Reproductive System Lab
primordial follicles do not begin to mature until they are acted upon by
FSH from the anterior pituitary and when they finish meiosis I
signaling pathway triggered by NO in a smooth muscle is terminated by
an enzyme called cGMP phosphodiesterase, which breaks down cGMP to 5'-GMP
resolution
begins w/ a sense of profound relaxation
herpes
caused by HSV and causes itching, patching, ulcers, and scabs in genatalia
HPV
causes cervical cancer transmitted via skin-to-skin contact
This STI primarily manifests as urethritis in men and endocervicitis in females; this bacterial species is known as trachomatis; this disease is known as
chlamydia
if ovulation is followed by fertilization, the developing placenta produces
chorionic gonadotropins (hCG) and progesterone to maintain uterus for pregnancy
What does androgen-binding protein (ABP) do?
concentrates testosterone in the vicinity of the spermatogenic cells
following ovulation, the remnant of the follicle remains in the ovaries and is called the
corpus luteum (CL)
what type of sugar is in the seminal vesicle secretion?
frucotse
GnRH is secreted from the
hypothalamus
what does FSH do to sustentacular cells?
increase ABP (concentrates testosterone)
what does FSH do?
indirectly stimulates the production of sperm within the seminiferous tubules by stimulating the sustentacular cells to produce androgen-binding protein (ABP)
sexual stimulation causes
parasympathetic axons extending to smooth muscle in penile arterioles to release NO and ACh
follicular phase aka
pre-ovulatory phase
spermatogenesis begins at
puberty
cGMP activates a pathway that results in
relaxation of smooth muscle cell
if fertilization occurs, the placenta
replaces the CL and begins to produce progesterone to maintain the uterus for pregnancy
orgasm
rhythmic muscular contractions about 0.8 seconds apart
during which part of the menstrual cycle would sense of smell be most intense?
right before ovulation
2 exocrine accessory glands contribute to
seminal fluid
70% of seminal fluid made in
seminal vesicles
sperm vs. semen
sperm - sex cells in the testes semen is fluid that carries sperm, made in the body
seminal fluid is the fluid in which
sperm are transported
testosterone is the hormone that stimulates
spermatogenesis
prolactin
stimulates females to produce milk
what cells does FSH affect?
sustentacular cells
what would happen if fertilization occurred but the CL was not maintained beyond day 28 of the cycle?
termination of pregnancy
what determines the timing of ovulation?
the LH surge
transudation occurs when
the connective tissue of vagina becomes engorged w/ blood; lubricating fluid oozes from the capillaries and seeps through the epithelial lining
binding of NO to guanylyl cyclase activates
the guanylyl enzyme to produce cGMP from GTP
combinations of estrogen and progestin change what?
the lining of the uterus to prevent pregnancy from developing
NO released from the parasympathetic axons or from nearby endothelial cells diffuses through
the membrane of the vascular smooth muscle cell to bind to the enzyme guanylyl cyclase
what do LH and FSH target?
the testes
when do primary oocytes complete meiosis I?
when the female reaches puberty
each primary oocyte is surrounded by
a layer of cells, all together forming a primordial follicle
the sperm head contains
a nucleus packed with DNA and an acrosome
the paired bulbourethral glands produce
a thick, clear, mucous pre-ejaculate secretion that lubricates the tip of the penis and also neutralizes any traces of acidic urine in the urethra prior to ejaculation
oxytocin
allows milk to be let-down. also increases the contractions via positive feedback mechanism which allows for the fetus to be expelled during parturition (childbirth)
once GnRH is in the bloodstream, it travels to the (also, what does it stimulate)
anterior pituitary gland, where it stimulates the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
primary oocytes begin to go through meiosis but
are arrested after prophase of meiosis I
when do oogonia divide and become primary oocytes?
at about the 3rd month of prenatal development
sustentacular cells extend from the
basement membrane to the lumen of the semiferous tubule
where is the prostate gland located?
below the bladder
5% of seminal fluid made in
bulbourethral glands
in the absence of fertilization, progesterone levels
decrease and the uterine lining is shed during menses
increases in the level of FSH/LH lead to an increase in estrogen/progesterone that
decrease levels of FSH/LH
sperm acrosome contains
digestive enzymes that help the sperm penetrate an oocyte's cell membrane
spermatogonium is
diploid
oogonia are
diploid (2n)
at about the 3rd month of prenatal development, the oogonia
divide via mitosis and form many large diploid cells called primary oocytes
early in human fetal development, primordial germ cells migrate from the
endoderm of the yolk sac to the ovaries
the seminal vesicle's secretion provides
energy for sperm
secondary oocytes will begin meiosis 2, but can only finish finish meiosis 2 by the
entry of sperm
function of estrogen is to
establish endometrium
what does the developing follicle produce?
estrogen
function of FSH in women
follicle growth
each month, several ________ will begin to develop in a female
follicles
control of sperm production begins with
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
secondary spermatocyte is
haploid
sperm are
haploid
spermatids are
haploid
each sperm consists of a
head, mid-piece, and tail
at about mid-cycle, levels of LH do what?
