RD Exam
Becky's BBQ Restaurant wants to determine the selling price for a beef brisket sandwich. The restaurant spent $133.05 on the recipe (yields 30 servings) and determined that the percentage food cost will be 35%. Based on the available information, what should be the selling price of the beef brisket sandwich? 1. $1.55 2. $4.44 3. $7.21 4. $12.67
$12.67 The factor pricing method, also known as the traditional or markup method, uses the raw cost of food and food cost percentage $133.05 / 30 servings = $4.435 per recipe To determine the markup factor: 100 / 35 = 2.857 To determine the selling price: 4.435 x 2.857 = 12.671 The beef brisket sandwich should be sold for $12.67 Factor pricing method shortcut: Divide the food cost percentage (as a decimal) into the raw food costs: $4.435 / 0.35 = 12.671
National Foodie Corporation purchases the Deluxe Dishwasher machine for $23,053.80. It has an estimated salvage value of $2,636 and a useful life of nine years. What is the annual depreciation?
$2,268.64 26,053.80 - 2636 = 20,417.8 20,417.8 / 9 years = 2,268.64444444
** Insert card about can sizes/equivalents
** Insert card about can sizes/equivalents
Sally is a 5'5" female and she states that she usually weights 125 lbs. When she weighs in at the doctor's office today, she weighs 114 lbs. What is her percentage weight change? 1. +11% 2. +8.8% 3. -8.8% 4. -11%
- 8.8%
The steps of program development and planning
1) Conduct a needs assessment 2) Develop program goals and objectives 3) Develop program plan 4) Identify funding sources 5) Seek support from stakeholders.
On average, how much water does a person lose per day due to insensible water loss? 1. 1.0 L 2. 2.0 L 3. 1.5 L 4. 0.5 L
1.0 L On average, a person loses between 0.8 and 1.2 liters of water per day due to insensible water loss. Insensible water losses include transepidermal diffusion (water that passes through the skin and is lost by evaporation) and evaporative water loss through the respiratory tract—in other words, water lost through skin and breathing
A female patient is 65 inches tall and weighs 130 pounds. She is receiving a TPN of D5W at 100 mL/hr/day. What is her GIR?
1.4 mg/kg/min Glucose infusion rate (GIR) is a measure of how quickly the patient receives carbohydrates. The maximum rate should not exceed 4-6 mg/kg/min (or max 0.36 grams dextrose/kg/hr) to prevent hyperglycemia and steatosis. To determine GIR, simply convert the units into mg/kg/min. To solve: GIR = [IV Rate (mL/hr) *x* Dextrose Conc (g/dL) *x* 1000 (mg/g)] */* [Weight (kg) *x* 60 (min/hr) *x* 100 (mL/dL)] Add in the variables: GIR = [100 (mL/hr) *x* 5 (g/dL) *x* 1000 (mg/g)] */* [59 (kg) *x* 60 (min/hr) *x* 100 (mL/dL)] GIR = 1.4 mg/kg/min
A company has 80 full-time positions. How many total employees are necessary for everyday coverage, including FTEs and relief workers? 1. 124 2. 168 3. 44 4. 80
124 80 * .55 = 44 (relief workers) 80 + 44 = 124 OR 80 * 0.55 = 124
Assuming an 81% yield, how many POUNDS of broccoli should be purchased for a desired edible portion of 176 OUNCES? **read questions carefully !!
14 lbs 176 oz / 0.81 = 217.28 oz 217.28 oz / 16 oz/lb = 13.58 lbs --> 14 lbs
Over the course of one year, during a research study, 63 women are diagnosed with breast cancer and 21 women die of breast cancer, out of a total female population of 450. At the beginning of the study, 0 out of 450 women had breast cancer. What is the incidence rate? 1. 4.6% 2. 14% 3. 9.3% 4. 33.3%
14%
Fish and shellfish should be cooked to what minimum internal temperature? 1. 145 F 2. 140 F 3. 165 F 4. 160 F
145 F Fully cooked ham (to reheat; not packed in USDA-inspected plants), leftovers, and casseroles should be cooked to a minimum internal temperature of 165°F (73.9°C). Ground meats and eggs should be cooked to a minimum internal temperature of 160°F (71.1°C). Fully cooked hams (to reheat) packed in USDA-inspected plants should be reheated to a minimum internal temperature of 140°F (60°C)
A diner needs to produce 3-ounce portions of broccoli for 55 people. If the broccoli yield is 65%, how many pounds of fresh broccoli should be purchased? 1. 16-18 lbs 2. 15 lbs 3. 101 lbs 4. 22-23 lbs
16-18# 3 oz portion * 55 people = 165 oz 165 oz / 16 oz/# = 10.3125# 10.3125# / 0.65 yield = 15.86#
In which trimester of gestation is folate supplementation most important? 1. Lactation 2. 1st trimester 3. 3rd trimester 4. 2nd trimester
1st trimester Fe during 2nd/3rd Vit D, Flouride during lactation
1+ mild pitting edema
2 mm depression, disappears rapidly
Joyce is a 46-year-old female patient with cirrhosis. During a physical exam, the RD presses her thumb 4-5 mm into Joyce's right leg. In 10-15 seconds the depression disappears. What grade of edema does Joyce most likely have? 1. Moderately severe 3+ pitting edema 2. Severe 4+ pitting edema 3. Mild 1+ pitting edema 4. Moderate 2+ pitting edema
2+ moderate pitting edema 2+ moderate pitting edema: 4 mm depression disappears in 10-15 secs
How many relief employees do you need if you have 40 full-time employees? 1. 22 2. 42 3. 62 4. 72
22 About 1.55 employees are needed for the everyday coverage of a full-time employee, or full-time equivalent (FTE). 40 * 1.55 = 22
Kate is a female who is 165 cm. tall and weighs 133 lbs. What is her BMI? 1. 22.1 2. 23.3 3. 31.5 4. 24.5
22.1
How much daily fiber does a 10-year-old require? 1. 1300 mg 2. 26 g 3. 34 g 4. 10 g
26 g The Adequate Intake (AI) for daily total fiber is: 31 grams for 9- to 13-year-old males 26 grams for 9- to 13-year-old females The RDA for protein for males and females ages 9 to 13 is 34 grams. The AI for calcium for males and females ages 9 to 13 is 1300 milligrams.
During food inventory, there are four #10 cans of applesauce reported. How many gallons of applesauce are there? 1. 3.72 2. 52 3. 13 4. 3.25
3.25 #10 = 13 cups 4 cans * 13 cups = 52 total cups 52 cups / 16 cups/gal = 3.25
Thirteen FTEs produced 1,756 meals during a 40-hour work week. How many meals were produced per labor hour?
3.38 40 hrs * 13 FTEs = 520 total hrs 1756 meals / 520 hours = 3.3769 --> 3.38 meals/hr
You are looking at a sample population of 175 people and want to determine the prevalence rate of developing AIDS over a 12-year period. At the beginning of the study, you note 12 existing cases of AIDS. The first follow-up at 6 years notes 15 new cases of HIV. The second follow-up at 12 years notes 28 new cases. What is the prevalence rate?
31% 12 + 15 + 28 = 55 cases 55 / 175 = ~31%
The scoop size #12 is roughly equivalent to all of the following EXCEPT which measurement? 1. 2 3/4 c 2. 4 Tbsp 3. 1/3 c 4. 79 mL
4 Tbsp To determine the number of ounces in a scoop, divide the scoop number into 32. Then, convert to additional measurements (1 oz = 2 Tbsp = 0.15 cups = 29.5 mL)
In a 2007 study, 115 of the 260 men had diabetes and 75 of the 115 diabetic men died during the ten-year follow-up period. Calculate the morbidity rate for these men. 1. 65.21 2. 32.71 3. 44.23 4. 28.85
44.23 Morbidity is the rate of disease. So in this case, the morbidity rate is 115 cases of diabetes / 260 total men = 0.4423 x 100 = 44.23%. Mortality is the rate of death. For example, the mortality rate is 75 deaths / 115 diabetic men = 0.6521 x 100 = 65.21%
Which of the following diseases and recommendations would be most likely related to a 78-year-old nursing home patient? 1. Gastroparesis; high fat meals 2. Achlorhydria; small, frequent meals 3. Atrophic gastritis; high fiber meals 4. Bezoar formation; large meals
Achlorhydria; small, frequent meals The treatment of these gastric problems include small frequent meals, pureed foods, and avoidance of high fiber or high fat foods. The only correct recommendation is small, frequent meals to treat achlorhydria; the other answers provide incorrect recommendations
Butter, oil, and egg yolks are all examples of fat-containing ingredients commonly found in baking recipes. What is the function of fat in baking? 1. Develop gluten 2. Promote yeast fermentation 3. Add tenderness 4. To provide stability
Add tenderness
Which group is more at risk for developing high blood pressure, obesity, and diabetes? 1. Asian Americans 2. Hispanics 3. African Americans 4. Caucasians
African Americans
Postprandial
After a meal
Six Sigma
Data-driven approach for improving quality by establishing a standard deviation and achieving 6 standard deviations from the mean to achieve little variation in the process to eliminate errors and get them as close to zero as possible.
