Review Questions" and ch 8,9,10,11

What is 802.1Q?

-Trunking protocol

What is a Router on a stick?

-A Router on a stick is where you have a router hanging off a switch on a trunk link. The router is doing routing for the different VLANs to communicate.

What is a trunk link?

-A trunk connection is a normal link but it passes all VLAN trunk. Note: All VLANs pass over this trunk link like vlan 10,20, and 30 for example.

What is jitter?

-Jitter is variation in delay.

What command displays the interface configuration and status of the lines: up/up, up/down, admin down.

switch#show interfaces

What command displays the current MAC address forwarding table?

switch#show mac address-table

What command sets the enable password to cisco?

switch(config)#enable password cisco

What command creates a locally significant host name of the switch?

switch(config)#hostname 2960Switch

What are the advantages of using vlans?

-A vlan is a single broadcast domain which means that if a user in the research vlan would send a broadcast frame only users in the same vlan will receive it. -Users are only able to communicate within the same vlan (more on this later). -Uers don?t have to be grouped physically together, as you can see we have users in the Engineering vlan sitting on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd floor. Note: you can seperate traffic into vlan and segergate that traffic.

What is a layer 3 switch? What does it do?

-Layer 3 switches allows you to do inter VLAN routing without using a Router.

What are native vlans used for?

-Management protocols like CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol) use the native vlan. -Remote management to your Cisco switch uses the native vlan. -The Default native vlan is Vlan 1.

What are the three options for configuring VLANs? Explain them.

-Static VLAN- most common and you configure the VLAN your self on the interface. -Dynamic VLAN-You use VMPS server (Vlan Management Policy Server) which has a database of MAC address & vlan information. It will check MAC of your computer and assign you the vlan that it found the database. -Voice Vlan-has to be configured separately on a Cisco switch and the link between the phone and switch is actually a trunk. Note:There is a 4th method which is popular nowadays, you can use 802.1X and a RADIUS server to authenticate users and dynamically assign users to a vlan.

What does 802.1Q add to and Frame to know where the frame is going?

-Tag field Note: inside the 802.1Q frmae is the Tag and inside the Tag is "Ethertype 0x8100", "Priority", "CFI", "VLAN Identifier"

Which filed inside the 802.1Q Tag Field tells which VLAN the ethernet belongs to?

-VLAN Identifier

What is VTP?

-VTP (Vlan Trunking Protocol)-will allow you to create vlans on one switch and synchronize themselves with other switches in the same VTP domain.

Sum up VLANs?

-VTP adds / modifies / deletes vlans. -For every change the revision number will increase. -The latest advertisement will be sent to all VTP clients. -VTP clients will synchronize themselves with the latest information. Note: each time you make a VLAN change the revision number goes up. You also need a VTP domain name that you make up.

What is VTP Client?

-VTP client will get the VLAN information and database from the VTP server.

What is VTP server?

-VTP server is the switch/router that you modify/add/delete vlans from and it will sync its vlan database with the VTP client switch/Routers.

What is VTP Transparent mode?

-VTP transparent mode will forward advertisements but does not synchronize itself with the vlan database.

What is Native vlan?

-the only VLAN that does not get tagged when going across a trunk.

What is VTP pruning?

-you can manage what vlan can cross a trunk link by using vtp pruning.

10. A network administrator needs to configure a router with a distance-vector protocol that allows classless routing. Which of the following satisfies those requirements? A. IGRP B. OSPF C. RIPv1 D. EIGRP E. IS-IS

10. D. In this question, we're calling EIGRP just plain old distance vector. EIGRP is an "advanced" distance-vector routing protocol, sometimes called a hybrid routing protocol because it uses the characteristics of both distance-vector and link-state routing protocols.

10. Write the command that will display all different OSPF route types that are currently known by the router.

10. show ip ospf database

12. For some reason, you cannot establish an adjacency relationship on a common Ethernet link between two routers. Looking at the output below, what is the cause of the problem? RouterA# Ethernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up Internet Address 172.16.1.2/16, Area 0 Process ID 2, Router ID 172.126.1.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 10 Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DR, Priority 1 Designated Router (ID) 172.16.1.2, interface address 172.16.1.1 No backup designated router on this network Timer intervals configured, Hello 5, Dead 20, Wait 20, Retransmit 5 RouterB# Ethernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up Internet Address 172.16.1.1/16, Area 0 Process ID 2, Router ID 172.126.1.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 10 Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DR, Priority 1 Designated Router (ID) 172.16.1.1, interface address 172.16.1.2 No backup designated router on this network Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5 A. The OSPF area is not configured properly. B. The priority on RouterA should be set higher. C. The cost on RouterA should be set higher. D. The Hello and Dead timers are not configured properly. E. A backup designated router needs to be added to the network. F. The OSPF Process ID numbers must match.

12. D. The Hello and Dead timers must be set the same on two routers on the same link or they will not form an adjacency (relationship). The default timers for OSPF are 10 seconds for the Hello timer and 40 seconds for the Dead timer.

14. Which type of OSPF network will elect a backup designated router? (Choose two.) A. Broadcast multi-access B. Non-broadcast multi-access C. Point-to-point D. Broadcast multipoint

14. A, B. DR and BDR are elected on broadcast and non-broadcast multi-access networks. Frame Relay is a non-broadcast multi-access (NBMA) network by default. No DR is assigned on any type of point-to-point link. No DR/BDR is assigned on the NBMA point-to-multipoint due to the hub/spoke topology.

15. Which two of the following commands will place network 10.2.3.0/24 into area 0? (Choose two.) A. router eigrp 10 B. router ospf 10 C. router rip D. network 10.0.0.0 E. network 10.2.3.0 255.255.255.0 area 0 F. network 10.2.3.0 0.0.0.255 area0 G. network 10.2.3.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

15. B, G. To enable OSPF, you must first start OSPF using a Process ID. The number is irrelevant; just choose a number from 1 to 65,535 and you're good to go. After you start the OSPF process, you must configure any network that you want advertised via OSPF using wildcards and the area command. Answer F is wrong because there must be a space after the parameter area and before you list the area number.

