, that each of them shares something in common with other members. Membership in the minority group has ascribed status : One is born into it. Group members practice endogamy : They tend to marry within their group, either by choice or by necessity, because of their social isolation. Sociologists define an ingroup as a group to which individuals belong and feel loyal; thus, everyone—whether a member of a majority group or a minority group—is part of some ingroup. An outgroup consists of all people who are not members of one's ingroup. Social identity theory holds that ingroup members almost automatically think of their group as being better than outgroups because doing so enhances their own social status or social identity and thus raises the value of their personal identity or self-image.22 the ingroup does not always view an outgroup as being inferior. An outgroup may become a positive reference group—that is, it may serve as an exemplary model—if members of the ingroup think it has a conspicuous advantage over them. Eurocentrism is a variation of ethnocentrism in which the content, emphasis, or both, in history, literature, and other humanities primarily, if not exclusively, concern Western culture. Afrocentrism , a viewpoint that emphasizes African culture and its influence on Western civilization and the behavior of American blacks. The Dillingham Flaw thus refers to any inaccurate comparison based on simplistic categorizations and anachronistic judgments. It is thus faulty logic in making incorrect assumptions about the past and applying stereotypes to the present to compare two groups. The first two are macrosocial theories that focus on society itself, while the third one is a microsocial theory because it examines only one aspect within society. Proponents of functionalist theory emphasize that the various parts of society have functions, or positive effects, that promote solidarity and maintain the stability of the whole. Some components of the social structure have manifest functions (obvious and intended results), but they often have latent functions (hidden and unexpected results). false consciousness—holding attitudes that do not accurately reflect the objective facts of the situation interactionist theory , examines the microsocial world of personal interaction patterns in everyday life rather than the macrosocial aspects of social institutions and their harmony or conflict. Symbolic interaction—the shared symbols and definitions people use when communicating with one another—provides the focus for understanding how individuals create and interpret the life situations they experience.

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Debunking the Pathology of Poverty: "the single most important determinant of poverty is family structure" pg 78. -poverty is perpetuated by defective cultural values, an idea known as culture of poverty. -premise that poor ppl have distinctive culture that causes them to fail seems to have been rejected. -wage theft, employers not paying for overtime or altering records of time impacts poor. "Wealth inequality in the U.S. is greater now than at any time since 1928, and the share funneled to the top 1 percent continues to grow..." pg 80

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Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, Seneca Falls Convention, 1848. -first woman's rights convention, most famous document in history of feminism. contains bill of particulars like declaration of independence. -men and equal are created equal.

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Race and Family Income of Students Influence Guidance Counselors' Advice, Study finds -advice that college counselors will give students. more likely to recommend community colleges to middle class students

Strangers Chapter 2

Social structure—the organized patterns of behavior among the basic components of a social system—establishes relatively predictable social relationships among the different peoples in a society. eventually, most minority groups adapt their distinctive cultural traits to those of the host society through a process called acculturation Because words symbolically interpret the world to us, the linguistic relativity of language may connote both intended and unintended prejudicial meanings. For example, black is the symbol for darkness (in the sense of lightlessness) or evil, and white symbolizes cleanliness or goodness; and a society may subtly (or not so subtly) transfer these meanings to black and white people. Nonverbal communication—or body language—is highly important, too. Body movements, gestures, physical proximity, facial expressions (there are as many as 136 facial expressions, each of which conveys a distinct meaning),7 and paralinguistic signals (sounds but not words, such as a sigh, a kiss-puckering sound, or the m-m-m sound of tasting something good) all convey information to the observer-listener. Thomas theorem , relates directly to the Dillingham Flaw discussed in the first chapter. Whereas Thomas emphasized how definitions lead to actions that produce consequences to conform to the original, ill-founded definition, the Dillingham Flaw suggests the misguided thought process that may result in that definition in the first place. The Thomas theorem is thus further testimony to the truth of reality constructs: Human beings respond to their definitions of stimuli rather than to the stimuli themselves. Usually, immigrants follow a pattern of chain migration , settling in an area already containing family, friends, or compatriots who located there earlier. paper thus, parallel social institutions—their own clubs, organizations, newspapers, stores, churches, and schools duplicating those of the host society—appear, creating cohesiveness within the minority subculture, whether it is an immigrant or native-born grouping. ethnogenesis occurs.13 Shaped partly by the core culture in selectively absorbing some elements and modifying others, the group also retains, modifies, or drops elements from its cultural heritage as it adapts to its new country. convergent subcultures ; that is, they tend toward assimilation with the dominant society. marginality—living under stress in two cultures simultaneously. T Not all subcultures assimilate. Some even do not desire to do so, and others, particularly non-white groups, face difficulties in assimilating. These unassimilated subcultures are known as persistent subcultures Social stratification is the hierarchical ranking of the members of society based on the unequal distribution of resources, power, and prestige. Using the reputational method—asking people how they thought others compared to them ethclasses—subsocieties resulting from the intersection of stratifications of race and ethnic group with stratifications of social class. Additional determinants are the rural or urban setting and the particular region of the country in which a group lives. Examples of ethclasses are lower-middle-class white Catholics in a northern city, lower-class black Baptists in the rural South, and upper-class white Jews in a western suburb. Moynihan argued that family deterioration was a core cause of the problems of high unemployment, welfare dependency, illegitimacy, low achievement, juvenile delinquency, and adult crime: politically, Lewis was a leftist, and he did not blame the poor as some critics misinterpreted. Rather, he emphasized the institutionalized tenacity of their poverty, arguing that the system damaged them.34 Edward Banfield, a conservative, recast Lewis's position to assert that poverty continues because of subcultural patterns. Whereas Lewis held that the mechanics of capitalist production for profit caused poverty, Banfield found its cause in the folkways of its victims. The debate continues on whether the culture of poverty results from economic determinism (structural barriers and discrimination) or from cultural determinism (transmission of cultural inadequacies). paper Cultural differentiation Differences between cultures that make one group distinguishable from another. Structural differentiation Status distinctions for different racial and ethnic groups entrenched within the social system. Ethnic stratification is the structured inequality of different groups with different access to social rewards as a result of their status in the social hierarchy. Stanley Lieberson suggested a power-differential theory , in which intergroup relations depend on the relative power of the migrant group and the indigenous group.49 Because the two groups usually do not share the same culture, each strives to maintain its own institutions. Which group becomes dominant and which becomes subordinate governs subsequent relations Paternalism A condescending treatment of adults, managing and regulating their affairs as a father would handle his children's affairs. Internal-colonialism theory A concept explaining the experiences of blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans in terms of economic exploitation and rigid stratification.