What is a potential effect of following a high-fiber diet? 1. Increased HDL and postprandial blood glucose levels 2. Decreased intestinal function 3. Increased risk of constipation 4. Decreased LDL and postprandial blood glucose levels
Decreased LDL and postprandial blood glucose levels
Which of the following altered lab values would you expect to see in renal disease? 1. Decreased BUN 2. Increased GFR 3. Decreased creatinine clearance 4. Decreased serum creatinine
Decreased creatinine clearance The following lab tests will likely be altered in renal diseases: decreased glomerular filtration rate, decreased creatinine clearance, increased serum creatinine, and increased BUN. As renal function decreases, the BUN:creatinine ratio further decreases
A client with T1DM tells her RD she is sick with the flu. All of the following sick day guidelines for diabetics are appropriate, except: 1. Check urine for ketones 2. Do not take insulin 3. Liberalize diet 4. Encourage fluids
Do not take insulin
An individual suffering from bulimia might have all of the following symptoms except which one? 1. Dental caries 2. Rectal bleeding 3. Extreme weight loss 4. Sore throat
Extreme weight loss Rectal bleeding due to abuse of laxatives
Which of the following grades of beef is not fit for human consumption? 1. Commercial 2. Select 3. Choice 4. Standard
Commercial
Total quality management (TQM)
Components include processes, improvement, and customer satisfaction. Its three elements include customers, culture, and counting.
The food service management team is developing a HACCP plan. Currently, the team is formulating a list of biological, chemical or physical agents within the facility that are reasonably likely to cause illness or injury in the absence of control. What HACCP principle is the team working on? 1. Determining the critical control points (CCPs) 2. Establishing record-keeping and documentation procedures 3. Establishing critical limits 4. Conducting a hazard analysis
Conducting a hazard analysis
A low-income 55-year-old male is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and makes an appointment with a registered dietitian. What should the RD focus on during the consultation to best relate to her client? client? 1. Peer pressure and attitudes toward authority 2. Using written materials and client participation 3. Goal orientation 4. Costs and traditional food habits
Costs and traditional food habits A needs assessment is the first step in program development and planning for nutrition education. In order to best relate to the client, the needs assessment should take into consideration the demographics of the client. For example, a lower-income adult is generally interested in cost, traditional food habits, and solving current problems. Middle- and higher-income adults are goal-oriented and desire relatable activities. Adolescents - of peer pressure and attitudes toward authority. Elderly - decreased attention span, so encourage audience participation, stay on topic, and utilize written materials.
In pt with muscle wasting you might see decreased
Creatinine levels
If an ice cream is made with low-fat milk, what characteristic will be increased? In order to compensate for this, what ingredient should be increased? 1. Crystal size, fat 2. Crystal size, sugar 3. Smoothness, salt 4. Flavor, fat
Crystal size, fat
The López family moved from Guatemala to New York City last year. The father asks his daughter, Alessandra, to learn more about New York's food and traditions from her classmate Kate, who was born and raised in New York. He tells Alessandra to share her experiences as a girl growing up in Guatemala and encourages her to find common ground with Kate. What strategy to engage in culture is the father implementing? 1. Cultural awareness 2. Cultural encounter 3. Cultural skill 4. Cultural knowledge
Cultural knowledge Cultural knowledge is learning about another culture's worldview from a native perspective, assessing how people in other cultures view your culture, sharing experiences and finding common ground with persons from other cultures.
A restaurant owner wants to determine his average food-cost percentage since the opening of his restaurant one month ago. Which report would give him the best picture of his operation to date? 1. Daily food-cost report 2. Cumulative food-cost report 3. Profit and loss statement 4. End-of-the-month report
Cumulative food-cost report End-of-the-month report, and profit and loss statement = same
Which of the following is a tool and a source of data for the nutrition intervention step of the nutrition care process? 1. Current research literature 2. Mail or telephone FU 3. Anthros 4. Client surveys
Current research literature
Which components best reflect the goals of Continuous Quality Improvement? 1. Customer satisfaction, data collection, team involvement 2. Data-driven, little variation, eliminate errors Customers, culture, counting 3. Using less human effort, space, capital, and time 4. Show Explanation
Customer satisfaction, data collection, team involvement
MyPlate key guidelines
Focus on variety, amount, and nutrition: Make choices from all five food groups including fruits, vegetables, grains, protein foods, and dairy. Choose an eating style low in saturated fat, sodium, and added sugars: Eater few calories from foods high in saturated fat, sodium, and added fat. Make small changes to create a healthier eating style: Make half your plate fruits and vegetables, make half your grains whole, move to low-fat and fat-free dairy, and vary your protein routine. Support healthy eating for everyone
Focus strategy
Focus strategy uses cost leadership or differentiation strategy to target a specific, niche market.
Lean
Focuses on using less human effort, space, capital, and time to make products/services more efficiently.
Multiple glutamic acid molecules must be hydrolyzed off to absorb which nutrient? 1. Copper 2. Gluatmine 3. Pantothenic acid 4. Folate
Folate
Clostridium perfringens
Food INTOXICATION found in human intestines, often raw meat/poultry, and grows best under anaerobic conditions (indicating why it is the wrong choice for our example).
Clostridium botulinum
Food INTOXICATION most commonly caused by improperly processed and canned foods. It is soil-based and also anaerobic
Based on Katz's three skills of managers, which of the following positions would predominantly use conceptual skills to perform their primary job functions? 1. Dietary aide 2. Food service coordinator 3. Dietitian 4. Food and environmental services director
Food and environmental services director Categories: technical, human, and conceptual skills
What does this symbol represent? 1. Food has been treated with radiation 2. Food is permitted under Islamic law 3. Product can be recycled 4. Product is non-GMO
Food has been treated with radiation
Bill
Form or draft of a proposed statute presented to a legislature, but not yet enacted or passed and made law.
An outpatient renal center is adding a nutrition clinic to their facility next year. This year, the center is pilot testing the nutrition clinic by providing 25 percent of their clients with a series of five nutrition education classes led by a dietitian. What step of the educational process is this? 1. Formative 2. Summative 3. Preparatory 4. Objective
Formative Testing before a program begins, known as pilot testing, is a formative step in the educational process. This part of the process helps identify parts of the plan that may need revision. Other examples include focus groups and pretests
Which monosaccharide is absorbed using facilitated diffusion? 1. Sorbitol 2. Fructose 3. Galactose 4. Glucose
Fructose Carbohydrates are absorbed differently based on their physical properties. In monosaccharides, fructose is absorbed differently than glucose and galactose. Fructose enters the cell from the intestinal lumen using facilitated diffusion through another transporter (GLUT-5). Glucose and galactose are absorbed using active transport. These molecules are taken into the enterocyte by co-transport with sodium using the same transporter (GLUT-1). Sorbitol is not a type of monosaccharide; it is a by-product (ETOH) of glucose that is absorbed with passive diffusion.
Condensation
Gas-to-liquid phase transitions are known as condensation.
Organizational work schedule
Give assignments by 30-minute increments for all employees; this type of schedule shows the overall workload and its division among employees.
Sucrose
Glucose + fructose
Lactose
Glucose + galactose
Maltose
Glucose + glucose
Monosaccharides
Glucose, fructose, galactose
What is maltose made up of? 1. Glucose, fructose 2. Glucose, fructose, galactose 3. Glucose, galactose 4. Glucose, glucose
Glucose, glucose
What is a potential long-term consequence of chronic hyperkalemia?
Hyperkalemia is abnormally high serum potassium levels, which include acute symptoms of nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, and tingling and may lead to more serious symptoms of slow heartbeat, cardiac arrhythmia, and respiratory paralysis.
