Research Ethics

Justice is an ethical principle listed in the Belmont Report that states that:

all participants should be treated fairly and equitably in terms of receiving the benefits and bearing the risks in research.

Which of the following is used in research to specifically meet the principle of respect for persons in the Belmont Report? a. Statistical analysis b. Autonomy of persons c. Informed consent d. Risk-benefit analysis

Informed consent

Which of the following is an example of a researcher who is not applying research ethics? a. A researcher conducts a study at an ethical level below minimal risk. b. A researcher follows the principles outlined in the Belmont Report. c. A researcher asks participants to give consent prior to participating in a study. d. A researcher requires a participant to continue in the study even though that participant requested to stop participating.

A researcher requires a participant to continue in the study even though that participant requested to stop participating.

A researcher tells participants that their identity will remain unknown, even to those involved in the study. What level of privacy has the researcher assured participants? a. Partiality b. Immunity c. Anonymity d. Confidentiality

Anonymity

A debriefing is given at what stage in the research process?

At the end of a study, immediately after all procedures have been conducted.

A researcher tells participants that their identity will not be made available to anyone who is not directly involved in a study. What level of privacy has the researcher assured participants? a. Serendipity b. Immunity c. Anonymity d. Confidentiality

Confidentiality

________ is a strategy used by researchers in which participants are deliberately mislead concerning the true purpose and nature of the research being conducted. a. Deception b. Debriefing c. Anonymity d. Placebo

Deception

How did Stanley Milgram alleviate the significant stress placed on participants for obeying his orders in his obedience experiments?

He disclosed to participants the true intent of his experiment and that no shocks were ever administered, after the experiment was completed.

Every institution that receives federal funding for human participant research must have established a(n) ________ to review the ethics of all research projects.

IRB

All of the following is correct regarding the submission of a human research protocol to an IRB except? a. If a research protocol is rejected, it cannot be resubmitted to the IRB even if it is revised. b. A research protocol must be submitted to and approved by an IRB before a study is conducted. c. All researchers are bound to follow the research protocol once it is approved by an IRB. d. A research protocol outlines the details of a study to be completed and how the researcher will address potential ethical concerns in the study.

If a research protocol is rejected, it cannot be resubmitted to the IRB even if it is revised.

Which of the following statements is true? a. Incentives for participating in a research study can be contingent on whether the participant completes at least half of a study. b. Incentives given to participants must never be contingent on the individual's actual participation in a study. c. Potential participants have the right to decline or withdraw participation at any time unless otherwise coerced to continue participating. d. It is permissible to provide added incentives to participants in order to gain their full participation in a research study.

Incentives given to participants must never be contingent on the individual's actual participation in a study.

What are the three principles identified in the Belmont Report for the ethical conduct of research using human participants?

Respect for persons, beneficence, and justice

Which of the following is used in research to specifically meet the principle of beneficence in the Belmont Report? a. Informed consent b. Autonomy of persons c. Statistical analysis d. Risk-benefit analysis

Risk-benefit analysis

The Tuskegee syphilis study eventually led to the publication of which formal document regarding the ethical treatment of human participants? a. The Nuremberg Code b. The Belmont Report c. The Bill of Rights d. The Tuskegee Transcript

The Belmont Report

________ is a published document that recommends three principles for the ethical conduct of research with human participants: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. a. The Constitution b. The Belmont Report c. The Bill of Rights d. The Nuremberg Code

The Belmont Report

Which document contains 10 directives aimed to protect human participants from unnecessary harm? a. The Bill of Rights b. The Constitution c. The Nuremberg Code d. The Belmont Report

The Nuremberg Code

________ is the first international code for ethical conduct in research consisting of 10 directives aimed at the protection of human participants. a. The Nuremberg Code b. The Constitution c. The Bill of Rights d. The Belmont Report

The Nuremberg Code

In the 1940s, penicillin became widely available as an effective treatment for syphilis. What did the researchersin the Tuskegee syphilis study do in response to this new treatment?

They denied the men access to penicillin and continued the study.

Excessive incentives are viewed as:

a type of coercion or undue influence on the part of the researcher in order to gain participation.

A ________ is a co-researcher or actor who pretends to be a participant in a research study for the purposes of scientific investigation. a. placebo b. anonymity c. confederate d. immunity

confederate

Beneficence means that researchers make every effort to ________ the risks and ________ the benefits of participating in scientific research. a. promote; conceal b. maximize; minimize c. minimize; maximize d. conceal; promote

minimize; maximize

The key ethical concern for the Milgram obedience experiments was:

to alleviate the significant stress placed on the participants for obeying the orders of the authority figure to shock the learner.

For a participant to give informed consent, the individual must have the ability to do all of the following except: a. waive their right to withdrawal from the study. b. have the capacity to participate. c. have the ability to comprehend his or her potential role in a research study. d. be free of coercion.

waive their right to withdrawal from the study.