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The Segregated Classrooms of a Proudly Diverse School by Jeffrey Gettleman. -classrooms are segregated in columbia high school. white students make up bulk of advanced classes. low expectations make you feel like you are in a hole.

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This person doesn't sound white by ziba kasher. a name is associated with a racial group and can make the difference between getting job interview and remaining unemployed accordign to study at univeristy chicago grad school of business. sent fake resumes

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White privilege. whites are taught not to recognize white privilege.

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"Night to His Day" The social construction of gender by judith lorber. we do gender without thinking about it. gender starts w assignment to sex category gender roles have changed slightly. gender is a socially constructed status. what men do are valued more.

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"Savage Inequalities" Revisited. by bob feldman. richer whiter school districts still get more public funds while the federal gov looks the other way. funding inequality puts students of color at disadvantage. pg 379

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"The top 1 percent has more wealth than the bottom 90 percent of households combined" pg 329. "Imagine a country where minimum wage raises have been so little, so late that minimum wage workers earned less in 2012, adjusted for inflation, than they did in 1956" pg 330 "Although blacks and whites engage in drug offenses at comparable rates, a human rights group reports, blacks are ten times more likely than whites to enter prison for drug offenses" pg 335 basically just explains how ridiculous america is and how unequal we are with a bunch of statistics.

Strangers Chapter 6

Although the immigrant groups segregated themselves socially from one another, outsiders saw them mainly as unacculturated strangers and tended to lump them together. Italians and Jews stood out from others, though, because of their large numbers, residential clustering, religions, languages, appearance, and cultural practices. Finally, in 1917, Congress overrode President Wilson's veto of yet another literacy bill of the same type. The National Origins Quota Act of 1921, adopting a proposal that the Dillingham Commission had made a decade earlier, limited the numbers of immigrants. It imposed a quota system, allowing only 3 percent of the number of people of each nationality already in the United States in 1910 When the act expired, it was replaced by the even tougher Johnson-Reed Act of 1924, which reduced each country's annual quota to 2 percent of its emigrants already in the United States as of 1890. This change discriminated even more severely against the "newer" immigrant countries, and the worldwide quota dropped to near 165,000. In 1929, however, the quota of 3 percent was restored, with a total ceiling of 150,000 Of the 9.6 million Americans claiming Polish ancestry, approximately 80 percent are clustered in nine Northeastern and Midwestern states. Chicago still claims the world's largest concentration of ethnic Poles outside Poland. The prominence of Hungarian immigrants in such brawny occupations as mining and steel, as well as in the labor unrest, led to whites using the ethnophaulism hunky, an alteration of their proper name, to refer generally to all central European laborers. By the turn of the century, hunky had evolved into a universal term for a white roughneck laborer—a redneck—and blacks simply extended it to all whites, using the dialectal pronunciation honky. The term hunky now has fallen into disuse, but honky lingers on as a racial slur.40 Of the nearly 5.5 million Italians who have come to the United States throughout its history, 80 percent came between 1880 and 1920 (see the Ethnic Experience box). Many Italian males engaged in "shuttle migration," going back and forth between the United States and Italy. Fleeing abject poverty and economic disaster in the harsh Mezzogiorno east and south of Rome, their rapid and pronounced visibility led to vicious anti-Italian bigotry. At the core of Roma culture is the family (the familia), which actually is a functional extended family. Parents, siblings, aunts, uncles, cousins, assorted other relatives, and adopted children all live and work together, caring for one another in times of joy and sorrow.

