Reproductive System Lab

primordial follicles do not begin to mature until they are acted upon by

FSH from the anterior pituitary and when they finish meiosis I

signaling pathway triggered by NO in a smooth muscle is terminated by

an enzyme called cGMP phosphodiesterase, which breaks down cGMP to 5'-GMP

resolution

begins w/ a sense of profound relaxation

herpes

caused by HSV and causes itching, patching, ulcers, and scabs in genatalia

HPV

causes cervical cancer transmitted via skin-to-skin contact

This STI primarily manifests as urethritis in men and endocervicitis in females; this bacterial species is known as trachomatis; this disease is known as

chlamydia

if ovulation is followed by fertilization, the developing placenta produces

chorionic gonadotropins (hCG) and progesterone to maintain uterus for pregnancy

What does androgen-binding protein (ABP) do?

concentrates testosterone in the vicinity of the spermatogenic cells

following ovulation, the remnant of the follicle remains in the ovaries and is called the

corpus luteum (CL)

what type of sugar is in the seminal vesicle secretion?

frucotse

GnRH is secreted from the

hypothalamus

what does FSH do to sustentacular cells?

increase ABP (concentrates testosterone)

what does FSH do?

indirectly stimulates the production of sperm within the seminiferous tubules by stimulating the sustentacular cells to produce androgen-binding protein (ABP)

sexual stimulation causes

parasympathetic axons extending to smooth muscle in penile arterioles to release NO and ACh

follicular phase aka

pre-ovulatory phase

spermatogenesis begins at

puberty

cGMP activates a pathway that results in

relaxation of smooth muscle cell

if fertilization occurs, the placenta

replaces the CL and begins to produce progesterone to maintain the uterus for pregnancy

orgasm

rhythmic muscular contractions about 0.8 seconds apart

during which part of the menstrual cycle would sense of smell be most intense?

right before ovulation

2 exocrine accessory glands contribute to

seminal fluid

70% of seminal fluid made in

seminal vesicles

sperm vs. semen

sperm - sex cells in the testes semen is fluid that carries sperm, made in the body

seminal fluid is the fluid in which

sperm are transported

testosterone is the hormone that stimulates

spermatogenesis

prolactin

stimulates females to produce milk

what cells does FSH affect?

sustentacular cells

what would happen if fertilization occurred but the CL was not maintained beyond day 28 of the cycle?

termination of pregnancy

what determines the timing of ovulation?

the LH surge

transudation occurs when

the connective tissue of vagina becomes engorged w/ blood; lubricating fluid oozes from the capillaries and seeps through the epithelial lining

binding of NO to guanylyl cyclase activates

the guanylyl enzyme to produce cGMP from GTP

combinations of estrogen and progestin change what?

the lining of the uterus to prevent pregnancy from developing

NO released from the parasympathetic axons or from nearby endothelial cells diffuses through

the membrane of the vascular smooth muscle cell to bind to the enzyme guanylyl cyclase

what do LH and FSH target?

the testes

when do primary oocytes complete meiosis I?

when the female reaches puberty

each primary oocyte is surrounded by

a layer of cells, all together forming a primordial follicle

the sperm head contains

a nucleus packed with DNA and an acrosome

the paired bulbourethral glands produce

a thick, clear, mucous pre-ejaculate secretion that lubricates the tip of the penis and also neutralizes any traces of acidic urine in the urethra prior to ejaculation

oxytocin

allows milk to be let-down. also increases the contractions via positive feedback mechanism which allows for the fetus to be expelled during parturition (childbirth)

once GnRH is in the bloodstream, it travels to the (also, what does it stimulate)

anterior pituitary gland, where it stimulates the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

primary oocytes begin to go through meiosis but

are arrested after prophase of meiosis I

when do oogonia divide and become primary oocytes?

at about the 3rd month of prenatal development

sustentacular cells extend from the

basement membrane to the lumen of the semiferous tubule

where is the prostate gland located?

below the bladder

5% of seminal fluid made in

bulbourethral glands

in the absence of fertilization, progesterone levels

decrease and the uterine lining is shed during menses

increases in the level of FSH/LH lead to an increase in estrogen/progesterone that

decrease levels of FSH/LH

sperm acrosome contains

digestive enzymes that help the sperm penetrate an oocyte's cell membrane

spermatogonium is

diploid

oogonia are

diploid (2n)

at about the 3rd month of prenatal development, the oogonia

divide via mitosis and form many large diploid cells called primary oocytes

early in human fetal development, primordial germ cells migrate from the

endoderm of the yolk sac to the ovaries

the seminal vesicle's secretion provides

energy for sperm

secondary oocytes will begin meiosis 2, but can only finish finish meiosis 2 by the

entry of sperm

function of estrogen is to

establish endometrium

what does the developing follicle produce?

estrogen

function of FSH in women

follicle growth

each month, several ________ will begin to develop in a female

follicles

control of sperm production begins with

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

secondary spermatocyte is

haploid

sperm are

haploid

spermatids are

haploid

each sperm consists of a

head, mid-piece, and tail

at about mid-cycle, levels of LH do what?