17. What are three reasons for creating OSPF in a hierarchical design? (Choose three.) A. To decrease routing overhead B. To speed up convergence C. To confine network instability to single areas of the network D. To make configuring OSPF easier

17. A, B, C. OSPF is created in a hierarchical design, not a flat design like RIP. This decreases routing overhead, speeds up convergence, and confines network instability to a single area of the network.

18. What is the administrative distance of OSPF? A. 90 B. 100 C. 110 D. 120

18. C. The administrative distance (AD) is a very important parameter in a routing protocol. The lower the AD, the more trusted the route. If you have IGRP and OSPF running, by default IGRP routes would be placed in the routing table because IGRP has a lower AD of 100. OSPF has an AD of 110. RIPv1 and RIPv2 both have an AD of 120, and EIGRP is the lowest, at 90.

20. If routers in a single area are configured with the same priority value, what value does a router use for the OSPF Router ID in the absence of a loopback interface? A. The lowest IP address of any physical interface B. The highest IP address of any physical interface C. The lowest IP address of any logical interface D. The highest IP address of any logical interface

20. B. At the moment of OSPF process startup, the highest IP address on any active interface will be the Router ID (RID) of the router. If you have a loopback interface configured (logical interface), then that will override the interface IP address and become the RID of the router automatically.

3. Which of the following describe the process identifier that is used to run OSPF on a router? (Choose two.) A. It is locally significant. B. It is globally significant. C. It is needed to identify a unique instance of an OSPF database. D. It is an optional parameter required only if multiple OSPF processes are running on the router. E. All routes in the same OSPF area must have the same Process ID if they are to exchange routing information.

3. A, C. The Process ID for OSPF on a router is only locally significant and you can use the same number on each router, or each router can have a different number—it just doesn't matter. The numbers you can use are from 1 to 65,535. Don't get this confused with area numbers, which can be from 0 to 4.2 billion.

6. You get a call from a network administrator who tells you that he typed the following into his router: Router(config)#router ospf 1 Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 area 0 He tells you he still can't see any routes in the routing table. What configuration error did the administrator make? A. The wildcard mask is incorrect. B. The OSPF area is wrong. C. The OSPF Process ID is incorrect. D. The AS configuration is wrong.

6. A. The administrator typed in the wrong wildcard mask configuration. The wildcard should have been 0.0.0.255

6. Write the command that will enable OSPF process 101 on a router.

6. router ospf 101

7. Which of the following protocols support VLSM, summarization, and discontiguous networking? (Choose three.) A. RIPv1 B. IGRP C. EIGRP D. OSPF E. BGP F. RIPv2

7. C, D, F. RIPv1 and IGRP are true distance-vector routing protocols and can't do much, really—except build and maintain routing tables and use a lot of bandwidth! RIPv2, EIGRP, and OSPF build and maintain routing tables, but they also provide classless routing, which allows for VLSM, summarization, and discontiguous networking.

7. Write the command that will display details of all OSPF routing processes enabled on a router.

7. show ip ospf

8. Which of the following are true regarding OSPF areas? (Choose three.) A. You must have separate loopback interfaces configured in each area. B. The numbers you can assign an area go up to 65,535. C. The backbone area is also called area 0. D. If your design is hierarchical, then you don't need multiple areas. E. All areas must connect to area 0. F. If you have only one area, it must be called area 1.

8. C, D, E. Loopback interfaces are created on a router, and the highest IP address on a loopback (logical) interface becomes the RID of the router but has nothing to do with areas and is optional, so option A is wrong. The numbers you can create an area with are from 0 to 4,294,967,295— option B is wrong. The backbone area is called area 0, so option C is correct. All areas must connect to area 0, so option E is correct. If you have only one area, it must be called area 0, so option F is incorrect. This leaves option D, which must be correct; it doesn't make much sense, but it is the best answer.

8. Write the command that will display interface-specific OSPF information.

8. show ip ospf interface

9. Write the command that will display all OSPF neighbors.

9. show ip ospf neighbor

Which of the following statements are true regarding the command ip route 172.16.4.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.4.2? (Choose two.) A. The command is used to establish a static route. B. The default administrative distance is used. C. The command is used to configure the default route. D. The subnet mask for the source address is 255.255.255.0. E. The command is used to establish a stub network.

A, B. Although option D almost seems right, it is not; the mask is the mask used on the remote network, not the source network. Since there is no number at the end of the static route, it is using the default administrative distance of 1.

Which of the following would be true if HostA is trying to communicate to HostB and interface F0/0 of RouterC goes down, as shown in the following graphic? (Choose two.) A. RouterC will use an ICMP to inform HostA that HostB cannot be reached. B. RouterC will use ICMP to inform RouterB that HostB cannot be reached. C. RouterC will use ICMP to inform HostA, RouterA, and RouterB that HostB cannot be reached. D. RouterC will send a destination unreachable message type. E. RouterC will send a router selection message type. F. RouterC will send a source quench message type.

A, D. RouterC will use ICMP to inform HostA that HostB cannot be reached. It will perform this by sending a destination unreachable ICMP message type.

The Acme Company uses a router named Gateway to connect to its ISP. The address of the ISP router is 206.143.5.2. Which commands could be configured on the Gateway router to allow Internet access to the entire network? (Choose two.) A. Gateway(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 206.143.5.2 B. Gateway(config)#router rip Gateway(config-router)#network 206.143.5.0 C. Gateway(config)#router rip Gateway(config-router)#network 206.143.5.0 default D. Gateway(config)#ip route 206.143.5.0 255.255.255.0 default E. Gateway(config)#ip default-network 206.143.5.0

A, E. There are actually three different ways to configure the same default route, but only two are shown in the answer. First, you can set a default route with the 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 mask and then specify the next hop, as in option A. Or you can use 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 and use the exit interface instead of the next hop. Finally, you can use option E with the ip default-network command.

Which of the following is the best description of the operation of split horizon? A. Information about a route should not be sent back in the direction from which the original update came. B. It splits the traffic when you have a large bus (horizon) physical network. C. It holds the regular updates from broadcasting to a downed link. D. It prevents regular update messages from reinstating a route that has gone down.

