Research methods final

sample size and effect size

Statistical significance depends on which of the following ?

Construct validity, and external validity

To evaluate how well a study supports a frequency claim you need to focus on evaluating which of the following

to obtain evidence for criterion validity

To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people in Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and another group in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). He finds that people in the GA group have higher scores on his new measure than people in the AA group. Why did Dr. Sheffield do this?

being swayed by a good story and being persuaded by what comes easily to mind

Two biases of intuition discussed in the text are

data fabrication

Upon receiving institutional review board (IRB) approval, Dr. Kushner trusts that his graduate student will conduct the study. However, his graduate student does not conduct the study and instead provides Dr. Kushner with invented results that support his hypotheses. This is known as which of the following?

People with developmental disabilities

according to the Belmont report , which of the following groups of people is entitled to special protection?

validity

Dr rodriquez is concerned whether the measure will really measure narcissism or if it will measure some other related concept, she is concerned about the scales ?

The criterion of temporal precedence

A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children, question which of the following rules of causation

The third variable criterion

A common finding in the study of aggression, you are questioning which of the following criteria of causation

the strength and direction of the relationship between two measurements

A correlation coefficient and a scatterplot both provide which of the following pieces of information?

A comparison group that did not receive the drug

A psychiatrist is testing a drug that treats depression. He has given the drug to all his patients, and all of them have experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms. Although this is interesting, his experience is limited because he does not have:

observer effects

A study by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) involved telling teachers that some of their students were "bloomers" and would achieve rapid academic success within the next year. In fact, these students were no different than any of the other students in the class. At the end of the year, the "bloomers" showed more gains in IQ than the other students. It appeared that the teacher had unintentionally treated the "bloomers" in special ways. This is an example of which of the following?

unusually large in psychology

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52. According to the guidelines for interpreting effect sizes, the magnitude of this effect is

strength and direction of the relationship

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52. This number gives you information about which of the following?

A measured variable

Anderson, researchers recorded how many error's participants committed, example of which of the following

The gender of the participant

Anderson, which of the following is a variable in this study

prediction

Another word for hypothesis is a

Internal reliability

Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Rodriquez analyzes the data she gets from her students. She looks at the relationship between each of the individual questions. She sees that participants who agree with Question 1 also agree with Question 3 and disagree with Question 2. This is a test of which of the following?

The study's construct validity

Clarissas concern is addressing which ?

Abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, references

Correct order of an empirical journal article

A theory

Deci and Ryan's general statement of how the three needs are related to growth and fulfillment is an example of

two

Dr farrah, Of the correlations listed, how many are cross-sectional correlations?

snowball sampling

Dr. Chandler is a personality psychologist who is interested in studying the characteristics of people who report being abducted by UFOs. She finds several people in an online support group for UFO abductees to participate and asks them if they can provide the names and contact information of other people who have also been abducted. Upon contacting these new participants, she asks them to refer her to even more people they may know who have been abducted. This is an example of what kind of sampling?

quota sampling

Dr. Choi is studying the extent to which Asian American mothers enforce gender roles at home. She wants to ensure that her sample includes 50 first generation, 50 second generation, and 50 third generation immigrants. If Dr. Choi obtains her particular sample by putting flyers in the local Asian grocery store, which of the following sampling techniques is she using?

reactivity

Dr. Ewell is concerned that the children will behave differently because of the presence of research assistants. He is concerned about

Correlation 2 Fall number of hours of homework Spring number of hours of homework .36*

Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement., Which of the correlations is an autocorrelation?

fence sitting

Dr. Gahan decides to create a questionnaire asking about people's attitudes toward immigration (a socially sensitive topic). He should be most concerned about which of the following?

acquiescence

Dr. Gore is conducting a survey examining people's opinions toward funding for collegiate athletics on his campus. He notices that several participants agree with all 12 questions. This is most likely due to

number of friends one has and experience of daily stress

Dr. Guidry has decided to examine one of her relationships with a scatterplot to double-check for a curvilinear relationship. Which relationship will be most important for her to examine?

students who have taken a class with Dr. kramer

Dr. Kramer could reasonably use his sample to say something about which of the following populations of interest?

sampling only those students who come to class frequently

Dr. Kramer needs to avoid which of the following if he hopes to have an unbiased sample?

This will lead to a biased sample because the type of students who take Psychology and Law may be different from the type of students who take Introduction to Neuroscience.