increase rapidly in response to the increase in estrogen

what does LH do to interstitial cells?

increases testosterone

relaxin

increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis and helps dilate the uterine cervix during childbirth

inhibin

inhibits production of FSH to help ensure that only 1 egg is produced

testosterone is secreted by the

interstitial cells

what cells does LH affect?

interstitial cells

endometrium

lining of the uterus

as the CL regresses, the decline in progesterone and estrogen

makes the hypothalamus and pituitary produce GnRH and FSH beginning a new cycle

in women, FSH stimulates primordial follicles to

mature each month, FSH will stimulate the development of several follicles and only 1 will dominate

primary spermatocytes undergo

meiosis I to form 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes

the 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes (that were made via meiosis I) undergo

meiosis II to form 4 haploid spermatids

what part of the sperm will utilize the seminal vesicle secretions?

midpiece

the midpiece is packed with

mitochondria that provide the energy needed for locomotion

where are the paired seminal vesicles found?

near the ampulla of each ductus deferens on the posterior aspect of the urinary bladder

rising testosterone levels exert a

negative effect on the pituitary gland, inhibiting the release of both FSH and LH

the action of estrogen and progesterone to inhibit production of FSH/LH is an excellent example of

negative feedback

sustentacular cells provide developing sperms

nutrients and produce testicular fluid in which sperm are transported

there may be several follicles on your ovaries, but

one should be more developed than the others

within the ovaries, germ cells differentiate into

oogonia

the 2 exocrine accessory glands that contribute to seminal fluid are called the

paired seminal vesicles

many aging men have enlarged prostrate glands. what would be the consequence?

problems with kidneys, urinary tract, bladder, and blockage of urine flow

following ovulation, the CL does what?

produces progesterone, which is a hormone that maintains the uterus to receive a fertilized egg

spermatogenesis

production of sperm

25% of seminal fluid made in

prostate gland

function of progesterone is to

protect endometrium

what do the primary oocytes become when they finish meiosis I?

secondary oocytes

testosterone promotes

secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass

spermatogenesis occurs within the

seminiferous tubules

sustentacular cells are aka

sertoli cells; nurse cells

the prostate gland produces

slightly acidic milky fluid that plays a role in activating the sperm

the 4 haploid spermatids undergo a process called

spermiogenesis during which the spermatids develop into sperm

what LH do?

stimulates the secretion of testosterone from the interstitial cells

developing sperm cells are surrounded by

supporting cells called sustentacular cells

what is a Graafian follicle?

the one follicle that dominates all the others. it inhibits the others so that it can develop to maturity and be released during ovulation

what does the increase in estrogen cause?

thickening of the uterine lining, preparing the uterus for pregnancy if fertilization occurs

the paired bulbourethral glands are found where (describe shape also)

tiny pea-shaped structures located at the base of the penis inferior to the urinary bladder

function of LH in women?

triggers ovulation (follicle -> CL)

where are the seminiferous tubules located?

within the testes

list the accessory glands in the male reproductive system

1. seminal vesicles 2. prostate gland 3. bulbourethral gland

on what day of menstrual cycle does estrogen peak?

13

on what day of the menstrual cycle does FSH reach its peak?

13

what day of the menstrual cycle does LH reach its peak?

14

spermatogonia adjacent to the basement membrane produce

2 distinct cell types: 1 that remains at the basement membrane and continues to produce more of the 2 cell types, and a 2nd type that becomes primary spermatocytes

on what day of menstrual cycle does progesterone peak?

21-24

each primary spermatocyte will eventually produce

4 sperm

the paired seminal vesicles produce approximately

70% of seminal fluid

FSH is not secreted until the pituitary has been stimulated by

GnRH from the hypothalamus

kits that allow women to predict in advance which day they will ovulate detect what hormone?

LH

plateau

-lasts for minutes or seconds even -changes brought about during excitement are sustained at intense levels

virus that attacks the body's immune system

HIV eventually leads to AIDS

syphillis

Treponema pallidum bacteria

primary spermatocyte is

diploid

ACh binds to muscarinic receptors on

endothelial cells in penile arterioles, activating a G protein pathway that results in the activation of the enzyme NO synthase to produce NO

vasocongestion

engorgement of genital tissues with blood

combinations of what work by preventing ovulation

estrogen and progestin

_______ establishes uterine lining; _________ protects uterine lining

estrogen; progesterone

stages of human sexual response

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

STD known as the clap, caused by bacteria, is aka

gonorrhea

yellowing eyes, abd pain, dark urine

hep B

interstitial cells are aka

leydig cells

this common STD is caused by an infection with a protozoan parasite called vaginalis

trichomoniasis

2 parts in excitement

vasocongestion and transduation

the sperm tail is a

whip-like flagellum that propels the sperm toward the oocyte once it has been deposited in the female's reproductive tract