A. A split horizon will not advertise a route back to the same router it learned the route from.

The Corporate router receives an IP packet with a source IP address of 192.168.214.20 and a destination address of 192.168.22.3. Looking at the output from the Corporate router, what will the router do with this packet? Corp#sh ip route [output cut] R 192.168.215.0 [120/2] via 192.168.20.2, 00:00:23, Serial0/0 R 192.168.115.0 [120/1] via 192.168.20.2, 00:00:23, Serial0/0 R 192.168.30.0 [120/1] via 192.168.20.2, 00:00:23, Serial0/0 C 192.168.20.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0 C 192.168.214.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 A. The packet will be discarded. B. The packet will be routed out the S0/0 interface. C. The router will broadcast looking for the destination. D. The packet will be routed out the Fa0/0 interface.

A. Since the routing table shows no route to the 192.168.22.0 network, the router will discard the packet and send an ICMP destination unreachable message out interface FastEthernet 0/0, which is the source LAN from which the packet originated.

What metric does RIPv2 use to find the best path to a remote network? A. Hop count B. MTU C. Cumulative interface delay D. Load E. Path bandwidth value 15.

A. RIPv1 and RIPv2 only use the lowest hop count to determine the best path to a remote network.

QUESTION NO: 333 What are three characteristics of the OSPF routing protocol? (Choose three.) A. It converges quickly. B. OSPF is a classful routing protocol. C. It uses cost to determine the best route. D. It uses the DUAL algorithm to determine the best route. E. OSPF routers send the complete routing table to all directly attached routers. F. OSPF routers discover neighbors before exchanging routing information.

AnAnswer: A,C,F

You have been tasked with choosing a routing protocol that would best fit the needs of the Certkiller network. Which routing protocol uses bandwidth and delay as metrics, by default? A. EIGRP B. OSPF C. BGP D. RIPv1 E. RIPv2 F. None of the above

Answer: A

Which one of the following privileged EXEC mode IOS show commands will display the state of the OSPF DR/BDR (designated router / backup designated router) election process? A. CK1 # show ip ospf interface B. CK1 # show ip ospf priority C. CK1 # show ospf neighbor detail D. CK1 # show ospf processes E. CK1 # show ospf neighbor state F. None of the above

Answer: A Explanation: This command will display the router ID of both the DR and the BDR on the network segment that the particular interface is connected to. Example: Router1#show ip ospf interface ethernet 0Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is upInternet Address 10.10.10.1/24, Area 0Process ID 1, Router ID 192.168.45.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 10 Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State BDR, Priority 1Designated Router (ID) 172.16.10.1, Interface address 10.10.10.2 Backup Designated router (ID) 192.168.45.1, Interface address 10.10.10.1 Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5 Hello due in 00:00:06 Index 1/1, flood queue length 0 Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0) Last flood scan length is 2, maximum is 2 Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 4 msec Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1Adjacent with neighbor 172.16.10.1 (Designated Router) Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)

Certkiller 1 is a Backup Designated Router on the Certkiller OSPF network. On which types of network will OSPF elect a BDR? A. Nonbroadcast and broadcast multi-access B. Point-To-Multipoint and multi-access C. Point-To-Point and Point-To-multipoint D. Point-To-Point and multi-access E. NonBroadcast and Broadcast multipoint F. None of the above

Answer: A Explanation:DR and BDR are elected on broadcast and nonbroadcast multi-access networks.

QUESTION NO: 313 Which routing protocol by default uses bandwidth and delay as metrics? A. EIGRP B. RIP C. BGP D. OSPF

Answer: A Explanation: This question tests the metrics of various routing protocols. RIP uses hop-count as metrics; BGP uses complicated path attributes as metrics; OSPF uses bandwidth as metrics; and EIGRP uses bandwidth and delay as metrics by default.

Router CK1 learns about a remote network from EIGRP, OSPF, and a static route. Assuming all routing protocols are using their default administrative distance, which route will CK1 use to forward data to the remote network? A. The router will use the static route. B. The router will use the OSPF route. C. The route will use the EIGRP route. D. The router will load balance and use all three routes. E. None of the above

Answer: A Explanation: When a router learns about the same network via multiple sources, the router will choose the source with the lowest administrative distance (AD). By default, the AD for these routing protocols are: Connected Interface has 0 AD Static Route : 1 EIGRP : 90 OSPF : 110 So, the static route will be chosen since it has the lowest AD.

QUESTION NO: 304 A router learns about a remote network from EIGRP, OSPF, and a static route. Assuming all routing protocols are using their default administrative distance, which route will the router use to forward data to the remote network? A. The router will use the static route. B. The router will use the OSPF route. C. The router will load balance and use all three routes. D. The router will use the EIGRP route.

Answer: A Explanation: When a router learns about the same network via multiple sources, the router will choose the source with the lowest administrative distance (AD). By default, the AD for these routing protocols are: Connected Interface has 0 AD Static Route : 1 EIGRP : 90 OSPF : 110 So, the static route will be chosen since it has the lowest AD.

Under which circumstance, i.e. network type, would an OSPF router establish a neighbor adjacency, even though the DR/BDR election process was not performed? A. Point-to-point B. Broadcast multicast C. Nonbroadcast multicast D. Backbone area 0 E. Virtual Link

Answer: A Explanation: If there's a point to point connection, there's no need for a designated router or a backup designated router election. By definition, only two routers exist on a point to point connection. Incorrect Answers: B, C. In these network types, the potential for more than two routers on the segment exist, so the Designated Router and Backup Designated Routers are elected. D. This is not a network type. Area 0 is the backbone of any OSPF network. E. Virtual Links are used in OSPF to link an area to area 0. Every area must be directly connected to area 0 at some point, and virtual links are used for areas that do not meet this requirement.

Certkiller is using OSPF as the routing protocol in their network. What are some of the characteristics of this routing protocol? (Select all valid answer choices) A. It confines network instability to a single area of network. B. It increases the routing overhead of the network C. It supports VLSM D. It routes between Autonomous Systems. E. It allows extensive control of routing updates

Answer: A, C, E Explanation: The following describes some of the features and functionality of the OSPF protocol: Open Shortest Path First * Each router discovers its neighbors on each interface. The list of neighbors is kept in a neighbor table. * Each router uses a reliable protocol to exchange topology information with its neighbors. * Each router places the learned topology information into its topology database. * Each router runs the SPF algorithm against its own topology database. * Each router runs the SPF algorithm against its own topology database to calculate the best routes to each subnet in the database. * Each router places the best roué to each subnet into the IP routing table. The following list points out some of the key features of OSPF: * Converges very quickly - from the point of recognizing a failure, it often can converge in less than 10 seconds. * Supports VLSM. * Uses short Hello messages on a short regular interval, with the absence of hello messages indicating that a neighbor is no longer reachable. * Sends partial updates when link status changes and floods full updates every 30 minutes. The flooding, however, does not happened all at once, so the overhead s minimal. * Uses cost for the metric. Incorrect Answers: B. This is incorrect because the hierarchical design characteristics of OSPF actually reduce the overhead on larger networks. D. This is not true as OSPF doesn't route between Autonomous Systems. OSPF is an IGP. Routing between autonomous systems is reserved for EGP protocols such as BGP.