increase rapidly in response to the increase in estrogen
what does LH do to interstitial cells?
increases testosterone
relaxin
increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis and helps dilate the uterine cervix during childbirth
inhibin
inhibits production of FSH to help ensure that only 1 egg is produced
testosterone is secreted by the
interstitial cells
what cells does LH affect?
interstitial cells
endometrium
lining of the uterus
as the CL regresses, the decline in progesterone and estrogen
makes the hypothalamus and pituitary produce GnRH and FSH beginning a new cycle
in women, FSH stimulates primordial follicles to
mature each month, FSH will stimulate the development of several follicles and only 1 will dominate
primary spermatocytes undergo
meiosis I to form 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes
the 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes (that were made via meiosis I) undergo
meiosis II to form 4 haploid spermatids
what part of the sperm will utilize the seminal vesicle secretions?
midpiece
the midpiece is packed with
mitochondria that provide the energy needed for locomotion
where are the paired seminal vesicles found?
near the ampulla of each ductus deferens on the posterior aspect of the urinary bladder
rising testosterone levels exert a
negative effect on the pituitary gland, inhibiting the release of both FSH and LH
the action of estrogen and progesterone to inhibit production of FSH/LH is an excellent example of
negative feedback
sustentacular cells provide developing sperms
nutrients and produce testicular fluid in which sperm are transported
there may be several follicles on your ovaries, but
one should be more developed than the others
within the ovaries, germ cells differentiate into
oogonia
the 2 exocrine accessory glands that contribute to seminal fluid are called the
paired seminal vesicles
many aging men have enlarged prostrate glands. what would be the consequence?
problems with kidneys, urinary tract, bladder, and blockage of urine flow
following ovulation, the CL does what?
produces progesterone, which is a hormone that maintains the uterus to receive a fertilized egg
spermatogenesis
production of sperm
25% of seminal fluid made in
prostate gland
function of progesterone is to
protect endometrium
what do the primary oocytes become when they finish meiosis I?
secondary oocytes
testosterone promotes
secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass
spermatogenesis occurs within the
seminiferous tubules
sustentacular cells are aka
sertoli cells; nurse cells
the prostate gland produces
slightly acidic milky fluid that plays a role in activating the sperm
the 4 haploid spermatids undergo a process called
spermiogenesis during which the spermatids develop into sperm
what LH do?
stimulates the secretion of testosterone from the interstitial cells
developing sperm cells are surrounded by
supporting cells called sustentacular cells
what is a Graafian follicle?
the one follicle that dominates all the others. it inhibits the others so that it can develop to maturity and be released during ovulation
what does the increase in estrogen cause?
thickening of the uterine lining, preparing the uterus for pregnancy if fertilization occurs
the paired bulbourethral glands are found where (describe shape also)
tiny pea-shaped structures located at the base of the penis inferior to the urinary bladder
function of LH in women?
triggers ovulation (follicle -> CL)
where are the seminiferous tubules located?
within the testes
list the accessory glands in the male reproductive system
1. seminal vesicles 2. prostate gland 3. bulbourethral gland
on what day of menstrual cycle does estrogen peak?
13
on what day of the menstrual cycle does FSH reach its peak?
13
what day of the menstrual cycle does LH reach its peak?
14
spermatogonia adjacent to the basement membrane produce
2 distinct cell types: 1 that remains at the basement membrane and continues to produce more of the 2 cell types, and a 2nd type that becomes primary spermatocytes
on what day of menstrual cycle does progesterone peak?
21-24
each primary spermatocyte will eventually produce
4 sperm
the paired seminal vesicles produce approximately
70% of seminal fluid
FSH is not secreted until the pituitary has been stimulated by
GnRH from the hypothalamus
kits that allow women to predict in advance which day they will ovulate detect what hormone?
LH
plateau
-lasts for minutes or seconds even -changes brought about during excitement are sustained at intense levels
virus that attacks the body's immune system
HIV eventually leads to AIDS
syphillis
Treponema pallidum bacteria
primary spermatocyte is
diploid
ACh binds to muscarinic receptors on
endothelial cells in penile arterioles, activating a G protein pathway that results in the activation of the enzyme NO synthase to produce NO
vasocongestion
engorgement of genital tissues with blood
combinations of what work by preventing ovulation
estrogen and progestin
_______ establishes uterine lining; _________ protects uterine lining
estrogen; progesterone
stages of human sexual response
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
STD known as the clap, caused by bacteria, is aka
gonorrhea
yellowing eyes, abd pain, dark urine
hep B
interstitial cells are aka
leydig cells
this common STD is caused by an infection with a protozoan parasite called vaginalis
trichomoniasis
2 parts in excitement
vasocongestion and transduation
the sperm tail is a
whip-like flagellum that propels the sperm toward the oocyte once it has been deposited in the female's reproductive tract