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An Act Prohibiting the Teaching of Slaves to read pg 488 to keep slaves in hand, it was deemed necessary to keep them away from being able to read otherwise they might read abolitionist newspapers and know too much. -state of north carolina, any free person cannot teach slave to read or write or they would get in trouble

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An Act for the Better Ordering and Governing of Negroes and Slaves, South Carolina, 1712. southern colonies had hgihly develope code of governing negroes. in 1712, south carolina passed "An act for the better ordering and governing of Negroes and Slaves" 7.3 three-fifths compromise. taxes are apportioned among states. native americans not included and 3/5 of all slaves. 7.4 an act prohibiting the teaching of slaves to read.

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Brown v. Board of Education 1954. denied admission to schools attended by white children. he was allowed to go to white school bc it was better. seperate is not equal.. cannot be made eqaul.

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Class in America by Gregory Mantsois. class divide has been around but is getting worse. - we dont really speak about class privileges in America -we are aware of class but it isn't part of our conversation -we feel it is ok to say middle-class bc it mutes class differences. which is why politicians use it, to encompass the broadest possible constituency -more poor people in the us than ever -1/5 us kids live in poverty "The income gap between the very rich (top 1 percent) and everyone else(the 99 percent) more than tripled over the past 3 decades, creating the greatest concentration of income since 1928" pg 147 paper -low income correlates with lower quality of treatment for illness and disease -test scores correlate with family income "One study showed that 79 percent of families remained in the same quintile of income earners or moved u or down only one quintile." pg 155 paper

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Constructing Race, Creating white privilege by pen davidson buck -took until the end of 1700s for ideas about race to develop like we have today. black and whites used to make love to each other before bacons rebellion but then that all changed. they were punished for interracial relations. -1691 law increased punishments for whites who married african or indian men and then they could be enslaved for it. white privilege was created, all whites have an equal interest in the maintenance of whiteness. white farmers united with white elites, bought into psychological wage

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Defining Racism: by Beverly Daniel Tatum many think racism still is a thing of the past. -most children have racist tendencies by the age of 3 prejudice is preconceived judgement or opinion , based on limited info. we all have them. internalized oppression = internalize stereotypical categories about their own group black ppl cant really be racist if you define racism as a system of advantage bc they arent advantaged whites are usually actively racist or passively racist. 2.2 Color-Blind Racism by Eduardo Bonilla-Silva: most whites say they don't see any color, just people. blacks are still extremely disadvantaged. whites have developed this color-blind racism to justfy racial inequality and maintain their white privilege. can be called "new racism" abstract liberalism- cream rises to the top but cream is only white?? hmmm? naturalization: ignorance of whites. "no blacks in schools bc thats just the way things are" biologization of culture:blacks are poor bc lack drive to succeed. whites believe discrimination is gone whereas blacks believe that it is still prevalent. 2.3 Neithor Black nor white by angelo N. Ancheta. Asians say neither. asians are other... -African americans are largest racial minority group in usa since country's birth. -for most natiosn history, asians have been treated primarily as constructive blacks and endured same disadvantages -asians are now honorary whites. -asian violence/shootings, people are still racist w asians 2.4 Oppression by Marilyn Frye. Women are oppressed. -if u do ur a slut, if u dont ur a prude -oppression is hard to see and recognize, we are looking at ppl oppressed but do not realize we are looking at that

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Deportations are down, but fear persists among undocumented immigrants by Tim Henderson: -falsely accused of rape and deported. immigrants fear can prevent them from cooperating w police -police in California rolled out alternative drivers licenses for unauthorized immigrants and others to help everyone -want community to trust police officers -only 13 percent of unauthorized immigrants are at high risk of deportation, down from before

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Discrimination in Everyday Life. refusing to hire qualified person bc of race or whatever is an example of discrimination, but there are many unclear examples of such. is a joke that portrays women in a sexist way bad or is it a joke?? -discrimination is a fact of life

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Domination and Subordination by Jean Baker Miller -two types of inequality: first is temporary inequality. parents and kids and teachers and students are examples. some ability the superior is to impart to the lesser person. second is permanent inequality: birth defines you. race, sex, class... dominant groups define acceptable roles for subordinate such as cleaning up dominants waste products -subordinates know much more about dominants than vice versa.

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Dred Scott v. Sanford. Was someone free when traveling to free state? Apparently not. 7.8 emancipation proclamation. all slaves are free!!! 7.9 united states constittuion, thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendment. slavery cant exist (13) blacks are citizens of usa (all persons born or naturalized in usa) (14) all people can vote (15)