Which of the following statements is an example of "change talk" in motivational interviewing? 1. My work schedule makes it hard for me to take my medication when I'm supposed to 2. Deciding to stick to your medication regimen shows how determined you are 3. I wish I could stick to my medication regimen 4. You want to change your medication regimen
I wish I could stick to my medication regimen
The characteristics of sustainable food systems include which of the following? I. The ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability to meet the needs of future generations. II. People working within the food system are treated fairly. III. Foods that benefit human health are culturally acceptable and economically accessible. IV. Utilization of both oil and coal promotes energy efficiency. 1. I, II, III, IV 2. I, II, III 3. I, III 4. II, IV
I, II, III
Direct check method
In the direct check method, the merchandise is checked directly against the actual invoice or purchase order.
Quality check method
In the quality check method, the merchandise is checked to determine whether the quality of goods received matches the quality of the products ordered.
Spot check method
In the spot check method, the receiver of a delivery conducts a check of one carton in a shipment to see if the correct goods and quantity were delivered.
Thomas is a new dietitian on staff and has come to you, the manager, to tell you he is struggling with his workload and finds his job too demanding. What should you do to enhance Thomas's performance? 1. Increase nutrition education assignments 2. Add extra employee trainings 3. More 1:1 manager meeting 4. Reduce his patient load
Reduce patient load
Solvency ratio
Refers to an organization's ability to meet its long-term debt.
Liquidity ratio
Refers to an organization's ability to meet its short-term debt and current financial obligations.
Activity ratio
Refers to how effectively an organization utilizes its assets (e.g., inventory turnover)
The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA), which amended the FD&C Act, requires most foods to bear nutrition labeling and requires food labels that bear nutrient content claims and certain health messages to comply with specific requirements. What is NLEA an example of? 1. Regulation 2. Federal register 3. Bill 4. Congressional record
Regulation
Stacy is hired as a PRN dietitian at her local hospital. What type of position does she have?
Relief worker PRN (pro re nata), part-time, agency, temporary hires, and seasonal hires
Health claim (per FDA)
Requires a product description to use "may." For example, "This product may reduce the risk of heart disease."
Restaurant A has an inventory turnover rate of 1.5 and Restaurant B has an inventory turnover rate of 6.75. What can you infer about their asset management? 1. Restaurant A has a limited amount of inventory on hand 2. Restaurant B has a larger amount of money tied up in inventory 3. Restaurant A consumes and replenishes inventory more often than Restaurant B 4. Restaurant B is using just-in-time purchasing
Restaurant B is using just-in-time purchasing Desirable turn over 2-4 x month Higher turnover --> limited inventory Lower turnover --> large amount of money in inventory
A pediatric patient is diagnosed with petechiae and poor growth rate. Which of the following foods should the patient add to his diet? 1. Canola oil 2. Safflower oil 3. Salmon 4. Walnuts
Safflower oil The essential fatty acids are linoleic acid (omega-6) and a-linolenic (omega-3). An absence or deficiency in omega-6 leads to eczema, poor growth rate, and petechiae (red or purple skin spots). To reverse this deficiency, an omega-6-rich source should be recommended, such as safflower or sunflower oil. An omega-3 deficiency results in neurological changes such as numbness and blurred vision and changes in retinal function and brain development. Omega-3-rich sources are fish oils, such as fatty fish like salmon or shrimp; walnuts; flax seeds; and canola oil
Raquel is hosting a dinner party for ten people and is serving roast chicken with mashed potatoes and a side salad. She used a cutting board to cut up the raw chicken, then used it to cut up raw vegetables for the salad. Her dinner party guests are most likely to get sick from: 1. Salmonella 2. Clostridium botulinum 3. Clostridium perfringens 4. Streptococcus pyogenes
Salmonella Salmonella is a food-borne INFECTION commonly caused by unwashed hands or the cross-contamination of raw or undercooked meat, poultry, eggs, dairy, seafood, and some produce.
Which of the following is the most common risk factor for developing COPD? 1. Smoking 2. Stressful work environment 3. Sedentary lifestyle 4. Overweight
Smoking
Which of the following food additives inhibits mold in soda beverages? 1. Titaniam dioxide 2. EDTA 3. Glycerol monostearate 4. Sodium benzoate
Sodium benzoate Sodium benzoate is a mold inhibitor and preservative commonly found in sodas. Glycerol monostearate is a humectant that retains moisture and increases firmness. An example of a glycerol monostearate is sorbitol. EDTA, or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, is a sequestrate that reacts with trace metal to prevent decomposition. EDTA can be used to maintain whiteness in potatoes. Titanium dioxide is a white food color agent
What is a potential long-term consequence of chronic hyperphosphatemia? 1. Respiratory paralysis 2. Soft-tissue calcification 3. Muscle weakness 4. Cardiac arrhythmia
Soft-tissue calcification Serum phosphorous generally ranges (in adults) from 2.5 to 4.5 mg/dL. Hyperphosphatemia is abnormally high serum phosphate levels, which can result from increased phosphate intake, decreased phosphate excretion, or disorders that shift intracellular phosphate to extracellular spaces. Acutely, this is not a severe clinical issue; however, a potential long-term consequence of hyperphosphatemia is soft-tissue calcification.
Polysaccharides
Starch, cellulose, pectin, glycogen, dextrin
A fecal fat test determines a stool has 8 grams of fat. What can this result imply? 1. B12 def 2. Diarrhea 3. Lactose intolerance 4. Steatorrhea
Steatorrhea Steatorrhea is a consequence of malabsorption, in which fat is not absorbed and lost in the stool. A fecal fat test can determine steatorrhea by testing the amount of fat in the stool. Normal stool fat is 2-5 grams, and more than 7 grams of fat is indicative of malabsorption.
The statement, "Vitamin K helps support normal blood clotting," is an example of what type of claim?
Structure/function claim According to the FDA, structure/function claims may describe the role of a nutrient or dietary ingredient intended to affect the normal structure or function of the human body. For example, "vitamin K helps support normal blood clotting."
SGA
Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) is a screening tool that uses medical history and physical examination information to evaluate the patient based on history, intake, GI symptoms, functional capacity, physical appearance, edema, and weight changes.
What is the phase transition that occurs in the production of freeze-dried foods? 1. Sublimation 2. Condensation 3. Freezing 4. Vaporization
Sublimation Freeze-dried foods are produced by removing water from a frozen product. During this process, frozen liquid transforms directly to a gaseous state without passing back through the liquid phase. When matter changes from one state to another it is called a phase transition, and this solid-to-gas phase transition is known as sublimation
Achievers
Successful individuals, higher income.
Disaccharides
Sucrose, lactose, maltose
A lifetime of healthy eating helps to prevent all of the following chronic diseases except which? 1. High BP 2. Heart disease 3. T1DM 4. Obesity
T1DM
The USDA grades produce as Fancy, Extra #1, #1, Combination, and #2. These grades are based on all of the following characteristics except: 1. Maturity 2. Taste 3. Firmness 4. Color
Taste
What is the best way to provide nutrition education for a special needs patient? 1. Teaching rather than testing 2. Using emergency food program 3. Testing periodically 4. Visiting a food bank
Teaching rather than testing
ADA
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities in aspects of employment.
BRFSS
The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is a survey under HHS for adults over 18 that collects information on risk behaviors (height, weight, smoking, alcohol, FFQ, health problems, diabetes).
EEOC
The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) regulates and interprets guidelines in order to provide guidance to management for compliance with EEO statutes.
What organization is responsible for establishing a standard definition of what makes an organization culturally competent? 1. The Joint Commission 2. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid 3. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 4. World Health Organization
The Joint Commission
OSHA
The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA) requires employers to provide employment that is free from safety hazards.
PNSS
The Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System (PNSS) is a program under HHS to identify and reduce pregnancy-related health risks in low-income, high-risk pregnancies.
During starvation, what does the brain use as an energy source? 1. Ketone bodies 2. Isoleucine 3. Valine 4. Glucose
Ketone bodies
A child has a starved appearance and a distended belly. What type of malnutrition does the child likely have? 1. Cachexia 2. Kwashiorkor 3. Iatrogenic 4. Marasmus
Kwashiorkor Think "-kor" like "core" --> distended belly (core)
Connectionism
Learning is the result of associations that are strengthened or weakened by the frequency of pairings.