Which of the following statements describe the characteristic of link state routing protocols? (Choose all that apply.) A. The exchange of an advertisement is triggered by a change in the network. B. All routers exchange routing tables with each other in a multipoint network. C. Packets are routed based upon the shortest path to the destination. D. Paths are chosen depending on the cost efficiency factor. E. Every router in an OSPF area is capable of representing the entire network topology. F. Only the designated router in an OSPF area can represent the entire network topology.

Answer: A, C, E Explanation: The predominant link state routing protocols are OSPF and IS-IS. The following describes the features and functionality of OSPF: Open Shortest Path First * Each router discovers its neighbors on each interface. The list of neighbors is kept in a neighbor table. * Each router uses a reliable protocol to exchange topology information with its neighbors. * Each router places the learned topology information into its topology database. * Each router runs the SPF algorithm against its own topology database. * Each router runs the SPF algorithm against its own topology database to calculate the best routes to each subnet in the database. * Each router places the best roué to each subnet into the IP routing table. The following list points out some of the key features of OSPF: * Converges very quickly - from the point of recognizing a failure, it often can converge in less than 10 seconds. * Supports VLSM. * Uses short Hello messages on a short regular interval, with the absence of hello messages indicating that a neighbor is no longer reachable. * Sends partial updates when link status changes and floods full updates every 30 minutes. The flooding, however, does not happened all at once, so the overhead s minimal. * Uses cost for the metric. Reference: CCNA Self-Study CCNA INTRO exam certification Guide (Cisco Press, ISBN 1-58720-094-5) Page 417

Certkiller uses OSPF in their WAN. The OSPF Hello protocol performs which of the following tasks in this network? (Choose two) A. It maintains neighbor relationships. B. It broadcasts hello packets throughout the internetwork to discover all routers that are running OSPF. C. It uses timers to elect the router with the fastest links as the designated router. D. It negotiates correctness parameters between neighboring interfaces. E. It detects unreachable neighbors in 90 second intervals. F. It provides dynamic neighbor discovery. G. It is only used once when the router boots up

Answer: A, F

QUESTION NO: 317 Which of the following describe the process identifier that is used to run OSPF on a router? (Choose two.) A. It is locally significant. B. It is needed to identify a unique instance of an OSPF database. C. All routers in the same OSPF area must have the same process ID if they are to exchange routing information. D. It is globally significant. E. It is an optional parameter required only if multiple OSPF processes are running on the router.

Answer: A,B

QUESTION NO: 331 Which items are correct about the routing protocol OSPF? (Choose three.) A. It supports VLSM. B. It increases routing overhead on the network. C. It confines network instability to one area of the network. D. It allows extensive control of routing updates.

Answer: A,C,D

QUESTION NO: 308 A router has learned three possible routes that could be used to reach a destination network. One route is from EIGRP and has a composite metr of 20514560. Another route is from OSPF with a metric of 782. The last is from RIPv2 and has a metric of 4. Which route or routes will the router install in the routing table? A. the OSPF route B. the EIGRP route C. the RIPv2 route D. all three routes E. the OSPF and RIPv2 routes

Answer: B

Which of the following statements below best describe the process identifier that is used to run OSPF on a Certkiller router? (Choose two) A. It is an optional parameter required only if multiple OSPF processes are running on the router. B. It is locally significant. C. It is needed to identify a unique instance of an OSPF database. D. All routers in the same OSPF area must have the same process ID if they are to exchange routing information. E. It is globally significant. F. It is shared among all OSPF routers

Answer: B, C Explanation: The OSPF process ID is locally significant, and is only used by the local router to discriminate between multiple OSPF processes. In any given OSPF network, the process ID's do not need to match between neighboring routers. This is in contrast to other routing protocols, such as EIGRP. Additional info: router ospf process-id no router ospf process-id process-id Internally used identification parameter for an OSPF routing process. It is locally assigned and can be any positive integer. A unique value is assigned for each OSPF routing process.

When designing OSPF networks; what is the purpose of using a hierarchical design? (Select all choices that apply) A. To reduce the complexity of router configuration B. To speed up convergence C. To confine network instability to single areas of the network D. To reduce routing overhead E. To lower costs by replacing routers F. To decrease latency

Answer: B, C, D Explanation: An OSPF network designed in a hierarchical fashion with different areas is used because a small change in the topology of a single area won't force every router to run the SPF algorithm. Changes in one area are limited to that area only, not to every router within the entire network. Confining the topology changes to one area reduces the overhead and speeds the convergence of the network. Reference: CCNA Self-Study CCNA ICND exam certification Guide (Cisco Press, ISBN 1-58720-083-X) Page 194 Incorrect Answers: A. This choice is incorrect because a hierarchical design actually adds complexity to the router configuration. E. This is incorrect because a hierarchical design will not eliminate the need for routers. In fact, segmenting the network into multiple areas may actually require the use of additional routers. F. The use of a hierarchical design will in no way reduce the latency involved. If additional routers are implemented in order to segment the network into additional areas, then the latency involved may actually increase.