Strangers Chapter 4

Ethnic-group identity exists when individuals choose to emphasize cultural or national ties as the basis for their primary social interactions and sense of self. Leaving the taken-for-granted world of their homeland, immigrants—as strangers in a strange land—become more self-conscious of their group identity. Deviant behavior among minority groups occurs not because of race or ethnicity, as prejudiced people think, but usually because of poverty and lack of opportunity. paper f a minority group is sufficiently cohesive and conscious of its growing economic or political power, its members may act openly to challenge and eliminate discriminatory practices, through defiance he apathy that militant leaders sometimes find among their own people may result from a negative self-image , a common consequence of prejudice and discrimination. Labeling theory helps us to understand this process. Using racial or ethnic stereotypes, the mainstream group may stigmatize a minority group and thereafter identify and treat its members as having those negative attributes. Sometimes the relationship between prejudice and discrimination is circular. Gunnar Myrdal referred to this pattern as cumulative causation—a vicious-circle phenomenon in which prejudice and discrimination perpetuate each other.14 For example, a discriminatory action in filling jobs leads to a minority reaction, poverty, which in turn reinforces the dominant-group attitude that the minority group is inferior, leading to more discrimination, and so on. middleman minorities.19 This model identifies certain minorities in middle-income positions, typically in trade and commerce, where they play the role of middleman between producer and consumer and between the elite and the masses.20 Historically, minorities commonly were trading peoples whose history of persecution (Jews, Greeks, and Armenians) split or dual labor market as a means of understanding ethnic antagonism in the workplace.32 This model refers to two fields of employment, the primary labor market where workers enjoy decent wages, pay payroll taxes, and receive health insurance and other benefits, compared to the secondary labor market, in which minorities, mostly, work in unregulated low-paying jobs, usually on a cash basis with no payroll tax deductions, health insurance, or other benefits. underground economy , where employers pay workers in cash "under the table." Generally speaking, assimilation (majority-conformity) theory refers to the functioning within a society of racial or ethnic minority-group members who no longer possess any marked cultural, social, or personal differences from the people of the dominant group. paper Marital assimilation—large-scale intermarriage with members of the majority society—and structural assimilation—large-scale entrance into the cliques, clubs, and institutions of the host society on a primary-group level—best reveal the extent of acceptance of minority groups in the larger society. Secondary structural assimilation typically involves the more impersonal public sphere of social interaction, such as intergroup mingling in civic, recreational, school, or work environments. Primary structural assimilation typically involves close, personal interactions between dominant- and minority-group members in small-group settings, such as parties, social clubs, and other interactive gatherings. Conceptualized as the amalgamation or melting-pot theory , it holds that all the diverse peoples blend their biological and cultural differences (through intermarriage and creation of a unique culture) into an altogether new breed—the American Cultural pluralism—two or more culturally distinct groups living in the same society in relative harmony—has been the more noticeable form of pluralism. Structural pluralism—the coexistence of racial and ethnic groups in subsocieties within social-class and regional boundaries—is less noticeable. Many minority groups lose their visibility when they acculturate.

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Homophobia as Weapon of Sexism by susanne pharr -patriarchy, enforced belief in male dominance and control, is the ideology and sexism the system that holds it in place there are limited educational and training opportunities for women and for people of color and then they are withheld adequate paying jobs with the excuse that people of color and women are incapable fo filling them. -threat of violence for women is huge, keeps them in line. -internalized sexism. -homophobia is a weapon of sexism bc it has joined w heterosexism. heterosexism and homophobia work together to enforce heterosexuality and the nuclear family. being called a whoree or lesbian is huge insult for women. to be lesbian is to be perceived as someone who has stepped out of line, who has moved out of economic dependence of male. gay males are perceived as threat to male dominance and control

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How Jews became white folks pg karen broken -mongrelization (inferior whites) were destroying the nation!!! (not really) in the early decades of twentieth century -anti-Semitism was big in 1920s and 1930s in usa. -after world war II this changed. the u.s. discovery that europe had inferior races began with irish in mid-nineteenth century. they were segregated in different neighborhoods. only north west europeans were superior 1924-1927, closing doors for most immigrants BI Bill of Rights helped immigrants much bc it included priority in jobs for minorities. -jews pulled themselves up with federal programs such as GI Bill. GI bills didnt help blacks.

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How it Happened: Race and Gender Issues in U.S. Law: new approaches to history have arisen to remedy the omissions and distortions of the past (such as how columbus was a "hero") all our legal documents such as declaration of independence was only for white men. blacks in slavery were 3/5 of all other persons. -indigenous ppl of North America suffered most egregious and tragic abuse. Indian Removal act of 1830, carry out appropriation of indian lands. uthen general allotment act of 1887 divided tribal landholdings undermined the tribal system and culture. -women oppressed as well. similarities between legal status of women and slaves. declaration of sentiments at seneca falls for women,

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Immigration in the united states, new economic, social, political landscapes with legislative reform on horizon by faye hipsman and doris meissner. -immigration has contributed deeply to many of the economic, social, and political processes that are foundational to the united states as a nation. -in decades prior to 1880, immigration to usa was primarily european. then tons of ppl came!! -chinese exclusion act of 1882, first such law. halted immigration of chinese laborers for ten years. Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986- IRCA, to address illegal immigration. four years later congress passed immigration act of 1990 to admit skilled immigrant workers. -personal responsibility and work opportunity reconciliation ac, denied access to federal public benefits and food stamps of immigrants -illegal immigration reform and immigrant responsibility act increased penalties for immigration-related crime. anti-terrorism and effective death penalty act made it easier to arrrest, detain, and deport noncitizens 4.2 impossible subjects: illegal aliens and the making of aAmerica unfair deportation for unserious crimes