Dr. Kramer plans to give his survey only to his Psychology and Law students because he sees them on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, and he can spare the class time (unlike in his Introduction to Neuroscience class, which only meets on Tuesdays and Thursdays). Which of the following is true?

interrater reliability

Dr. Leising conducts observational studies of adolescents interacting with peers during problem-solving tasks. She records each 30-minute interaction and then has the students in her laboratory code prosocial behaviors in the adolescents as they view each video. Because she has several students coding the videos, she calculates how reliable their scores are with each other by having them all code the same videos periodically. Which type of reliability is Dr. Leising calculating?

face validity

Dr. Rodriquez is concerned about the validity of the measure of narcissism recommended by her colleague. She sends a copy of the measure to the faculty members in her psychology department to look at, and they all tell her it looks like it will measure narcissism. She now has evidence of which of the following?

convergent validity

Dr. Sheffield has now decided that he wants to test his measure on some university students (who some estimates say have a 6% prevalence rate of compulsive gambling). He has a group of 100 university students complete his measure. He also has them complete two other measures (one that measures addictive behavior in general and one that measures general attitudes toward gambling). He finds that his new measure is positively associated with each of these other measures. This procedure has provided evidence for the ________ of Dr. Sheffield's measure.

Make sure the peer reviewers are anonymous

Dr. Stewart is and editor a psychology journal she wants to ensure that reviewers give honest reviews of the paper there are asked to read which of the following could she do to increase the likelihood of honest feedback

multistage sample

Dr. Tanaka is an educational psychologist interested in students' attitudes toward science and the effect of those attitudes on performance on standardized tests. He chooses his local school district to study. There are 15 high schools, and he randomly chooses five. Then, of the 2,500 students in each of those five schools, he randomly recruits 250 students. This is an example of which of the following sampling techniques?

Data

Dr. White, in this study estrogen levels in participants were the

The availability heuristic

Edward, his reliance on what comes to mind is an example of which of the following

the third variable must be related to both of the measured variables in the original association

For a third variable to be plausible as the explanation in an established association, which of the following must also be true?

they slow down readers, making them answer more carefully

How do reverse-worded items address the issue of shortcuts in surveys?

mediation

If a researcher is asking why the relationship between two variables exists, they are curious about which of the following?

a longitudinal correlational design could be done instead

If an experiment cannot be done for practical or ethical reasons related to manipulating the variable of interest, which of the following events should happen?

conducted a census

If researchers measure every member of a population they have

Edited books

If you are interested in reading an overview of peer reviewed scientific research within a specific area which of the following reading sources would you choose

Correlation 3 Fall number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .69* Correlation 4 Fall semester GPA Spring number of hours of homework .18

Imagine that Dr. Farah noted a cyclical, reinforcing relationship between homework and academic achievement. For this to be case, which of the following correlations would need to be significant?

According to the Belmont report, prisoners are entitled to special protection

Imagine that Dr. Kushner is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. Why is this choice potentially problematic?

criteron; predictor

In a multiple regression design, ________ variable is to dependent variable as ________ variable is to independent variable.

the principle of integrity and fidelity/responsibility

In addition to the three principles derived from the Belmont Report, which of the following two principles were added in the principles put forth by the American Psychological Association?

It is a double-barreled question

In developing a measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I frequently solve and enjoy solving crossword puzzles and Sudoku puzzles." What is the problem with this question?

how reliable is the measure of daily stress

In evaluating Dr. Guidry's study, you question the construct validity of the study. Which of the following questions would you be asking?

it has a double negative

In his measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I have never not enjoyed thinking." What is the problem with this question?

identifying subgroups

In understanding "controlling for" a third variable, which of the following is a similar concept?

When they based their opinions on their intuition

In which of the following scenarios should you be skeptical of an authority

basic research

Research that is done specifically to add to our general understanding of psychology like distinguishing the components of extraversión or predicting the time it takes a person to determine whether an object is a face or another object is known as

A conformation bias

Sasha believes that she is a nice person, this is an example of which of the following

internal validity

Matt, Dr. Guidry's research assistant, is discussing the findings of the study with some other students. He claims that the experience of more daily stress causes people to have lower life satisfaction. Which of the following causal criteria did Matt meet?