Which element of an egg helps the yolk act as an emulsifier? 1. Collagen 2. Lipoprotein 3. Lecithin 4. Myofibrils
Lecithin Lecithin is a phospholipid that helps the egg yolk act as an emulsifier.
According to French and Raven's power study, which combination of powers is most important for a leader to be able to produce compliance in his or her followers?
Legitimate and expert In 1959, researchers French and Raven identified five sources of power in leadership: Legitimate, Reward, Expert, Referent, and Coercive. Six years later, Raven added an extra power base: Informational.
During a food quality evaluation, each panelist is given three cookie samples and asked to taste each sample and score it on a 1-9 scale. What type of sensory test is this? 1. Ranking 2. Descriptive 3. Paired preference 4. Likeability
Likeability
A researcher wants to measure the viscosity of liquids that flow on a flat surface, using different levels of thickened beverages (honey and nectar-like thickness levels). Which measurement method would be most useful? 1. Specific gravity 2. Line-spread test 3. Viscosimeter 4. Penetrometer
Line-spread test
Vaporization
Liquid-to-gas phase transitions are known as vaporization.
Freezing
Liquid-to-solid phase transitions are known as freezing.
A mission statement is typically required in what type of planning? 1. Short range 2. Long range 3. Operational 4. Strategic
Long range Long range - up to 5 years Short range - days, wks, months, a year Strategic - SWOT analysis
The CDC chart item "stature/length for age" can be used to reflect which of the following?
Long term nutritional status
Danny's Donuts is advertising this week, "Buy 4, Get 8 Free Donut Holes!" They are discounting the donut holes ($0.50 each) in hopes of getting more people to come in and buy other donuts at full price, such as the kolaches ($1.29 each) or apple fritters ($3.00 each). What type of pricing technique is this? 1. Promotions pricing 2. Loss leaders 3. Positioning statement 4. Focus strategy
Loss leaders A loss leader is a product that is sold at a loss to attract customers. In this case, the donut shop is losing money on donut hole sales with the goal of attracting more customers.
When looking at your client's lab values, you note elevated blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and potassium. Diet education about which of the following could potentially be most appropriate? 1. Low Na 2. Consistent CHO 3. Low fat, low CHOL 4. High fiber
Low Na The lab values in patients with renal dysfunctions, such as an acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease, may show elevated blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, potassium, magnesium, and/or phosphorous. Therefore, a renal diet education that included information on low sodium, potassium, and/or phosphorous intake would be appropriate.
Joe is a single father with a 14-year-old daughter and a 10-year-old son. His primary care physician has referred him to you for medical nutrition therapy for hypertension and prediabetes. During the nutritional assessment, Joe tells you the following: He normally eats three meals per day. He can't afford to cook healthy meals at home, so he often eats out at fast food restaurants. He relies on low-cost food (such as frozen pizza, prepackaged noodles, and canned vegetables) to feed his family. Based on the available information, how would you classify his food security status? 1. High food security 2. Low food security 3. Very low food security 4. Marginal food security
Low food security Households have reduced quality, desirability, and variety in their diets, but quantity of food and normal eating patterns are not significantly disrupted.
A 55-year-old male patient has a past medical history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. He presents to the hospital complaining of shortness of breath and is admitted for new onset of congestive heart failure. His labs are as follows: Albumin 3.0 g/dL, Na 130 mEq/L, HgbA1C 9.8% What nutrition intervention should take priority? 1. Low sodium, low fluid diet education 2. Diabetes diet education 3. High protein diet education 4. Low fat diet education
Low sodium, low fluid diet education CHF is priority --> CHF diet is low Na, low fluid Pts albumin/Na are low 2/2 fluid overload
Juan is a 45-year-old male with a wife and four children. He works as a construction worker and supports his family making $40,000 per year. Based on market segmentation, into which group would you categorize Juan? 1. Innovators 2. Makers 3. Achievers 4. Experiencers
Makers Makers: Lower income, self-sufficient, family-oriented.
A vegetarian reports that she consumes the majority of her protein from soybeans and legumes. Which essential amino acid might she be low in? 1. Methionine 2. Tryptophan 3. Lysine 4. Phenylalnine
Methionine Amino acids are missing or low in most vegetables. Furthermore, soybeans are low in methionine; legumes are low in methionine, cystine, and tryptophan; gelatin is low in methionine and lysine and has no tryptophan. Therefore, a vegetarian who consumes the majority of her protein from soybeans and legumes might be low in methionine
MNA
Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) is a screening tool primarily used for patients 65 or older that evaluates independence, medication, number of meals consumed per day, protein intake, fruit/vegetable intake, fluid, and mode of eating.
MDS
Minimum Data Set (MDS) is a standardized screening and assessment tool for health status in long-term care facilities.
"Accelerate improvements in global health and well-being through food and nutrition" is an example of which type of statement? 1. Mission 2. Objective 3. Vision 4. Strategy
Mission A mission statement describes what a company does that is different from others. The example in this question is the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics' (AND) mission statement.
Jessica is a newly hired registered dietetic technician at a small family-owned medical clinic, and she is wheelchair-dependent. Which of the following is an example of a "reasonable accommodation" the employer can make?
Modifying height of desks/equipment
"Tools, materials, and controls should be located close by and directly in front of the operator" is a principle for what type of procedure?
Motion economy The principle of motion economy is to reduce motions and time required to perform a task by focusing on rhythmic, habitual, simultaneous, symmetrical, and natural movements.
What is the largest contributor to renal solute load? 1. Creatinine 2. Ammonia 3. Nitrogen 4. Uric Acid
Nitrogen The largest contributor to renal solute load is nitrogenous waste. Renal solute load is the end waste products of metabolism and mainly measures nitrogen (~60%) and electrolytes (Na). Other contributors to renal solute load include uric acid, creatinine, and ammonia (found in smaller amounts)
Sorbitol
No calorie sweetener
Which of the following parameters should not be reviewed during the nutrition screening process? 1. Nutr dx 2. Wt 3. Past medical hx 4. Labs
Nutr dx The nutrition diagnosis will be determined after the nutrition screening process and nutritional assessment are both complete.
A patient is medically diagnosed with gestational diabetes and is admitted to the hospital for the remainder of her pregnancy (20 weeks). Which of the following is most likely to change as the patient's response changes? 1. Medical dx 2. Nutr and medical dx 3. Nutr dx 4. Neither nutr or medical dx
Nutritional dx A nutrition diagnosis is often a temporary label; ideally, with intervention, the nutrition diagnosis resolves. It changes as the patient's response changes. For example, the nutrition diagnosis "excessive carbohydrate intake" may change as you educate a gestational diabetes patient on the diabetic diet.
Very low food security
One or more household members experiences disrupted eating patterns and decreased food intake due to lack of money and resources for food.
The idea that ignoring a student's misbehavior should extinguish the behavior represents which theory of learning? 1. Classical conditioning 2. Connectionism 3. Social learning 4. Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning Operant conditioning is the idea that learning is a function of change in overt behavior, and changes in behavior are the result of an individual's response to events in the environment. Here, the stimulus becomes the consequence. If the stimulus is positive, the behavior increases. If the stimulus is negative, the behavior decreases.
Richard is hired as a dietitian and is required to spend one week at the corporate office to learn the goals, policies, and responsibilities of his new company and position. What is this process called? 1. Orientation 2. Training 3. Promotion 4. Development
Orientation
During osteoporosis, which cells are most active in the bone? 1. Mesenchyme 2. Osteoblasts 3. Osteoclasts 4. Osteocytes
Osteoclasts During osteoporosis, there is a loss of bone tissue and osteoclasts are more active than other bone cells. Osteoclasts resorb and remove bone, and thus are associated with the breakdown of bone.
Vitamin D deficiency in adults can be identified as: 1. Osteomalacia 2. Arthritis 3. Homocystinuria 4. Rickets
Osteomalacia Rickets is vit D def in children
Summative
Part of the education process that is designed during the initial planning stages but conducted at the end. This part of the process aims to find out if the goal was achieved. For example, the renal nutrition clinic could provide a post-survey to gain feedback about the nutrition class. Other examples are grading, evaluation, or post-testing.