Strangers Chapter 5

In 1798, with a volatile situation in Europe and a distinct possibility of war with France, the Federalists passed a series of laws known collectively as the Alien and Sedition Acts, designed to discourage political activity by pro-French immigrants. Between 1820 and 1860, more than 5 million immigrants—more than half of the U.S. population of 1820 and more than the entire population of 1790—crossed the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans to disembark on U.S. shores. Nativist One who advocates a policy of protecting the interests of native inhabitants against those of immigrants. The two greatest periods of Dutch immigration were 1881 to 1930, brits in santa monica The Dutch were self-sufficient and enjoyed high social standing in the new society. Their church, rather than mainstream secular ways, formed the basis of their social life; the more orthodox they were, the more they resisted assimilation. french Americans fall into three population segments: migrants from France, migrants from French Canada (who settled primarily in New England), and French Louisianans. Many of the latter, also known as Cajuns, were expelled from Acadia (primarily Nova Scotia) by the British in 1755; by 1790, approximately 4,000 of them had resettled in Louisiana, where their descendants now live. In the seventeenth century, the Huguenots fled either to Holland or to colonial America to escape religious persecution. Pluralism:Two vibrant, persistent French subcultures give testimony to the cultural pluralism that is a constant feature of U.S. society: the Louisiana French and the French Canadians. Germany has supplied the greatest number of immigrants to the United States—more than 7.3 million since 1820. Today, 47.4 million people, about one of seven Americans, trace at least some of their forebears to Germany ( german, irish, english, then italian irish: Settling chiefly in New England at first (around 1717), they clustered together, preserving their ethnicity and seldom mingling with the English Americans. After 1820, emigration to the United States became increasingly essential to the Irish Catholics, who suffered under oppressive British rule in their native land. Failure of the potato crop in successive years and the resulting famine during the late 1840s accelerated the exodus. 1900, more than 60 percent of the Irish immigrants living in the United States were single women, many working as domestic cooks, maids, or caregivers. motivated by religious dissension, voting disenfranchisement, crop failures, and other economic factors, the Scandinavians emigrated in large numbers, totaling nearly 2 million between 1870 and 1920. Danes tended to spread out more and to downplay the role of the church and fraternal organizations in comparison to Norwegians and Swedes. For that reason, the Danes assimilated more quickly, although all groups succeeded in blending into the social fabric fairly easily. The Swedes hit their peak year of immigration in 1913, and the Norwegians hit their peak in 1924. ch 5 great for paper

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Inequality undermines democracy by eduardo porter. -americans are less willing to take from rich and give to poor in part bc of belief that each of us has a decent shot at prosperity. you are likely to end up in the same economic class as your parents -sharp rise of college is making it harder for lower income and middle class families to progress -"inequality is also fueling geographical segregation- pushing the homes of the rich and the poor further apart" (400) for paper

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Maintaining Race, Class and Gender Hierarchies: Reproducing "Reality": -most effective forms of social control are invisible. -our institutions shape our perception of world -teachers expectations are as important as a childs innate ability in determining how well the child does in school, unconscious beliefs have powerful consequences -institutionalized racism

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Many Voices, Many Lives: Issues of Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality in Everyday Life: great literature has been produced by white males and focused on their experiences, not the oppressed. novels about men of color, gays and women were relegated to special interest and treated as marginal. -be careful not to generalize one groups experience based off of a particular persons account of their own oppression

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More blacks live with pollution by associate press. black americans are 79 percent more likely than whites to live in neighborhoods w pollution and health danger