Non-contiguous networks can pose a problem for network reachability in certain circumstances. Which of the following routing protocols have means of minimizing the risk? (Select three choices) A. RIP v1 B. RIP v2 C. EIGRP D. IGRP E. OSPF F. VLSM

Answer: B, C, E Explanation: OSPF, RIP version 2, and EIGRP all provide support for discontiguous networks. This is provided by the fact that subnet mask information is advertised along with the routes, and these protocols all support Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM). Incorrect Answers: A. Whenever RIP version 1 advertises a network across a different major net boundary, RIP summarizes the advertised network at the major net boundary. RIP version 2 is an updated version of RIP, and one of the main features that it was able to provide over RIPv1 is support for VLSM information. D. IGRP does not support VLSM. Like RIP version 2, EIGRP is the updated version of IGRP, which provides support for VLSM. F. VLSM is the feature that is required to support non-contiguous networks, but VLSM is not itself a routing protocol

Which of the following routing protocols support the use of VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking)? (Select three) A. RIPv1 B. EIGRP C. OSPF D. IGRP E. RIPv2

Answer: B, C, E Explanation: Static routing, OSPF, IS-IS, EIGRP, BGP, and RIP version 2 all support VLSM. Incorrect Answers: A, D: RIPv1 and IGRP do not support VLSM. Reference: Sybex CCNA Study Guide edition 4, Page 123

Which of the following routing protocols will support this IP addressing scheme? (Choose all that apply). A. RIP version 1 B. RIP version 2 C. IGRP D. EIGRP E. OSPF F. BGP

Answer: B, D, E Explanation: Because this network is using IP subnets with variable length subnet masks, only routing protocols that support VLSM will fit this particular case. The routing protocols that support VLSM are RIP v2, EIGRP and OSPF. Incorrect Answers: A, C: RIP version 1 and IGRP do not support VLSM information within the routing updates. F. BGP is used for inter-AS routing, such as the Internet. It is not normally used as an Interior routing protocol.

Which of the following OSPF commands, when used together, will put the network 192.168.10.0/24 into OSPF area 0? (Select all valid responses) A. Router(config-router)# network 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.255 0 B. Router(config-router)# network 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 C. Router(config-router)# network 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 area 0 D. Router(config)# router ospf 0 E. Router(config)# router ospf 1

Answer: B, E Explanation: B. The network command specifies the IP address (192.168.10.0) followed by the wildcard mask (not the subnet mask), and the area that is to be associated with the OSPF address range (in this case, area 0). The wildcard mask indicates in binary how much of the IP address much be matched with 0s indicating that the bits must match and 1 indicating that they may vary. Thus 0.0.0.255 or 00000000.00000000.00000000.11111111 indicates that any bit in the last octet can vary while all bits in the first 3 octets must match the network address (in other words, 192.168.10.xx) E. The router ospf command enables OSPF routing and enters router configuration mode. This command takes a <process-id> argument which identifies the OSPF process. Incorrect Answers: A. This command is correct, except for the fact that the keyword "area" is missing and needs to be inserted. C. For OSPF, the inverse mask must be used, not the regular subnet mask. D. OSPF can not use process ID 0, and the goal of this question is to put a specific network in area 0, not the entire routing process

Which of the following are true statements regarding the characteristics of OSPF areas? (Select all that apply) A. All OSPF networks require the use of multiple areas B. Multiple OSPF areas must connect to area 0 C. Single area OSPF networks must be configured in area 1 D. Areas can be assigned any number from 0 to 63535 E. Area 0 is called the backbone area F. Each OSPF area need to be configured with a loopback interface

Answer: B, E Explanation: OSPF divides its routing domain into areas. Area 0, the backbone, is required. This divides interior routing into two levels. If traffic must travel between two areas, the packets are first routed to the backbone. This may cause non-optimal routes, since interarea routing is not done until the packet reaches the backbone. Once there, it is routed to the destination area, which is then responsible for final delivery. This layering permits addresses to be consolidated by area, reducing the size of the link state databases. All areas must be connected to area 0, either directly or through the use of virtual links. Incorrect Answers: A. OSPF network can only consist of a single area. C. Single area networks can use any area number. If more than one area is configured in the network, then at least one of the areas must be area 0. D. The area-id can be an integer between 0 and 4294967295. F. While loopback interfaces are commonly used in OSPF networks, it is not a requirement.

QUESTION NO: 306 When designing OSPF networks; what is the purpose of using a hierarchical design?(Choose three) A. To reduce the complexity of router configuration B. To confine network instability to single areas of the network C. To reduce routing overhead D. To speed up convergence

Answer: B,C,D Explanation: The reason for regional structure division in OSPF network is: In a small network, the structure of router is not complicated, it is easy to identify routes to different destinations. However, in large networks, the link structure is complex, the number of the potential paths for different destinations is large. Therefore, the SPF algorithm which compares all possible routes is very complex and requires a very long time. Link State Routing Protocol often divides network into area structures to reduce the amount of SPF algorithm. The number of routers within the area and diffusing LSA is less, which means that the link-state database is small. The result is that the amount of SPF algorithm is smaller and the time needed is shorter . An OSPF network designed in a hierarchical fashion with different areas is used because a small change in the topology of a single area won't force every router to run the SPF algorithm. Changes in one area are limited to that area only, not to every router within the entire network. Confining the topology changes to one area reduces the overhead and speeds the convergence of the network. Reference: CCNA Self-Study CCNA ICND exam certification Guide (Cisco Press, ISBN 1-58720- 083-X) Page 194 Incorrect Answers: A: This choice is incorrect because a hierarchical design actually adds complexity to the router configuration.

If the bandwidth of an OSPF interface on a Certkiller router is configured with the "bandwidth 64" command, what would be the calculated cost of the link? A. 1 B. 64 C. 1562 D. 64000 E. 1500 F. None of the above

Answer: C Explanation: The question states that OSPF interface has been configured with the bandwidth 64command. Cisco IOS always interprets the values for the bandwidth command as being in kbps, so the bandwidth is configured as 64 kbps. The metric for any OSPF defaults to 100,000,000/bandwidth. So, in this example: 100,000,000 / 64000 = 1562.5

QUESTION NO: 329 OSPF routing uses the concept of areas. What are the characteristics of OSPF areas? (Choose Three.) A. Each OSPF area requires a loopback interface to be configured. B. Areas may be assigned any number from 0 to 65535. C. Area 0 is called the backbone area. D. Hierarchical OSPF networks do not require multiple areas. E. Multiple OSPF areas must connect to area 0. F. Single area OSPF networks must be configured in area 1.