A nutrition professor is teaching a class on Wednesday from 6 to 7 pm with 55 graduate students. The first 45 minutes the professor is delivering a presentation on the metabolism of carbohydrates, and the last 15 minutes the students are breaking up into small groups to answer five questions about carbohydrate metabolism. Which of the following is a disadvantage of the lecture-style format? 1. Time consuming 2. Not effective for large groups 3. Passive audience 4. Difficult to explain complex information in a logical way
Passive audience
How are water-soluble nutrients, such as vitamin C, absorbed? 1. Passive diffusion 2. Active transport 3. Na pump 4. Simple diffusion
Passive diff
The finding that "African-American children have the highest rate of low birth weight and anemia" would be most likely related to which nutrition program? 1. BRFSS 2. PNSS 3. PedNSS 4. RYBS
PedNSS The Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System (PedNSS) is a program under Health and Human Services (HHS) that monitors the growth and nutritional status of low-income, high-risk children from birth to 17 years. The program monitors height, weight, birth weight, hematocrit, hemoglobin, cholesterol, breastfeeding, and infant-feeding practices.
Jessica has worked at a home health company as a full-time RD for 90 days. Her manager, Joshua, has set up a meeting to discuss her performance and provide feedback on her work so far. What type of meeting is this and how might Joshua provide feedback?
Performance evaluation, merit rating
George started at an enteral nutrition company as a field sales representative in 2015. Based on his performance, he was promoted to regional field sales representative in 2017. Over the course of the following year, his performance continued to improve, so in 2019 his boss promoted him to a management position. George's performance significantly declined from 2019-2020 and consequently, he was demoted. Which principle does this performance pathway represent? 1. Theory X 2. Peter Principle 3. Scalar Principle 4. Unity of direction
Peter Prin The Peter principle is a concept in management that states that the selection of a candidate for a position is based on the candidate's performance in their current role, rather than on abilities relevant to the future role. Thus, employees only stop being promoted once they can no longer perform effectively, and "managers rise to the level of their incompetence."
What is the first step in menu development and why? 1. Determining if menus meet nutritional guidelines, so you can make necessary changes before implementing the menu 2. Planning a light dessert with a heavy meal and vice versa, because customers will appreciate the complementary pairing 3. Deciding on the side dishes, so that you can complement the entree appropriately 4. Planning the meat and entrees for the entire cycle, because these are usually the most expensive items on the menu
Planning the meat and entrees for the entire cycle, because these are usually the most expensive items on the menu
The statement "All food service employees must wash their hands before returning to work" is an example of a: 1. Procedure 2. Vision 3. Objective 4. Policy
Policy
Grades of meat (highest to lowest quality)
Prime, choice, select, standard Commercial, utility, cutter, canner (not fit for human consumption)
Cultural skill
Process of learning how to assess one's values, beliefs, and practices in order to provide culturally competent services by developing cross-cultural interaction skills.
Mike and Ryan formed a partnership and together created a sports nutrition company called Mr. Nutrition. After five years, they have acquired 7,345 clients, generated $5,743,904 in sales, and spent $3,633,700 since starting the company in 2012. What ratio can they use to measure their company's ability to generate excess income in relation to their sales?
Profitability ratio A profitability ratio measures a company's ability to generate excess income in relation to sales.
Promotion pricing
Promotions pricing is the sale of a product(s) for a temporary time to increase sales during a slow period.
Where does protein digestion begin, and what enzyme is required? 1. Mouth, amylase 2. Prancreas, trypsin 3. Small intestine, lipase 4. Stomach, protease pepsin
Protease pepsin Protein digestion begins in the stomach with the enzyme protease pepsin and HCL. During proteolysis, pepsinogen and HCl in the stomach denature protein to pepsin. Then, pepsin acts on the protein to yield peptides (protease, peptones). Protein digestion ends in the pancreas with the enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and aminopeptidase in the intestine.
The scope of practice for the RDN includes all of the following components except which one? 1. State and federal regulations 2. Public health and safety regulations 3. Accreditation standards 4. Education and credentialing
Public health and safety regulations
A group of scientists are researching what specific personality traits are associated with obesity. They hypothesize that specific personality traits are associated with weight fluctuations and changes in BMI across the human lifespan. What type of research does this describe? 1. Qualitative 2. Analytical 3. Cohort 4. Case study
Qualitative This is an example of qualitative research because it is exploring a topic of interest (personality traits) as a prelude to theory development (obesity cause). This is a type of descriptive research that often precedes other research and collects data.
Which of the following foods would you recommend to a celiac disease patient? 1. Barley 2. Bran 3. Quinoa 4. Rye
Quinoa
Which of the following fruits/vegetables should be washed just before serving? 1. Cucumbers 2. Mangos 3. Carrots 4. Raspberries
Raspberries Can absorb water can become mushy
Which of the following is an example of an HACCP prerequisite program? 1. Washing fruits to prevent cross-contamination 2. Purchasing gluten-free foods 3. Recipe development for potentially hazardous foods 4. Sourcing produce from local farmers
Recipe development for potentially hazardous foods
Federal register
The daily journal of the United States government, which provides weekly updates for public hearings, proposed/final rules, and agency decisions.
Threshold for evaluation
The level at which a stimulus is strong enough to elicit a signal to respond and then the determination of why the threshold was crossed
Which of the following best defines productivity as it relates specifically to foodservice management? 1. Improving the content of a foodservice position and providing a safe, healthy kitchen for working 2. Accomplishing foodservice-based tasks that eliminate the uneconomical use of foodservice time, equipment, materials, space, and/or human effort 3. The measure of output of goods produced or services rendered in relation to the input of labor hours, money, and resources used 4. The advocacy for relationship between employees and management to incorporate cooperation
The measure of output of goods produced or services rendered in relation to the input of labor hours, money, and resources used
An individual has the spastic form of cerebral palsy. What dietary modification would be most beneficial? 1. Low cal, finger foods 2. High fluid, high fiber 3. High cal, high pro 4. High fat, v low cho
The most beneficial dietary modification is a low-calorie, high-fluid, and high-fiber diet.
Congressional record
The official record of the proceedings and debates of the United States Congress, published by the United States Government Publishing Office and issued when Congress is in session.
The Joint Commission mandates that nutrition risk must be identified in hospital patients within 24 hours of admission by using which of the following screening tools? 1. MNA 2. MDS 3. SGA 4. The tool is not mandated
The tool is not mandated
Which of the following describes the purpose of the nutrition screening? 1. To describe alterations in the patient's nutritional status 2. To pinpoint individuals that are at nutritional risk or already malnourished 3. To provide cost-effective and high quality care in health care organizations 4. To obtain, verify, and interpret data needed to identify nutrition-related problems
To pinpoint individuals that are at nutritional risk or already malnourished
The purpose of the Occupational Safety and Health Act includes all of the following, except: 1. To provide research, information, education, and training in the field of occupational safety and health 2. To assist and encourage the states in their efforts to assure safe and healthful working conditions 3. To provide workers with procedures for safely handling or working with particular substances 4. To assure safe and healthful working conditions
To provide workers with procedures for safely handling or working with particular substances MSDS takes care of handling/working with substances
Functional foods are those that provide additional benefits beyond the basic nutritional benefits. Which functional food would you recommend to a 31-year-old male with a family history of prostate cancer? 1. Salmon, it has omega 3s 2. Fermented dairy, it has probiotics 3. Red wine, it has resveratrol 4. Tomatoes, they have lycopene
Tomatoes, they have lycopene
In pt with PEM you might see decreased
Tot lymphocyte count (TLC) Albumin levels
Classical conditioning
Two stimuli are paired together for a number of trials until a response is elicited.
Objective
Type of test evaluation strategy that measures factual and standardized performance. Preparation is a step in the interviewing process that involves collecting background information on the client and establishing objectives or intervention strategies for collecting information during a session.
If your food service facility has hard water, what should you do to ensure clean dishes?
Use more detergent
You are responsible for the purchase of a new nutrient analysis software program. You need to investigate which program will eliminate unnecessary costs while providing the most usefulness. Which investigation would be most appropriate to conduct? 1. Market analysis 2. Value added 3. Value analysis 4. Budget projection
Value analysis
James is reducing the budget at his dialysis clinic. Which component of his business should he consider reducing first? 1. Fixed cost 2. Sunk cost 3. Variable cost 4. Semi-variable cost
Variable cost Variable costs, also known as direct or flexible costs, are those that proportionately vary with the level of output and changes in volume. Examples of variable costs include food, uniforms, and benefits. When reducing a budget, first look at variable costs
A patient with an ileostomy has increased need for which of the following nutrients? (pick all that apply) Water Water soluble vitamins Salt Protein
Water and salt A patient with an ileostomy has increased need for water and sodium to compensate for excessive losses in their stools. In general, oral intake should exceed ostomy output. For example, patients should drink at least one liter more than their ostomy output daily. The jejunum remains intact; therefore, water-soluble vitamins and protein needs are not affected.