Strangers Chapter 10

Most Africans who arrived in America from 1619 until the end of the slave trade in 1808 immigrated unwillingly, but in recent decades, the voluntary emigration to the United States from Africa has been substantial (Figure 10.1). Between 1899 and 1922, approximately 115,000 African blacks and more than 25,000 Afro-Caribbean blacks arrived. Then the restrictive immigration law of 1924 reduced the number of new immigrants from these groups; Africans, for example, were limited to only 122 newcomers annually. Africa sent more than 955,000 immigrants between 2000 and 2011, and more than 376,000 Afro-Caribbeans arrived in the same time period.1 Indeed, some black leaders have lobbied for slavery reparations , similar to those given to Japanese Americans in 1988 for their incarceration in the 1940s. Arguing that if President Andrew Johnson had not stripped the freed slaves of the land given them by General William Tecumseh Sherman under Special Field Orders No. 15, their descendants now might control a much larger share of U.S. wealth, proponents seek cash payments to right an old wrong. The change in black-white relations during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is an example of cultural drift , a gradual and pervasive change in a people's values. When Reconstruction ended in 1876, blacks once again found themselves in a formalized inferior status through segregation laws, voting disfranchisement, black codes (state laws designed to keep blacks in subservient positions), job discrimination, and occupational eviction. Not until the 1960s did many of these segregationist practices end in the South. n 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court ruling on Plessy v. Ferguson upheld the principle of "separate but equal" Jim Crow laws as part of a rolling snowball effect of such legislation. Segregation became the norm in all areas of life—bars, barbershops, drinking fountains, toilet facilities, ticket windows, waiting rooms, hotels, restaurants, parks, playgrounds, theaters, and auditoriums. Through literacy tests, poll taxes, and other measures, the southern states also succeeded in disfranchising black voters. De jure segregation Physical separation of a group that is established by law. De facto segregation Physical separation of a group that is entrenched in customs and practices. klu klux klan in 1920s The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the most far-reaching legislation against racial discrimination ever passed. It mandated that equal standards be enforced for voter eligibility in federal elections. It prohibited racial discrimination and refusal of service on racial grounds in all places of public accommodation, including eating and lodging establishments and places of entertainment, recreation, and service The 1960s Riots In the summer of 1964, blacks rioted in the tenement sections of Harlem, Rochester, and Philadelphia, attacking both police and property. The following summer, the violence and destruction were more massive; outbursts occurred first in the Watts section of Los Angeles The 1992 Los Angeles Riot: Five days of rioting erupted in Los Angeles in 1992, after a jury acquitted four white city police officers of criminal wrongdoing in the videotaped beating of black motorist Rodney King. In the aftermath of the prolonged riot, officials reported 58 deaths, 4,000 injuries, 11,900 arrests, minorities have issues on abstract reasoning in intelligence tests One continuing problem is redlining—the refusal by some banks to make loans on property in lower-income minority neighborhoods, which they indicate on secretive city maps with red pencil lines.

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My Black Skin Makes My White Coat Vanish by Mana Lumumba-Kasongo. girl just got M.D. No one believes the black girl is an actual doctor because she is black. only 4 percent of doctors are black females.

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People v. Hall, 1854. bias against chinese and other colored races was a big problem in nineteenth century california, but people v hall document demonstrates the bias as the majority opinion was handed down by the chief justice of california supreme court. -this decision declared open season on chinese, since crimes against them were likely to be witnessed by other chinese. a free white citizen was convicted of murder upon the testimony of chinese witnesses. the chinese were not able to testify as a witness. asians= inferior

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Race, Disability and the School-to-Prison Pipeline by Julianne Hing. a child did not respect adults bc the adults in his life were unstable, the school worked iwth him and he graduated. -many students are unnecessarily removed from class each year due to suspensions, most are black -understand between disadvantage and disability. -IDEA- helps students who need extra attention get it. some are emotional and behavioral disturbances.. but once kids are labeled as special education, theyre placed on an accelerated path toward school to prison pipeline. (may be bad idea for some students) -suspensions dont really help anything. all-in program tries to find out what to do to teach kids and help them. All-in is aimed at ones without disabilities but for emotional and behavioral programs. helped the child

Rothenberg 7.17-.18

Roe v Wade. legalized woman's right to terminate her pregnancy by abortion. The equal rights amendment (defeated) - failed to be ratified by the requisite number of states (the rights of citizens of the isa to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the usa or by any state on account of sex)

Rothenberg 8.1

Self-Fulfilling Stereotypes: -we judge people and accept their stereotypes because we have not interacted with them much. for example: blacks lazy, jews materialistic, italians passionate.. -if men thought they were talking to attractive ppl on the phone they behaved w more warmth. if unattractive, the men were cold and reserved. = acted upon stereotyped beliefs about the women trans woman "when i was treated as a woman, i became more of a woman" we act how people perceive us to be. -stereotypes persist, if ppl think we're cute we act cute

Rothenberg 8.5

Separate but still unequal, america's educational apartheid by jonathon kozol. schools are mostly still segregated. the value of children of poor begins where they begin their years of formal education. many ny children are even denied preschool. bad education results in dumb inner city kids. racial isolation, inequalities of education help it -some inner city kids are taking classes like hairdressing and sewing becaue it is all that is available to them

Rothenberg 1.5

The Invention of Heterosexuality by Jonathan Ned Katz Heterosexuality is as old as procreation. we think its universal... but heterosexuality is actually a modern invention. Before heterosexuality was early victorian of true love. true womanhood, true manhood, and true love, characterized by purity. women were defined by their distance from lust. penis and vagina = procreation, not for pleasure 1860-1892, lust happened. human body began to be perceived as means of consumption and pleasure. sex became good for men and women. women used to be called crazy for liking sex but now if they didnt they were frigid 1892-1900: heterosexuality formed. homosexual and heterosexual formed. homo was inclinations of both sexes. heterodox individuals liked sex too much heterosexual meant you had an erotic feeling for different sex. gradually doctors decided that this feeling was normal. 1900-1930. heterosexual became big 1930-1945: heterosexual first used in major publication

Rothenberg 4.2

The New Jim Crow, Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness by Michelle Alexander. -the majority of black women are unmarried. gender gap of 26 percent w black males and women in society. bc all the black men are in jail!! -more african american adults are under correctional control today than were enslaved in 1850.. mainly bc of war on drugs. -racial bias is an old prblem that has gotten worse. -especially bad in chicago quotes for papers pg 260

Rothenberg 7.13

The Unberable (In)visibility of being trans -everyone stares at you and asks you about it. invisible to government but visible to people.