Answer: B,C,E

QUESTION NO: 315 Which routing protocols will support the following IP addressing scheme? (Choose three.) Network 1 - 192.168.10.0 /26 Network 2 - 192.168.10.64 /27 Network 3 - 192.168.10.96 /27 Network 4 - 192.168.10.128 /30 Network 5 - 192.168.10.132 /30 A. RIP version 1 B. RIP version 2 C. IGRP D. EIGRP E. OSPF

Answer: B,D,E

QUESTION NO: 300 A routing protocol is required that supports: 1) routing update authentication 2) an addressing scheme that conserves IP addresses 3) multiple vendors 4) a network with over 50 routers Which routing protocol fulfills these requirements? A. RIPv2 B. RIPv1 C. OSPF D. EIGRP

Answer: C Explanation: EIGRP is CISCO private agreement, which will not support non-CISCO devices; RIPv1 and RIPv2 are distance vector protocol, supporting up to 15 hop, and 16 hop is inaccessible. RIPv1 does not support routing update verification. Although the convergence rate of OSPF is slower than EIGRP, but OSPF has better expansibility. And OSPF supports multi-vendor devices, and is applicable to large networks.

QUESTION NO: 328 On point-to-point networks, OSPF hello packets are addressed to which address? A. 172.16.0.1 B. 254.255.255.255 C. 224.0.0.5 D. 127.0.0.1 E. 223.0.0.1 F. 192.168.0.5

Answer: C Explanation: The multicast IP address 224.0.0.5 is known as 'AllSPFRouters.' All routers running OSPF should be prepared to receive packets sent to this address since hello packets are always sent to this destination. Also, certain OSPF protocol packets are sent to this address during the flooding procedure. Incorrect Answers: A: This is the IP address reserved for the internal loopback on PC hosts. All windows based PC's will use this internal IP address, assuming that the TCP/IP stack is correctly installed. B, D. These addresses are part of the range of addresses reserved for internal use, as defined in RFC 1918.

On the assumption that every OSPF router in a particular area is configured with the same priority value; which secondary value would be used as a router ID when there is no loopback interface set? A. The IP address of the first Fast Ethernet interface. B. The IP address of the console management interface. C. The highest IP address among its active interfaces. D. The lowest IP address among its active interfaces. E. There will be no router ID until a loopback interface is configured.

Answer: C Explanation: Ordinarily the loopback interface would be selected as the router ID. In the event that no loopback interface is configured, the router ID will be the first active interface that comes up on the router. If that particular interface has more then one IP address, then the highest address will be selected as the Router ID. Incorrect Answers: B. Putting an IP address on the management console is a concept that is configured on a Catalyst switch, not a router.

On what kinds of networks does the OSPF protocol elect a backup designated router? (Select all that apply) A. Point-to-point B. Point to multipoint C. Broadcast D. Non-broadcast multi-access E. None of the above

Answer: C, D Explanation: The DR and BDR election process is performed on broadcast and non-broadcast multi-access networks. Incorrect Answers: A, B: There is no DR or BDR on point to point and point to multipoint links. On a point to point link, only two routers exist so there is no need for a DR or BDR.

On the topic of OSPF routing; which of the following are the traits of an OSPF area? (Select all that apply) A. Each OSPF area requires a loopback interface to be configured. B. Areas may be assigned any number from 0 to 65535. C. Area 0 is called the backbone area. D. Hierarchical OSPF networks do not require multiple areas. E. Multiple OSPF areas must connect to area 0. F. Single area OSPF networks must be configured in area 1. G. None of the above

Answer: C, E Explanation: OPSF uses areas in a hierarchical fashion, and the backbone area is always area 0. All other areas have at least one connection to area 0. Incorrect Answers: A. Loopback interfaces are often used in OSPF networks, so that the router ID can be configured. However, this is not a requirement. B. The area-id can be an integer between 0 and 4294967295. F. Single area OSPF networks do not have to be configured with the backbone area 0. Although area 1 can indeed be used, it is not required that area 1 is used. Single area OSPF networks can be any integer from 0-4294967295.

Which of the following routing protocols are less likely prone to problems in non contiguous networks? (Select all valid responses) A. IGRP B. ICMP C. OSPF D. RIP v1 E. RIP v2 F. EIGRP

Answer: C, E, F Explanation: OSPF, RIP v2, and EIGRP all support VLSM information, which will eliminate the problems that can arise from non contiguous networks. Incorrect Answers: A, D. IGRP and RIP version 1 are distance vector routing protocols that do not support VLSM information, so they are prone to problems that can arise from discontiguous network schemes. B. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is not a routing protocol. It is used primarily for the management and monitoring of networks.

A Certkiller router learns two routes to a remote network, one route via OSPF and one route via RIPv2. The network administrator wants the router to install the route learned via RIPv2 into its routing table. What should the network administrator configure to ensure that the router will use the route learned via RIPv2? A. Nothing. The router will automatically use routes learned via RIP over routes learned via OSPF. B. The network administrator should configure the routers along the OSPF path with lower priority numbers. C. The network administrator should configure the router interface on the OSPF path to be a passive interface. D. The network administrator should configure an administrative distance for RIP that is lower than the administrative distance of OSPF. E. If two paths exist to a remote network, the only way to force the router to prefer one path over the other is to configure the preferred path as a static route.

Answer: D Explanation: When multiple routing protocols are configured for the same networks, the router will use the path with the lowest Administrative Distance (AD). By default, OSPF has and AD of 110 and RIP has an AD of 120. In order to ensure that the router prefers the route learned via RIP over OSPF, the AD of the RIP route must be reduced to a value less than 110.

A large corporation that frequently integrates networks from newly acquired businesses has just decided to use OSPF as the corporate routing protocol instead of EIGRP. What two benefits will the change from EIGRP to OSPF provide to the corporation? (Choose two) A. The ability to automatically summarize networks B. The ability to redistribute default and static routes C. The ability to use VLSM D. The ability to support multi-vendor routers E. The ability to create a hierarchical design using areas

Answer: D, E Explanation: Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing protocol developed for Internet Protocol (IP) networks by the Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) working group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Unlike, EIGRP, OSPF is standards based which is supported by multiple router vendors. Unlike RIP and EIGRP, OSPF can operate within a hierarchy. The largest entity within the hierarchy is the autonomous system (AS), which is a collection of networks under a common administration that share a common routing strategy. OSPF is an intra-AS (interior gateway) routing protocol, although it is capable of receiving routes from and sending routes to other AS's. An AS can be divided into a number of areas, which are groups of contiguous networks and attached hosts. Routers with multiple interfaces can participate in multiple areas. These routers, which are called Area Border Routers, maintain separate topological databases for each area.