If a child is chronically malnourished, which growth parameter will be affected first? 1. Length 2. Head circ 3. BMI 4. Wt
Weight Wt --> Length --> Head circ
Rate-based or comparative rate indicators assess..
What will happen with the best possible care and has thresholds between 1 and 99%
Which of the following is not a symptom of celiac disease? 1. Wt gain 2. Macrocytic anemia 3. Diarrhea 4. Malabsorption
Wt gain
Experiencers
Young, impulsive, variety seekers
Which of the following nutrient deficiencies is associated with delayed or poor wound healing? 1. Zinc 2. Iron 3. Vit B12 4. Folic Acid
Zinc Delayed or poor wound healing is associated with nutrient deficiencies of protein, zinc, vitamin C, and vitamin A. Deficiencies of folic acid, iron, and vitamin B-12 are associated with pallor, or paleness of the skin.
Tetany
tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction 2/2 Ca def
Varices
varicose veins Low fiber rec when esophageal varices
The cafeteria served green beans for lunch starting at 11 a.m. By 1 p.m., the remaining green beans have become overcooked and mushy. What pigment is found in the green beans at 1 p.m.? 1. Chlorophyllase 2. Chlorophyll 3. Pheophytin 4. Chlorophyllin
Chlorophyllin The green pigment found in green beans is known as chlorophyll. This green pigment turns to bright green in alkaline environments and is known as chlorophyllin. During this chemical change, the alkaline softens the cellulose, and the hemicellulose is broken down, becoming mushy Pheophytin: bright green to olive green Chlorophyllase is a plant enzyme that splits off from chlorophyll to form chlorophyllide.
Ciguatoxin
Ciguatoxin is a toxin linked to suspect fish products, such as barracuda, grouper, jack, and snapper fish.
The nutrition diagnostic label "involuntary weight loss" is categorized under which domain? 1. Clinical 2. Intake 3. Behavioral environmental 4. Nutritional
Clinical The nutrition diagnostic labels include clinical (NC), intake (NI), and behavior-environmental (NB). The clinical label includes nutritional findings that relate to the medical or physical condition, such as functional, biochemical, and weight balance, including involuntary weight loss. The intake label includes actual problems related to intake, such as energy balance, oral intake, fluid intake, substances, and nutrient balance. The behavior-environmental label includes problems related to knowledge, access to food, and food safety, such as knowledge and beliefs, physical activity balance and function, and food access.
Which of the following microorganisms is known as the "cafeteria bug" and results in symptoms of nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea within 8-18 hours after ingestion? 1. Clostridium perfringens 2. E. coli 3. Shigella 4. Ciguatoxin
Clostridium perfringens Clostridium perfringens is a food intoxication known as the "foodservice germ" or "cafeteria bug," which results in 24-hour flu-like symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, within 8-18 hours after ingestion.
A lunch includes the following: sandwich (1 slice of white bread, 3 ounces of low-sodium turkey breast, 1 ounce of cheese) and 1 medium banana with 2 tbsp peanut butter. Using the carbohydrate exchange, how many calories and grams of protein does the meal provide? 1. 54 g PRO, 601 kcals 2. 35 g PRO, 300 kcals 3. 45 g PRO, 610 kcals 4. 75 g PRO, 700 kcals
45 g PRO, 610 kcals Using the carbohydrate exchange, the lunch meal includes: 1 slice white bread = 1 starch/bread serving = 3 g PRO, 80 kcals 3 oz turkey = 3 lean protein servings = 21 g PRO, 135 kcals 1 oz cheese = 1 medium-fat protein serving = 7 g PRO, 75 kcals 1 medium banana = 2 servings fruit = 0 g PRO, 120 kcals 2 tbsp peanut butter = 2 servings high-fat protein = 14 g PRO, 200 kcals TOTAL PROTEIN = 3 + 21 + 7 + 0 + 14 = 45 g PRO TOTAL KCALS = 80 + 135 + 75 + 120 + 200 = 610 kcals
How many mEq are in 1 gram of calcium? 1. 40 2. 25 3. 50 4. 43.5
50 mEq To convert from grams to mEq, use the following equation: mEq = (mg / atomic weight) x valence. Calcium (Ca) has an atomic weight (AW) of 40 and a valence of 2. To solve for mEq: (1000 mg / 40 AW) x 2 valence = 50 mEq
You purchase a 26-lb. turkey at $0.54/lb. The raw purchase price is $14.04. After deboning and cooking, the edible portion is 14.3 lbs. What is the yield? 1. 55% 2. 18% 3. 3.84% 4. 98%
55% 14.3 / 26 = 0.55
3+ moderately severe pitting edema
6 mm depression, lasts >1 min
What factor indicates that a newborn is getting adequate nourishment? 1. 6-8 wet diapers a day 2. Less than 8 feedings 3. Slow wt gain for first 3 months, rapid wt gain after 4. Sleeping more than 2 hrs at a time
6-8 wet diapers a day Indications of adequate nourishment include at least 6 wet diapers and 3-4 defecated diapers a day. Also, the baby should be alert and responsive, nursing every 1½ to 2 hours, and experiencing rapid weight gain during the first three months with a gradual decrease throughout the first year.
Employees at a local sandwich shop work 8-hour shifts and can make 9 sandwiches per labor hour. On a normal business day, the shop sells at least 250 sandwiches. Next Tuesday, the shop is having a "Buy 1, Get 1 Free" promotion and is expecting to sell at least 450 sandwiches. What is the minimal number of total employees needed next Tuesday? 1. 7 2. 6 3. 12 4. 9
7 8 hours * 9 sandwiches = 72 sandwiches/hour 450/72 = 6.25 --> 7
4+ severe pitting edema
8 mm depression, lasts >2 mins
Which of the following clinical characteristics would be categorized as chronic, moderate malnutrition? 1. 3% weight loss in 1 week 2. <80% of energy intake for 3 months 3. <70% of energy intake for 8 days 4. <60% of energy intake for 1 month
< 60% of energy intake for 1 month Based on the ADA/A.S.P.E.N. chart of clinical characteristics to support diagnosis of malnutrition, chronic moderate malnutrition is categorized as <75% of energy intake for >=1 month, 5% weight loss in 1 month, 7.5% weight loss in 3 months, 10% weight loss in 6 months, and 20% weight loss in 1 year. <80% of energy intake for 3 months would be categorized as chronic, severe malnutrition. <70% of energy intake for 8 days would be categorized as acute, moderate malnutrition. 3% weight loss in 1 week would be categorized as acute, severe malnutrition.
A healthy eating pattern should limit added sugar to what percentage of calories? 1. <5% 2. <10% 3. <15% 4. <20%
<10% Healthy eating patterns limit added sugars in the diet. According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for America, less than 10% of your daily calories should come from added sugars, which are sugars and syrups that are added to processed and prepared foods or beverages. This does not include naturally occurring sugars, such as those found in milk (lactose) and fruits (sucrose)
Scalar Principle
A clear and unbroken line of authority must extend from the bottom to the top of the organization
Marasmus
A disease of severe protein-calorie malnutrition during early infancy, in which growth stops, body tissues waste away, and the infant eventually dies
Which of the following is an example of a "ready-prepared" production system? 1. A gas station does not have a kitchen and receives individual meals that they finish by thawing or reheating 2. A company cafeteria has large volume purchases and their production area is separate from their service area 3. A hospital cafeteria uses rethermalization and reconstitutes frozen foods that are made on site 4. Menu items are delivered from a satellite area then reheated for serving
A hospital cafeteria uses rethermalization and reconstitutes frozen foods that are made on site
Theory Z
A management philosophy that stresses employee participation in all aspects of company decision making
Theory X
A motivation theory that suggests that management attitudes toward workers fall into two opposing categories based on management assumptions about worker capabilities and values.
Positioning statement
A positioning statement tells the marketplace how you would like your product to be viewed.
Disease claim (per FDA)
A product states it can diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent disease. A claim such as this requires prior approval by the FDA.