Rothenberg 4.1

The problem: Discrimination. Discrimination against minorities and women was governmentally required. the doctrine of white supremacy used to support the institution of slavery became a way of life that slaves were regarded as beings of an inferior order, and unfit to associate with the white race in 1857!!! individual discrimination (hire women for sexual attractiveness), organizational discrimination ( height and weight requirements that exclude women from jobs) , structural discrimination (denies one the credentials to get good jobs. discrimination in housing so that some receive inferior education and making a cycle of poverty),

Strangers Chapter 13

The status and power of Native American women varied considerably from one tribe to another, depending on cultural orientations and patrilineal or matrilineal structure. In matrilineal and matrilocal societies, women had considerable power because property (housing, land, tools) belonged to them and passed from mother to daughter. Finally, in 1919, Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment, giving women the right to vote. . Passage in 1963 of the Equal Pay Act prohibited capricious discrimination against women in payment of wages. When Congress failed to act on other commission recommendations, some feminist advocates formed the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966, and a new phase of the feminist movement began The greatest increase in working women has been among wives with school-age children. In 2010, approximately 71 percent of mothers with children ages 6 to 17 were employed, up from 57 percent in 1980. Approximately 64 percent of all women with children under age 6 were employed, up from 37 percent in 1975. First, a female occupational ghetto exists, with many women in traditional low-paying, low-status jobs. Such "pink-collar" jobs include those of speech pathologists, dental hygienists, bank tellers, bookkeepers, health technicians, librarians, sales clerks, secretaries, and insurance underwriters.

Rothenberg 1.0

U.S. places priority on sex, race, and class. Positive traits in men = bad traits in women Both South Carolina Slave code of 1712 and Dred Scott Decision made it clear that "Negroes" were members of lesser race. -Mexicans were "better suited to perform brutal farm labor" -Rubin says race is socially constructed... not innate! even gender, some societies have women doing hunting and gathering and manual labor. Gender is socially imposed. men and women are different, but not that different. Rubin also says that gender identity is suppression of natural similarities. Ronald Takaki says that in usa, race has been social construction that has historically set apart racial minorities from european immigrant groups. michael omi and howard winant say that race is more political categorization. dark skinned men and women from spain were once white, greeks were orientals and were subjected to same discrimination that Chinese and Japanese experienced. albert memmi said that racism consists of stressing differences between individual populations. can be real or imagination, interpretation of difference leads to subordination.

Rothenberg 2.7

Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life -organized activities, dominate lives of middle-class children. this is concerted cultivation: from this, a robust sense of entitlement takes root in children which they earn to address adults as relative equals -all parents want best for children, but lower class adults do not consider concerted development of children through organized leisure activities. no concerted cultivation :/ -children who dont match up with standards of institutions bc of lack of the concerted cultivation become untrustful of institutional experiences. working class and poor children ahve more "childlike" lives but middle-class are given important institutional advantages -talk to kids, develop their educational interest, and play active role in schooling - dominant set of cultural repertoires aobut how children should be raised -middle class children know how to get people to listen to their concerns and how to make rules work in their favor -poor kids showed sense of constraint and accepted actions of persons in authority without questioning

Rothenberg 4.8

Women in the State Police: Trouble in the Ranks by Jonathan Schuppe women female troopers are discriminated against. only 3.7 percent of the agency are women. sexually harrassed. many are suing state police

Rothenberg 8.2

am i thin enough yet? by sharlene hesse- biber. based her worth on her thinness. thought thinness was beautiful and would give her a husband. starved herself. common in usa

Rothenberg 5.11

cause of death: inequality by alejandro reuse. social inequality lurks behind a more immediate cause of death, maybe hear disease or homicide. few of the top causes of death are equal opportunity killers. lower you are in social hierarchy, worse your health and the shorter your life are likely to be. -worse off in usa re not well off by world standards. some poor people in usa have lower chance of survival than those in india. health inequalities in usa are not just about access to health care, for example environmental hazards, communicable diseases, homicide, and lack of exercise.

Rothenberg 1.1

michael omi and howard winant. susie guillar phipps unsuccessfully sued louisiana to change her racial identification form black to white. she was designated black bc she was at least 1/3 negro blood. euorpeans were against everyone else and thought they were above them. race and the interpretation of racial differences created this worldview. classificatory scheme of living classificatory scheme of living organisms decided by linnaeus in systema naturae, many scholars dedicated themselves to identification and ranking of variations in humankind. race was thought of as biological concept. some attempts to establish biological basis of race is being resurrectd in scientific areas. social sciences have rejected biologistic notions of race in favor of an approach which regards race as a social concept -in 19th century, max weber discounted biological explanations for racial conflict. also, franz boaz refuted scientific racism by rejecting the connection between race and culture and the assumption of higher nad lower cultural groups. race is also sociohistorical concept. in brazil, ppl in same household look of dif races. v different in america --racial formation: the process by which social, economic, and political forces detrmine the importance of racial categories and meanings amateur bioloogy- way of explaining variations in human nature... wrong black in america came from racial slavery. racialization signifies extension of racial meaning to previously racially unclassified relatiosnship or group 1877, the definition of the working class was white. anti-cheese agitation in California and exclusion law passed by congress for it in 1882. race is constantly being transformed by political struggle

