Salt & water physiology

how to count protein domains

# of times it crosses

freshwater salinity

.5%

freshwater osmolarity

0.5 mOsm

brackish water salinity

0.5-30%

limitations of individual studies solutions (4)

1. approach different levels separately 2. compare between species 3. different and extreme environments 4. changes over time

seawater osmolarity

1000 mOsm

brackish water osmolarity

15-830 mOsm

seawater salinity

35%

how many domains does a protein usually have

4

70% relative humidity = _____% saturated

70

Primary active transport involves A.The movement of water B.A change in ion permeability C.A protein that needs ATP to function D.Cilliary action

C.

fick diffusion equation

J=D(C1-C2)/X

glucose/sodium potassium pump example

Na+ is pushed out via ATP and that work generated is used to pull glucose into the cell against its gradient

What contributes to the water that is gained - which of the components depend on the relative humidity?

Temperature, so evaporation

voltage gated channels

a change in membrane charge triggers the gate to open or close

freshwater fish: actively ____ salt salt ____ by diffusion water goes ____ ____ amounts of urine, ____ to plasma

absorbs loss in large hyposmotic

HCO3 & H+ are metabolic products that are removed but also contribute to

acid-base regulation

organisms in brackish water have to be able to _____ to the variability

adapt

total evaporative water loss is an ____ function of size

allometric

boundary layer

between cell and outside; has middle level of concentration

Changes controlled by biological clocks

changes in physiology of individual animals that occur in repeating patterns under control of biological clocks ex. hibernation or day/night

developmental changes

changes in the physiology of individual animals that occur as animals mature from conception to adulthood

evolutionary changes

changes that occur over generations exposed to new environments

osmotic pressure of solutes is independent of ______

charge

Are arctic fish temperature regulators or conformers

conformers

cooling of exhaled air can do what

conserve water

secondary active transport

cotransporters indirectly use the work produced by a primary active transport

how do crayfish and freshwater fish not swell?

dilute, copious hyposmotic urine and active salt reabsorption in gills

organic molecules can change the osmotic pressure without changing _____

electrical charges

isosmotic

equal water and solute concentrations

what is the most important factor in regards to water loss

evaporation

If you place a cell into a hyposmotic solution it

expands

marine fish: actively ____ salt salt ____ by diffusion water goes ____ ____ amounts of urine, ____ to plasma

extrusion gained lost small isosmotic

reinforcing concentration and electrical effects has ____ diffusion

fast

the lower the U/P ratio is, the more effective the urine is in

getting rid of excess water

other organs that regulate the composition of blood plasma

gills and salt glands

phospholipid

glycerol polar head 2 fatty acids hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

salinity

grams inorganic matter/kg water

typical concentration of potassium inside cell

high

marine invertebrates and hagfish have a ____ osmolarity than seawater

higher

blue crabs have ____ pressure than the environment, so they are ____ to the environment

higher hyperosmotic

why is there a slant in the total water loss curve

higher humidity = less water evaporated

temperature regulation graph

horizontal line

U/P >1 ____ urine

hyperosmotic

all freshwater animals are ____ regulators

hyperosmotic

freshwater teleost are ____ to ambient water

hyperosmotic

elasmobranch fish: ______ but _____ to ambient water ____ gain in the gills _____ to plasma urine high osmolarity comes from?

hyperosmotic hypotonic salt and water isosmotic absorbing urea from their urine

Problem of freshwater animal

hypertonic to water, so animal should swell

U/P <1 ______ urine

hyposmotic

marine teleost are ____ to ambient water

hyposmotic

marine fish are _____ regulators except: _____ which are ____

hyposmotic hagfish isosmotic

facilitated diffusion runs in what direction

in the same direction as the electrochemical gradient

how do cells actively transport water indirectly?

increase concentration of solutes on one side, ensure that the membrane is water permeable, then water will follow

marine invertebrates and hagfish have blood plasma made of

inorganic ions

most of the solutes in freshwater animals are

inorganic ions

Homeostasis

internal constancy

the closer the U/P ratio is to 1, the closer it is to

isosmosis

U/P=1 ______ urine

isosmotic

marine invertebrates (mollusks, sponges, etc.) are _____ to seawater

isosmotic

ligand gated channel

ligand binding opens or closes the channel

xeric animals are able to

live in dry environments

chronic changes

long term changes (days, months, etc.) that are reversible

typical concentration of chloride and sodium inside cell

low

2 ways to assess evolutionary changes

manipulate different populations over generations in different environments and phylogenies