A patient is diagnosed with severe acute pancreatitis and is not able to tolerate solid foods. The medical team is planning to start feeding the patient enterally. What type of diet is most appropriate for this patient?
A standard polymeric formula
What is marketing and why is it referred to as a cyclic management function? 1. A continuing series of events designed to meet the wants and needs of consumers; because it is driven by consumer feedback 2. An organizational function that includes product, price, place, and promotion; because it is related to the customer's evolving profile 3. An organization that has needs for products and the ability to make a purchase; because it is a cycle driven by customer feedback 4. An activity directed at satisfying the wants and needs of consumers; because it requires planning, implementation, and evaluation
An activity directed at satisfying the wants and needs of consumers; because it requires planning, implementation, and evaluation
Analytical research
Analytical research is a type of research that involves critical thinking and evaluation of information to prove a causal association (cause and effect). This type of research includes clinical trials, follow-up studies, and case control studies, for example, researching personality traits with an experimental and a control group of obese subjects.
Case study research
Another descriptive research method is a case study, also known as a case report or case series. This type of research reports observations about subjects that describe the quantitative relationship between a group of cases and a disease, for example, a research study that reports personality trait observations of obese subjects to identify variables related to the etiology, care, or outcomes of the condition.
Before providing nutrition advice to a client, what step should the dietitian take to make the client more receptive?
Ask clients permission
Cachexia
Associated with cancer and is characterized by general wasting due to the hypermetabolic disease state and decreased appetite.
What advice would you give to a person complaining of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease? 1. Chew spearmint gum 2. Use pepper instead of salt to season 3. Avoid eating before bed 4. Eat SFM and high-fat snacks
Avoid eating before bed
Cohort research
Cohort studies are a type of analytical research that follows a cohort (a group of people with something in common) over time to see if they develop a specific disease, for example, a research study that follows a group of people with bipolar disorder to see if they develop obesity.
Which product is used to prevent lipid oxidation and might be found in snack foods (chips and cookies), vegetable oils, and cured meats? 1. Sorbitol 2. BHA and BHT 3. FD&C Blue Nos. 1 and 2 4. Carrageenan
BHA and BHT
Which of the following risk factors is modifiable? 1. Gender 2. Age 3. BMI 4. Fam hx
BMI
A study was conducted to gather data on women 18-32 years of age to determine what factors significantly affected their self-image. The four factors studied were body composition, BMI, education level, and income level. The results are as follows: p = 0.001 for body composition, p = 0.518 for BMI, p = 0.100 for education level, and p = 0.05 for income level. What was the most significant factor affecting the women's self-image? 1. Body comp 2. BMI 3. Education 4. Income
Body composition A value of p < 0.01 shows a very significant difference and a more reliable result, p < 0.0001 shows very very significant differences and reliable results, and p > 0.05 shows an insignificant difference and an unreliable result, such as those of the other choices in our question: p = 0.518 for BMI, p = 0.100 for education level, and p = 0.05 for income level.
Cultural awareness
Begins with cultural self-awareness, awareness of stereotypes and personal stereotypic beliefs, willingness to learn from others, and learning to value differences.
Social learning
Behavior is explained by continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influence
Manuel, a foodservice director at a Valley High Hospital, wants to know whether his Northwest or Southwest clinic scores higher overall for patient satisfaction. He monitors this measure to see which issues need to be addressed with the kitchen and foodservice staff to improve practices next quarter. What technique is Manuel using here?
Benchmarking
The receiver of a food delivery writes the description of the merchandise, counts the quantities received, and lists them on a blank form. What type of receiving method is this? 1. Direct check method 2. Spot check method 3. Quality check method 4. Blind check method
Blind check method The blind check method requires the receiver to write the merchandise description, count the quantities received, and list them on a blank form. This method is the most accurate but can be very time-consuming
Iatrogenic malnutrition
Brought on by medical treatment, hospitalization, and medications
Angie is attempting to improve how the clinical RDs rotate floors in the hospital, and she has organized weekly meetings with the clinical RD team to discuss the process. Now she is talking with the RD team leaders and managers (people who are most involved with the process) to collect information and data about the floor's patient loads and responsibilities. Which step in FOCUS-PDCA is Angie at? 1. O - organize 2. U- understand 3. S - select 4. C - clarify
C - clarify F - Find a process to improve O - Organize to improve the process C - Clarify current knowledge of the process. This step includes collecting data and information about the process and should include talking with those who are most involved with it. U - Understand the source of process variation S - Select the process improvement
Which of the following can be used as a clinical indicator of endogenous insulin production? 1. Insulin 2. C-peptide 3. Fasting plasma glucose 4. HgbA1C
C-peptide Insulin is secreted as two polypeptide chains joined by disulfide bonds and C-peptide is released as the two chains separate. Since insulin and C-peptide are secreted in the bloodstream in equal amounts, C-peptide can be used as a clinical indicator of endogenous insulin production
What do elevated levels of serum albumin indicate? 1. Excessive pro intake 2. Dehydration 3. Fe deficiency 4. Stage IV pressure ulcer
Dehydration
A 40-year-old male is admitted to the hospital with stage IV pancreatic cancer. He has lost a significant amount of body weight due to poor appetite throughout chemotherapy treatment over the past 5 months. Which of the following would you expect to find during his physical exam? 1. Depressions between ribs 2. Bulging interosseous muscle 3. Slight swelling of lower extremities 4. Under developed gastrocnemius
Depressions between ribs
The Standards of Practice in Nutrition Care
Describes activities related to direct patient and client care
The Standards of Professional Performance
Describes behaviors related to the professional role of RDNs
"Fruit-For-All" is a community nutrition program focused on increasing accessibility of fresh fruits in low-income areas. Fruit-For-All is in the beginning stages of program development, and their community nutrition RD has conducted a needs assessment. What is the next step the RD should take in program development? 1. Seek support from stakeholders 2. Develop program plan 3. Develop program goals and objectives 4. Identify funding sources
Develop program goals and objectives
A complication of uncontrolled diabetes, caused by failure to follow the diet by overeating of carbohydrates and omission of an insulin regimen, may result in: 1. Diabetic ketoacidosis 2. Reactive hypoglygemia 3. Dawn phenomenon 4. Acute hypoglycemia
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Which of the following is not within a registered dietitian's scope of practice? 1. Diabetes education 2. Providing pediatric nutrition 3. Diagnosing diabetes 4. Food management services
Diagnosing diabetes
Which of the following nutritional problems is not common in the elderly? 1. Polypharmacy 2. Hypercholesterolemia 3. Sore mouth 4. Diarrhea
Diarrhea Diarrhea is not a common nutrition problem; rather, constipation is more common due to decreased gastric mobility and decreased HCl stomach secretion in the elderly.
Grace believes her school policy for supervised practice placement is unfair. During a meeting with the assistant director of the nutrition program, Professor Kirstin, she explains why the policy is unfair and her ideas for alternative solutions. Professor Kirstin sets a department-wide meeting to resolve the conflict by a majority vote. What type of conflict resolution method is Professor Kirstin using? 1. Dominance and suppression 2. Integration problem solving 3. Forcing 3. Compromise
Dominance and suppression Dominance and suppression represses conflict rather than settling it, by creating a win-lose environment. These tactics include forcing (one party making a decision without argument or compromise), smoothing, avoidance, and resolving conflict by majority vote
The umbrella term that encompasses all laws and regulations that prohibit discrimination and/or require affirmative action is known as which of the following? 1. EEO 2. SDS 3. OSHA 4. EEOC
EEO Equal employment opportunity (EEO) is the umbrella term that encompasses all laws and regulations that prohibit discrimination and/or require affirmative action
What do decreased levels of serum albumin indicate?
Edema, surgery, cirrhosis, chronic low protein intake, stage IV pressure ulcers, decreased synthesis, and/or unusual losses
RDN Scope of practice
Education and credentialing, practice resources, standards of practice and professional performance, codes of ethics, accreditation standards, state and federal regulations, national guidelines, organizational policy and procedures, and resources for practice management.
An outpatient diabetes dietitian is providing a free diabetes clinic next month. She wants to understand the population that might attend her clinic. Which of the following would provide demographic information about her expected population? 1. Education level 2. A1C # 3. Amount of CHO eaten per wk 4. # of diabetic complications
Education level
A patient is diagnosed with short bowel syndrome and is not able to tolerate solid foods. The medical team is planning to start feeding the patient enterally. What type of diet is most appropriate for this patient?