Method

Matthew is reading an empirical journal article and wants to know whether the authors used the big 5 or the neo to measure extraversion in which section would he find this information

an ordinal scale of measurement

Naomi is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for her research methods project. To do this, she has elementary school students rate how popular each member of their class is. She then uses this information to rank the students on popularity (e.g., John is the most popular, Vanessa is the second-most popular). Which of the following best describes this variable?

systematic sampling

Professor Adeyemi is examining well-being after retirement in a city, and it is important to have excellent external validity. Professor Adeyemi selects two random numbers, 4 and 6, and gets a list of all of the retired people in the city. If Professor Adeyemi obtains the sample by starting with the 4th person on the list and selecting every 6th person, which of the following sampling techniques is most likely being used?

Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases.

What does it mean that behavioral research is probabilistic?

to ensure the relevancy accuracy and integrity of the content

What is the primary purpose of peer review

replacement

When conducting animal research, which guideline states that alternatives to animal research should be considered?

cross-lag correlations

When conducting longitudinal research, researchers typically find ________ to be the most interesting.

What is the argument? And what is the evidence to support?

When reading an empirical article journal which two questions should you ask yourself as you read

Both strong positive associations and strong negative associations

Which of the following allow us to make strong predictions using association claims

people with more friends tend to report greater life satisfaction

Which of the following conclusions can Dr. Guidry draw about the number of friends one has and life satisfaction based on her statistical analyses?

a bar graph

Which of the following graph formats is the best way to examine an association claim between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable?

Empiricism

Which of the following involves using evidence from the senses or from instruments that assist the senses as the basis for conclusions

Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction

Which of the following is an association claim

An educational psychologist who looks for a way to increase math skills in 8yr olds

Which of the following is an example of applied research

It ensures that the studies published are of the highest quality

Which of the following is the reason that scientific journals use peer review

Some psychological concepts are more difficult to define than others

Which of the following is true of operational definitions

the confidence people have in their memories is not strongly related to the accuracy of their memory

Which of the following is true when asking people questions about themselves?

"Vacations are important for happiness, even when length of vacation is controlled for."

Which popular media headline might suggest that a multiple regression has been used?

Casual claim

Which type of claim is dr Ramon making

two measured variables

While reading about a research study, which of the following would tell you that an association claim is being made?

studying people who are easy to find

convenience sampling relies on which of the following?

Because Correlation 3 is significant but Correlation 4 is not, Dr. Farah has evidence that increased homework comes before academic achievement.

dr farah, Based on her pattern of correlations, which of the following can Dr. Farah safely conclude?

risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained

in considering whether research is ethical, which of the following are balanced against each other?

when it is aggregated over many situations

in which of the following cases might a small effect still be important?

observer bias

masked or blind study designs are designed to deal with

A bridge between

translational research is best thought of as ___________ basic research and applied research

they result in samples where some people are systematically left out

what do purposive, convivence, quota and snowball sampling have in common?

if a measure is valid, it is also reliable

what does it mean that "reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity"?

Moderators suggest that associations may not generalize to all subgroups of people.

what is the relationship between moderators and external validity

the potential risks to participants outweighed the value of knowledge we can gain

what was the primary ethical concern in the milgram study?

how was the sample collected

when you are interrogating the external validity of a sample , which is the most important question to ask?

how well it is worded

which of the following determines the construct validity of a survey question ?

participants were given/infected with the disease

which of the following ethical violations did NOT occur in the tuskegee study?

they can only control for third variables that are measured

which of the following is a reason why multiple regression designs are inferior to experimental designs

it allows researches to get feedback from participants about how to design follow-up studies

which of the following is a suitable reason for using debriefing in a study?

prepare different versions of a survey, varying the order of the questions

which of the following is the most direct way to control for question order effects?

They have the biggest effect when dealing with small sample sizes

which of the following is true about outliers?

The specification of operational definitions is one of the creative aspects of the research process

which of the following is true of operational definitions?

the chief concern is to evaluate the sampling technique

which of the following is true regarding interrogating frequency claims?

Dr. Benson's study in which she measured people's spatial manipulation ability in August and measured their ability again in May after they had taken two semesters of art classes

which of the following studies is an example of a longitudinal design?

Question B, I try only as hard as i have to

which of the questions is an example of a question that uses a likert scale ?

all members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample

why do studies that use probability samples have external validity ?

it violates an APA standard

why is plagiarism a violation of ethics