Strangers Chapter 3

prejudice exists on three levels: cognitive, emotional, and action orientation.4 The cognitive level of prejudice encompasses a person's beliefs and perceptions of a group as threatening or nonthreatening, inferior or equal (for example, in terms of intellect, status, or biological composition), seclusive or intrusive, impulse gratifying, acquisitive, or possessing other positive or negative characteristics. Ethnocentrism is a generalized rejection of all outgroups on the basis of an ingroup focus, whereas prejudice is a rejection of certain people solely on the basis of their membership in particular outgroups. The emotional level of prejudice encompasses the feelings that a minority group arouses in an individual An action-orientation level of prejudice is the positive or negative predisposition to engage in discriminatory behavior. The practice of self-justification involves denigrating a person or group to justify maltreatment of them. In this situation, self-justification leads to prejudice and discrimination against members of another group. In a famous study, T. W. Adorno and his colleagues reported a correlation between individuals' early childhood experiences of harsh parental discipline and their development of an authoritarian personality as adults.6 If parents assume an excessively domineering posture in their relations with a child, exercising stern measures and threatening to withdraw love if the child does not respond with weakness and submission, the child tends to be insecure and to nurture much latent hostility against the parents. When such children become adults, they may demonstrate displaced aggression , directing their hostility against a powerless group to compensate for their feelings of insecurity and fear. Highly prejudiced individuals tend to come from families that emphasize obedience. Relative deprivation is a lack of resources, or rewards, in one's standard of living in comparison with others in the society. Blaming others for something that is not their fault is known as scapegoating On a much larger scale, throughout U.S. history, in times of high unemployment and thus intense job competition, nativist movements against minorities have flourished. An ethnophaulism is a derogatory word or expression used to describe a racial or ethnic group. This is the language of prejudice—the verbal picture of a negative stereotype that reflects the prejudice and bigotry of a society's past and present. Generally, college students who were heavy viewers held more negative stereotypes than light viewers, particularly against Asians and Native Americans. Caucasians benefited from the most positive typecasting (and least negative) in comparison to the other four groups. A good example of the significance of the type of contact emerges from the experiments in the jigsaw classroom of Elliot Aronson and Neal Osherow.57 This research team observed that classroom competition for teacher recognition and approval often created a special hardship on minority children less fluent in English or less self-assured about participating in class. The researchers created interdependent learning groups of five or six children, each member charged with learning one portion of the day's lesson in a particular subject. The children learned the complete lesson from one another and then took a test on all the material. Because it creates interdependent groups, this technique was effective!!! One reason for this failure is that people tend to use selective perception ; that is, they absorb information that accords with their own beliefs and rationalize away information that does not. social discrimination—the creation of a "social distance" between groups President John F. Kennedy's Executive Order 10925 in 1961 was the first to use the term affirmative action ; it stipulated that government contractors would "take affirmative action that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin." Legislation in 1972 amended the 1964 Civil Rights Act, giving the courts the power to enforce affirmative-action standards. Preference programs became the rule through reserved minority quotas in college and graduate school admissions and in job hiring and promotions, as well as through government set-aside work contracts for minority firms.72 . Defenders of affirmative action argue that reverse discrimination is a myth fueled by white hysteria, and that the prevalence of racism and its negative impact on the life chances of people of color makes affirmative action still an important necessity.77 Discriminatory behavior operates at five levels of intensity: verbal expression, avoidance, exclusion, physical abuse, and extermination.

Rothenberg 2.0

sexism doesn't seem that bad until its a bunch of forces working together to create the oppression. racism and sexism are systems of advantage, reward white people and men. "color-blind racism" = new version of racial ideology class privilege = system of advantages that ensures wealth, power, opportunity and privilege go hand in hand note for paper: pg 102 rothenberg, "In many cases, people with privileges have enjoyed them for so long that they have simply come to take them for granted." pg 103 quote for paper

Rothenberg 4.4

the Ghosts of Stonewall, policing gender, policing sex by joey l. mugle andrea j ritchie and kay whitlak Drag queens and gay hustlers are arrested for being in public in 1966. Stonewall Uprising, rebellion against the raids became the birthplace of modern LGBTrights movements.

Rothenberg 7.14

united States constitution. the rights of citizens of the isa to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the usa or by any state on account of sex

Rothenberg 5.2- 5.3

wealth of whites is much larger than blacks. -current gap between whites and blacks have reached its highest point since 1989. 5.3 The making of the american 99% and the collapse of hte middle class by barbara ehrenreich and John Ehrenreich. -liberal elites- should pay more in tazes and favor reckless government spending. look down on conservative ppl. say "elite" is enemy, didnt make senes -one reason the concept of economic 99% in america took place is bc we have little in the way of a welfare state to stop a family in free-fall. unemployment benefits last like 6 months or a year.