Elemental formulas ** for patients with malabsorption problems, SBS or IBD
Cultural encounter
Encourages one to directly engage in cross-cultural interactions with individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds; this process allows one to validate, negate, or modify existing cultural knowledge and gain a culturally specific knowledge base to develop culturally relevant interactions.
E. coli
Escherichia coli is a food-borne infection found in raw or undercooked meats, raw fruits or vegetables, raw milk, and unpasteurized apple juice. It has a slow onset of 3-8 days after ingestion and lasts 5-10 days, with the symptoms of bloody diarrhea and severe cramping.
The Code of Ethics
Establishes the foundational principles and ethical standards for the nutrition and dietetics practitioner's roles and conduct
Game theory
Evaluates alternate strategies when outcome depends not only on each individual's strategy but also that of others.
Which government agency would you contact with a question regarding food labeling, such as for cereals, canned goods, and packaged products? 1. HHS 2. SNAP 3. USDA 4. FDA
FDA The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for the inspection of food and the labeling of food products. This does not include the labeling of meat, livestock, poultry, and eggs, which are monitored by the USDA. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) helps farmers, ensures food safety through food inspections, and provides education and commodity food programs. The USDA is responsible for the grading and labeling of meat, livestock, poultry, and eggs. The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) includes Medicare, Medicaid, CHIP, the health insurance marketplace, patient safety, and health IT management. The Supplement Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) administers food stamps through the USDA.
The question "How often do you eat tomatoes?" would likely be part of which of the following dietary intake assessments? 1. Diet hx 2. Food record 3. 24 hr recall 4. FFQ
FFQ
A coffee shop uses older coffee beans before newer coffee beans. Which inventory management method is the coffee shop most likely using? 1. FIFO 2. LIFO 3. Min-max 4. ABC
FIFO
Carrageenan
Fat replacer used to enhance mouthfeel in reduced-fat foods.
In which of the following situations would you expect to see a patient with increased serum transferrin? 1. Fe deficiency 2. Protein energy malnutr 3. Proper nutr 4. Muscle wasting
Fe def increase in transferrin because there is a decrease in iron to bind and transport
Jacob was recently prescribed the drug lithium carbonate to treat his bipolar disorder. Which of the following meals would you recommend for him? 1. Low sodium tuna, unsalted cracker 2. Omelette w/ ham and cheese 3. Grilled chx and salad 4. Italian deli meat sandwich and chips
Grilled chx and salad The drug lithium carbonate and the mineral sodium are known to interact because they compete with each other for reabsorption into the tubules of the kidneys. As a result, high dietary intake of sodium promotes lithium excretion and reduces the effectiveness of the drug. On the other hand, low dietary intake of sodium promotes reabsorption of lithium and increases the chance of drug toxicity. Therefore, the most appropriate meal recommendation would be a salad with grilled chicken because it does not contain foods significantly high or low in sodium. Italian deli meats, potato chips, cheese, and ham are all high in sodium; low-sodium tuna and unsalted crackers are obviously low in sodium.
A dietitian is hosting a four-hour weight loss seminar for twenty clients. How should the seminar be structured so the clients remember the information? 1. Use a PowerPoint presentation during the seminar 2. Provide a handout with all of the seminar topics and information 3. Have the clients share their stories and plans for future diet changes 4. Have the clients participate in a demonstration during the seminar
Have the clients participate in a demonstration during the seminar
An individual has the athetoid form of cerebral palsy. What dietary modification would be most beneficial? 1. Low cal, finger foods 2. High fluid, high fiber 3. High cal, high pro 4. High fat, v low cho
High cal, high pro The most beneficial dietary modifications include high-calorie, high-protein finger foods that don't require utensils
Innovators
High income, self-sufficient
High food security
Households do not have problems with or anxiety about accessing adequate food
Marginal food security
Households sometimes have problems with or anxiety about accessing adequate food, but the quality, quantity, and variety of food are not significantly reduced.
Choose the PES statement that is written in the correct format: 1.Decreased energy intake as evidenced by decreased ability to consume sufficient energy, related to poor appetite, 5#/10% weight loss in 3 months, and 75% IBW 2. 40-pound weight loss in 3 months related to decreased appetite as evidenced by dysphagia and decreased ability to consume food 3. Excessive carbohydrate intake and increased energy intake related to dietary noncompliance as evidenced by food record showing 455 g CHO intake over 24 hours, HgbA1C 8.7%, and 13# weight gain in 1 month 4. Inadequate energy intake related to decreased ability to consume sufficient energy as evidenced by current NPO diet order and decreased appetite
Inadequate energy intake related to decreased ability to consume sufficient energy as evidenced by current NPO diet order and decreased appetite The PES statement is also known as the nutrition diagnosis statement, which is a structured sentence that describes a specific nutrition problem (P) that the dietitian is responsible for treating and working toward resolving, the etiology (E) or cause(s) of the problem, and the signs/symptoms (S) of the existing problem. **If there is more than one problem, each requires its own PES statement.
Which cooking method is known for its energy efficiency, does not use a flame, and delivers fast and even heating? 1. Radiation 2. Induction 3. Gas burner 4. Electric
Induction Induction cooking heats a cooking vessel through electric magnetic vibrations (induction) instead of thermal conduction from a flame or an electrical heating element. This type of cooking is known for its energy efficiency (less heat waste), does not use a flame, and gives fast and even cooking.
What serves as the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics' position on the essential roles and activities of the RDN in the direction and delivery of food and nutrition services?
Scope of practice
"Severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (bilirubin >30 milligrams/deciliter)" has a threshold of 0%, and if this event occurs it signals the need for immediate investigation and response. What type of indicator is this?
Sentinel event A sentinel event is a patient safety event that results in death, permanent harm, and/or severe temporary harm, and intervention is required to sustain life. A sentinel event indicator signals the need for immediate investigation each time it occurs and has a threshold of 0% (never) or 100% (always).
Shigella
Shigella is a food-borne infection caused by lack of proper hygiene and causes bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain within 12-50 hours after ingestion and lasts 4-7 days.
A new American restaurant, Taste, seats 60 guests and serves daily soups, local produce, and seasonal dishes. For their one-year anniversary, they are having a special event where they are serving their three top-selling dishes. What type of menu is Taste using for their special event? 1. Static 2. Limited choice 3. Single use 4. Set
Single
YRBS
The Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) is a survey under HHS for youth in grades 9 to 12 to assess their risk behaviors (smoking, alcohol, weight changes, exercise, eating habits).
During a hospital employee in-service training session, health care professionals are given instructions on the diabetic diet. The in-service materials briefly cover the types of diabetic meal plans available, how to order different diabetic diets, and how to make a registered dietitian referral. What would a situational assessment tell you about this audience? 1. They are inexperienced 2. They are moderately experienced 3. They are highly motivated 4. They are very experienced
The are moderately experienced
Ellen is a clinical nutrition manager at a hospital. She believes her employees love to work as clinical dietitians, will constantly learn new things, and will continue to work more efficiently as a team. Which theory describes the type of attitude Ellen has? 1. Theory Z 2. Theory Y 3. Theory X 4. Game Theory
Theory Y Theory Y describes a participative style of management which "assumes that people will exercise self-direction and self-control in the achievement of organizational objectives to the degree that they are committed to those objectives." This theory assumes people view work as positive, participative, and democratic
Legal claim (per FDA) **REVISE**
There is currently no legal definition for functional foods. The USDA regulates claims that manufacturers make about functional foods' nutrient content and effects on disease, health, or body function.
What vitamins would you recommend for an alcoholic and why? 1. Folate to prevent tetany 2. Fiber to decrease esophageal varices 3. Thiamine to prevent Wernicke's enchephaolpathy 4. Sodium to reduce ascites
Thiamine to prevent Wernicke's encephalopathy Thiamin may help prevent Wernicke's encephalopathy and folic acid may help prevent macrocytic anemia.
Which of the following best describes the purpose of nutritional epidemiology? 1. To determine the condition of a population's health influenced by intake and utilization of nutrients 2. To express a certain quantity, amount, or range 3. To obtain information on processes, meaning, and more in-depth understandings 4. To determine the relationship between dietary factors and their influence on etiology, occurrence, prevention, and treatment of disease
To determine the relationship between dietary factors and their influence on etiology, occurrence, prevention, and treatment of disease
Ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen Low Na and fluid restriction rec
