Salt & water physiology
how to count protein domains
# of times it crosses
freshwater salinity
.5%
freshwater osmolarity
0.5 mOsm
brackish water salinity
0.5-30%
limitations of individual studies solutions (4)
1. approach different levels separately 2. compare between species 3. different and extreme environments 4. changes over time
seawater osmolarity
1000 mOsm
brackish water osmolarity
15-830 mOsm
seawater salinity
35%
how many domains does a protein usually have
4
70% relative humidity = _____% saturated
70
Primary active transport involves A.The movement of water B.A change in ion permeability C.A protein that needs ATP to function D.Cilliary action
C.
fick diffusion equation
J=D(C1-C2)/X
glucose/sodium potassium pump example
Na+ is pushed out via ATP and that work generated is used to pull glucose into the cell against its gradient
What contributes to the water that is gained - which of the components depend on the relative humidity?
Temperature, so evaporation
voltage gated channels
a change in membrane charge triggers the gate to open or close
freshwater fish: actively ____ salt salt ____ by diffusion water goes ____ ____ amounts of urine, ____ to plasma
absorbs loss in large hyposmotic
HCO3 & H+ are metabolic products that are removed but also contribute to
acid-base regulation
organisms in brackish water have to be able to _____ to the variability
adapt
total evaporative water loss is an ____ function of size
allometric
boundary layer
between cell and outside; has middle level of concentration
Changes controlled by biological clocks
changes in physiology of individual animals that occur in repeating patterns under control of biological clocks ex. hibernation or day/night
developmental changes
changes in the physiology of individual animals that occur as animals mature from conception to adulthood
evolutionary changes
changes that occur over generations exposed to new environments
osmotic pressure of solutes is independent of ______
charge
Are arctic fish temperature regulators or conformers
conformers
cooling of exhaled air can do what
conserve water
secondary active transport
cotransporters indirectly use the work produced by a primary active transport
how do crayfish and freshwater fish not swell?
dilute, copious hyposmotic urine and active salt reabsorption in gills
organic molecules can change the osmotic pressure without changing _____
electrical charges
isosmotic
equal water and solute concentrations
what is the most important factor in regards to water loss
evaporation
If you place a cell into a hyposmotic solution it
expands
marine fish: actively ____ salt salt ____ by diffusion water goes ____ ____ amounts of urine, ____ to plasma
extrusion gained lost small isosmotic
reinforcing concentration and electrical effects has ____ diffusion
fast
the lower the U/P ratio is, the more effective the urine is in
getting rid of excess water
other organs that regulate the composition of blood plasma
gills and salt glands
phospholipid
glycerol polar head 2 fatty acids hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
salinity
grams inorganic matter/kg water
typical concentration of potassium inside cell
high
marine invertebrates and hagfish have a ____ osmolarity than seawater
higher
blue crabs have ____ pressure than the environment, so they are ____ to the environment
higher hyperosmotic
why is there a slant in the total water loss curve
higher humidity = less water evaporated
temperature regulation graph
horizontal line
U/P >1 ____ urine
hyperosmotic
all freshwater animals are ____ regulators
hyperosmotic
freshwater teleost are ____ to ambient water
hyperosmotic
elasmobranch fish: ______ but _____ to ambient water ____ gain in the gills _____ to plasma urine high osmolarity comes from?
hyperosmotic hypotonic salt and water isosmotic absorbing urea from their urine
Problem of freshwater animal
hypertonic to water, so animal should swell
U/P <1 ______ urine
hyposmotic
marine teleost are ____ to ambient water
hyposmotic
marine fish are _____ regulators except: _____ which are ____
hyposmotic hagfish isosmotic
facilitated diffusion runs in what direction
in the same direction as the electrochemical gradient
how do cells actively transport water indirectly?