QUESTION NO: 319 Which one of the following OSPF network types needs to select a BDR? A. point-to-multipoint and multiaccess B. nonbroadcast and broadcast multipoint C. point-to-point and point-to-multipoint D. point-to-point and multi-access E. nonbroadcast and broadcast multiaccess

Answer: E Explanation: When selecting DR and BDR in the NBMA network, OSPF will use the unicast mode. By adjusting the hello/dead timers you can make non-compatible OSPF network types appear as neighbors via the "show ip ospf neighbor" but they won't become "adjacent" with each other. OSPF network types that use a DR (broadcast and non-broadcast) can neighbor with each other and function properly. Likewise OSPF network types (point-to-point and point-to-multipoint) that do not use a DR can neighbor with each other and function properly. But if you mix DR types with non-DR types they will not function properly (i.e. not fully adjacent). You should see in the OSPF database "Adv Router is not-reachable" messages when you've mixed DR and non-DR types. OSPF has different Network Types Point-to-Point Point-to-Multipoint Broadcast Multi-Access Non-Broadcast Multi-Access OSPF will elect a DR and a BDR on Broadcast Multi-Access and Non-broadcast Access.

QUESTION NO: 237 A router receives information about network 192.168.10.0/24 from multiple sources. What will the router consider the most reliable information about the path to that network? A. a static route to network 192.168.10.0/24 with a local serial interface configured as the next hop B. a default route with a next hop address of 192.168.10.1 C. a static route to network 192.168.10.0/24 D. a RIP update for network 192.168.10.0/24 E. an OSPF update for network 192.168.0.0/16 F. a directly connected interface with an address of 192.168.10.254/24

Answer: F Explanation: Administrative distance refers to the reliability of one routing protocol. Each routing protocol is specified a reliability level from high to low depending on the administrative distance. For the routing information of two different routing protocols to the same destination, the router will make decision on the basis of the administrative distance.

Which two of the following are true regarding the distance-vector and link-state routing protocols? A. Link state sends its complete routing table out all active interfaces at periodic time intervals. B. Distance vector sends its complete routing table out all active interfaces at periodic time intervals. C. Link state sends updates containing the state of its own links to all routers in the internetwork. D. Distance vector sends updates containing the state of its own links to all routers in the internetwork.

B, C. The distance-vector routing protocol sends its complete routing table out all active interfaces at periodic time intervals. Link-state routing protocols send updates containing the state of its own links to all routers in the internetwork.

You type debug ip rip on your router console and see that 172.16.10.0 is being advertised to you with a metric of 16. What does this mean? A. The route is 16 hops away. B. The route has a delay of 16 microseconds. C. The route is inaccessible. D. The route is queued at 16 messages a second.

C. You cannot have 16 hops on a RIP network by default. If you receive a route advertised with a metric of 16, this means it is inaccessible.

Which statement is true regarding classless routing protocols? (Choose two.) A. The use of discontiguous networks is not allowed. B. The use of Variable Length Subnet Masks is permitted. C. RIPv1 is a classless routing protocol. D. IGRP supports classless routing within the same autonomous system. E. RIPv2 supports classless routing.

B, E. Classful routing means that all hosts in the internetwork use the same mask and that only default masks are in use. Classless routing means that you can use Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSMs) and can also support discontiguous networking.

What does RIPv2 use to prevent routing loops? (Choose two.) A. CIDR B. Split horizon C. Authentication D. Classless masking E. Holddown timers

B, E. RIPv2 uses the same timers and loop-avoidance schemes as RIPv1. Split horizon is used to stop an update from being sent out the same interface it was received on. Holddown timers allow time for a network to become stable in the case of a flapping link.

Which command displays RIP routing updates? A. show ip route B. debug ip rip C. show protocols D. debug ip route

B. Debug ip rip is used to show the Internet Protocol (IP) Routing Information Protocol (RIP) updates being sent and received on the router.

A network administrator views the output from the show ip route command. A network that is advertised by both RIP and EIGRP appears in the routing table flagged as an EIGRP route. Why is the RIP route to this network not used in the routing table? A. EIGRP has a faster update timer. B. EIGRP has a lower administrative distance. C. RIP has a higher metric value for that route. D. The EIGRP route has fewer hops. E. The RIP path has a routing loop.

B. RIP has an administrative distance (AD) of 120, while EIGRP has an administrative distance of 90, so the router will discard any route with a higher AD than 90 to that same network.

Two connected routers are configured only with RIP routing. What will be the result when a router receives a routing update that contains a higher-cost path to a network already in its routing table? A. The updated information will be added to the existing routing table. B. The update will be ignored and no further action will occur. C. The updated information will replace the existing routing table entry. D. The existing routing table entry will be deleted from the routing table and all routers will exchange routing updates to reach convergence.

B. When a routing update is received by a router, the router first checks the administrative distance (AD) and always chooses the route with the lowest AD. However, if two routes are received and they both have the same AD and differing metrics, then the router will choose the one route with the lowest metrics or, in RIP's case, hop count.

Which of the following is true regarding the following output? (Choose two.) 04:06:16: RIP: received v1 update from 192.168.40.2 on Serial0/1 04:06:16: 192.168.50.0 in 16 hops (inaccessible) 04:06:40: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via FastEthernet0/0 (192.168.30.1) 04:06:40: RIP: build update entries 04:06:40: network 192.168.20.0 metric 1 04:06:40: network 192.168.40.0 metric 1 04:06:40: network 192.168.50.0 metric 16 04:06:40: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial0/1 (192.168.40.1) A. There are three interfaces on the router participating in this update. B. A ping to 192.168.50.1 will be successful. C. There are at least two routers exchanging information. D. A ping to 192.168.40.2 will be successful.

C, D. The route to 192.168.50.0 is unreachable (a metric of 16 for RIP means the same thing) and only interfaces s0/1 and FastEthernet 0/0 are participating in the RIP update. Since a route update was received, at least two routers are participating in the RIP routing process. Since a route update for network 192.168.40.0 is being sent out Fa0/0 and a route was received from 192.168.40.2, we can assume a ping to that address will be successful.