How do kangaroo rats conserve water?

metabolic water - metabolism results in a net gain of water

hyperosmotic

more salt is added outside of the cell causing it to shrink

hyperosmotic means

more solutes are excreted in the urine

hyposmotic

more water is added outside the dell causing it to swell

hyposmotic urine means

more water is excreted in the urine

freshwater and terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates have blood plasma made of

mostly inorganic ions, little organic solutes

freshwater and terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates have intracellular fluid made of

mostly inorganic ions, little organic solutes

marine sharks, skates, rays have blood plasma made of

mostly inorganic ions, little organic solutes

marine sharks, skates, rays have intracellular fluid made of

mostly organic ions, little inorganic solutes

marine invertebrates and hagfish have intracellular fluid made of

mostly organic solutes, little inorganic solutes

how is homeostasis controlled

negative feedback

sodium potassium pump makes the inside of the cell more _____ charged

negatively

can fish reach a U/P more than 1?

no

is there a direct active transport of water?

no

phosphorylation gated channel

open or closed according to whether the channel protein is phosphorylated

osmotic conformity

osmolarity conforms with blood and ambient pressures

3 forms of regulation

osmoregulation ion regulation volume regulation

all particles contribute to ______, but only charged particles result in ______

osmotic pressure electrical gradient

U/P ratio

osmotic pressure of urine / osmotic pressure of blood plasma

pavement cells function

oxygen uptake

importance of fluid regulation

pH is affected pressure is affected by water movement protein structure is affected water acts as a matrix

3 major factors to consider about diffusion

permeability, solute concentrations, & ion concentrations

osmoregulation

plasma osmolarity is kept constant

sodium potassium pump is an example of _____

primary active transport

PROBLEM: hypoosmotic fish lose water, so they have to drink sea water. THEN the gut volume is hyperosmotic to plasma, so drinking seawater makes water flow from the fish into the gut - causing dehydration. what is the solution?

pushing solutes into surrounding tissues so the water follows and leaves the gut

relative humidity

ratio of moisture actually in the air vs moisture it would hold if it was saturated

role of kidneys

regulate composition of blood plasma

how do solutes bind to transporter molecules

reversibly

temperature conformity graph

rising slope

diffusion is only effective over _____ distances

short

acute changes

short term, reversible changes

If you place a cell into hyperosmotic solution it

shrinks

2 main organs that contribute to water loss

skin and lungs

opposing concentration and electrical effects has _____ diffusion

slow

cell volume is regulated by

solutes

diffusion

solutes move from high to low concentration down a gradient

how do transporter molecules affect rate of diffusion

speed up

inorganic ion concentrations do what?

stay the same

stretch gated channel

stretch of cytoskeleton opens channel

physiology definition

study of function

where are pavement cells found

surrounding chloride cells in gills

more dilute solution means more ____ cells

swollen

amount of water that can be carried by air is dependent on ______

temperature

primary regulation is

the volume/osmolarity that is frequently regulated in addition at other places

how do blue crabs mold

they turn off their osmoregulation, so water can rush in and cause their outer layer to swell and eventually burst and fall off

facilitated diffusion uses ____ NOT _____

transporter molecules channels

cell volume regulation is done through alteration of contents of ______ molecules

uncharged organic

_____ temperature = more water carried by air

warmer

freshwater animals are gaining _____ through _____ and losing _____ through _____

water osmosis salts diffusion

humidic animals are dependent on

water abundance

isosmotic urine means

water and salt are excreted equally

terrestial environment problem: unless air is saturated with water organisms would be severely dehydrated solution?

water conservation

osmotic pressure results in _____

water movement

partial pressure of water =

water vapor pressure

absolute humidity

weight of water vapor in a unit volume of air

do ion concentrations differ between seawater and fresh water?

yes