increase concentration of solutes on one side, ensure that the membrane is water permeable, then water will follow
marine invertebrates and hagfish have blood plasma made of
inorganic ions
most of the solutes in freshwater animals are
inorganic ions
Homeostasis
internal constancy
the closer the U/P ratio is to 1, the closer it is to
isosmosis
U/P=1 ______ urine
isosmotic
marine invertebrates (mollusks, sponges, etc.) are _____ to seawater
isosmotic
ligand gated channel
ligand binding opens or closes the channel
xeric animals are able to
live in dry environments
chronic changes
long term changes (days, months, etc.) that are reversible
typical concentration of chloride and sodium inside cell
low
2 ways to assess evolutionary changes
manipulate different populations over generations in different environments and phylogenies
How do kangaroo rats conserve water?
metabolic water - metabolism results in a net gain of water
hyperosmotic
more salt is added outside of the cell causing it to shrink
hyperosmotic means
more solutes are excreted in the urine
hyposmotic
more water is added outside the dell causing it to swell
hyposmotic urine means
more water is excreted in the urine
freshwater and terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates have blood plasma made of
mostly inorganic ions, little organic solutes
freshwater and terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates have intracellular fluid made of
mostly inorganic ions, little organic solutes
marine sharks, skates, rays have blood plasma made of
mostly inorganic ions, little organic solutes
marine sharks, skates, rays have intracellular fluid made of
mostly organic ions, little inorganic solutes
marine invertebrates and hagfish have intracellular fluid made of
mostly organic solutes, little inorganic solutes
how is homeostasis controlled
negative feedback
sodium potassium pump makes the inside of the cell more _____ charged
negatively
can fish reach a U/P more than 1?
no
is there a direct active transport of water?
no
phosphorylation gated channel
open or closed according to whether the channel protein is phosphorylated
osmotic conformity
osmolarity conforms with blood and ambient pressures
3 forms of regulation
osmoregulation ion regulation volume regulation
all particles contribute to ______, but only charged particles result in ______
osmotic pressure electrical gradient
U/P ratio
osmotic pressure of urine / osmotic pressure of blood plasma
pavement cells function
oxygen uptake
importance of fluid regulation
pH is affected pressure is affected by water movement protein structure is affected water acts as a matrix
3 major factors to consider about diffusion
permeability, solute concentrations, & ion concentrations
osmoregulation
plasma osmolarity is kept constant
sodium potassium pump is an example of _____
primary active transport
PROBLEM: hypoosmotic fish lose water, so they have to drink sea water. THEN the gut volume is hyperosmotic to plasma, so drinking seawater makes water flow from the fish into the gut - causing dehydration. what is the solution?
pushing solutes into surrounding tissues so the water follows and leaves the gut
relative humidity
ratio of moisture actually in the air vs moisture it would hold if it was saturated
role of kidneys
regulate composition of blood plasma
how do solutes bind to transporter molecules
reversibly
temperature conformity graph
rising slope
diffusion is only effective over _____ distances
short
acute changes
short term, reversible changes
If you place a cell into hyperosmotic solution it
shrinks
2 main organs that contribute to water loss
skin and lungs
opposing concentration and electrical effects has _____ diffusion
slow
cell volume is regulated by
solutes
diffusion
solutes move from high to low concentration down a gradient
how do transporter molecules affect rate of diffusion
speed up
inorganic ion concentrations do what?
stay the same
stretch gated channel
stretch of cytoskeleton opens channel
physiology definition
study of function
where are pavement cells found
surrounding chloride cells in gills
more dilute solution means more ____ cells
swollen
amount of water that can be carried by air is dependent on ______
temperature
primary regulation is
the volume/osmolarity that is frequently regulated in addition at other places
how do blue crabs mold
they turn off their osmoregulation, so water can rush in and cause their outer layer to swell and eventually burst and fall off
facilitated diffusion uses ____ NOT _____
transporter molecules channels
cell volume regulation is done through alteration of contents of ______ molecules
uncharged organic
_____ temperature = more water carried by air
warmer
freshwater animals are gaining _____ through _____ and losing _____ through _____
water osmosis salts diffusion
humidic animals are dependent on
water abundance
isosmotic urine means
water and salt are excreted equally
terrestial environment problem: unless air is saturated with water organisms would be severely dehydrated solution?
water conservation
osmotic pressure results in _____
water movement
partial pressure of water =
water vapor pressure
absolute humidity
weight of water vapor in a unit volume of air
do ion concentrations differ between seawater and fresh water?
yes