What destination addresses will be used by HostA to send data to the HTTPS server as shown in the following network? (Choose two.) A. The IP address of the switch B. The MAC address of the remote switch C. The IP address of the HTTPS server D. The MAC address of the HTTPS server E. The IP address of RouterA's Fa0/0 interface F. The MAC address of RouterA's Fa0/0 interface

C, F. The switches are not used as either a default gateway or other destination. Switches have nothing to do with routing. It is very important to remember that the destination MAC address will always be the router's interface. The destination address of a frame, from HostA, will be the MAC address of the Fa0/0 interface of RouterA. The destination address of a packet will be the IP address of the network interface card (NIC) of the HTTPS server. The destination port number in the segment header will have a value of 443 (HTTPS).

Which of the following is true regarding RIPv2? A. It has a lower administrative distance than RIPv1. B. It converges faster than RIPv1. C. It has the same timers as RIPv1. D. It is harder to configure than RIPv1.

C. RIPv2 is pretty much just like RIPv1. It has the same administrative distance and timers and is configured similarly.

If your routing table has a static, a RIP, and an EIGRP route to the same network, which route will be used to route packets by default? A. Any available route B. RIP route C. Static route D. EIGRP route E. They will all load-balance.

C. Static routes have an administrative distance of 1 by default. Unless you change this, a static route will always be used over any other dynamically learned route. EIGRP has an administrative distance of 90, and RIP has an administrative distance of 120, by default.

What command will prevent RIP routing updates from exiting an interface but will still allow the interface to receive RIP route updates? A. Router(config-if)#no routing B. Router(config-if)#passive-interface C. Router(config-router)#passive-interface s0 D. Router(config-router)#no routing updates

C. The (config-router)#passive-interface command stops updates from being sent out an interface, but route updates are still received. It is not executed in interface configuration mode, but in RIP configuration mode (accessed by typing router rip) and the interface is specified at the end of the command in the form interface_type number.

You have the following routing table. Which of the following networks will not be placed in the neighbor routing table? R 192.168.30.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.40.1, 00:00:12, Serial0 C 192.168.40.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0 172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets C 172.16.30.0 is directly connected, Loopback0 R 192.168.20.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.40.1, 00:00:12, Serial0 R 10.0.0.0/8 [120/15] via 192.168.40.1, 00:00:07, Serial0 C 192.168.50.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0 A. 172.16.30.0 B. 192.168.30.0 C. 10.0.0.0 D. All of them will be placed in the neighbor routing table.

C. The network 10.0.0.0 cannot be placed in the next router's routing table because it already is at 15 hops. One more hop would make the route 16 hops, and that is not valid in RIP networking.

Which of the following is true about route poisoning? A. It sends back the protocol received from a router as a poison pill, which stops the regular updates. B. It is information received from a router that can't be sent back to the originating router. C. It prevents regular update messages from reinstating a route that has just come up. D. It describes when a router sets the metric for a downed link to infinity.

D. Another way to avoid problems caused by inconsistent updates and to stop network loops is route poisoning. When a network goes down, the distance-vector routing protocol initiates route poisoning by advertising the network with an unreachable metric of 16 (for RIP), sometimes referred to as infinite.

You need to implement the use of a routing protocol that meets the following requirements: 1. Converges quickly 2. Supports VLSM, CIDR, IP, and IPX. 3. Uses minimal bandwidth for routing updates. Which one of the following routing protocols would be the best choice? A. RIPv1 B. RIPv2 C. IGRP D. OSPF E. EIGRP

Explanation: EIGRP would be the best choice as it provides support for VLSM and CIDR, has faster convergence times than other protocols, is scalable, and supports IP, IPX, and AppleTalk. EIGRP is a Cisco proprietary routing protocol, so it will not work with other vendors. However, the requirements of the question made no mention of the use of non-Cisco routers, so it will not be an issue in this case. Incorrect Answers: A, C: Both of these routing protocols do not support VLSM. B. While RIPv2 supports VLSM, it provides no support for IPX. The IPX RIP protocol is similar in function to RIP version 1. Both versions of RIP also consume more bandwidth than EIGRP. D. OSPF does not support IPX.

You are a network administrator and you need to implement a routing protocol on your network that provides: * Scalability * VLSM support * Minimal overhead * Support for connecting networks using routers of multiple vendors Which of the following routing protocol would best serve your needs? A. VTP B. RIP version 1 C. EIGRP D. OSPF E. IGRP

F. CDP Answer: D Explanation: Since one of the requirements is that the routing protocol must support other vendors, our only choices are RIP and OSPF. Since RIP version 1 does not support VLSM, OSPF is the only choice. Incorrect Answers: A. VTP is the VLAN Trunking Protocol. This is not a routing protocol. B. RIP version one does not support VLSM. Note that RIPv2 does support VLSM, and would be a valid choice. C, E: EIGRP and IGRP are Cisco proprietary routing protocols, and are not supported by other vendors. F. CDP is the Cisco Discovery Protocol, which is used to exchange information between Cisco devices. It can only be used between Cisco routers and switches, and it is not a routing protocol.

CK1 and CK2 are OSPF routers on a point-point link. On this point-to-point network, OSPF hello packets are addressed to which address? A. 192.168.0.5 B. 254.255.255.255 C. 223.0.0.1 D. 172.16.0.1 E. 224.0.0.5 F. 127.0.0.1 G. None of the above

e Explanation: The multicast IP address 224.0.0.5 is known as 'AllSPFRouters.' All routers running OSPF should be prepared to receive packets sent to this address since hello packets are always sent to this destination. Also, certain OSPF protocol packets are sent to this address during the flooding procedure. Incorrect Answers: A. This is the IP address reserved for the internal loopback on PC hosts. All windows based PC's will use this internal IP address, assuming that the TCP/IP stack is correctly installed. B, D. These addresses are part of the range of addresses reserved for internal use, as defined in RFC 1918.

What command removes the VLAN database from flash memory?

switch#delete flash:vlan.dat

What command erases the file from NVRAM?

switch#erase startup-config

What command restarts the switch?

switch#reload

What command displays information about the Ethernet controller?

switch#show controllers ethernet-controller

What command displays the settings virutal interface VLAN 1, the default VLAN on the switch?

switch#show interface vlan1