Science Chapter 10-13
Sporophyte
Spore producing stage - spores can grow into a new plant directly (asexual)
Gametophyte
Stage that produces egg cells and sperm cells - must be containment to grow into a new plant (sexual)
What are plants that only flower in spring or early summer called?
Long day plants
What are the 2 ways to classify a virus?
1. by type of disease they cause 2. By shape
Club mosses
25m tall, not actual moss - have vascular tissues, and they were common plants millions of years ago
Phototropism
A change in the growth of a plant cause by light
Cuticle
A waxy layer that coats the surface of the stem, leaves, and other plant parts exposed to air. This prevents water loss.
plant-like protists
Algae, producers, have the green pigment chlorophyll as well as other pigments, most live in water, and they provide food for other water dwelling organisms
Spore-forming Protists
All parasites, No cilia or flagella-can't move on their own, have complicated life cycles involving 2 or more hosts, (Mosquito example from class)
What are the 4 phyla of Protozoa?
Ameobalike, flagellates, ciliates, and spore-forming protists
Ferns, horsetails, and club mosses
Ancient ancestors grew quite tall, vascular, and they made up the first forests
How is bacteria good for humans? (3 ways)
Antibodies, Insulin, and food production
Why do leaves change color?
Chlorophyll breaks down as autumn approaches revealing other pigments
Chloroplasts
Contain chlorophyll which capture the sun's energy
What are the 4 shapes of viruses?
Crystals, Spheres, Cylinders, Spacecraft
Binary Fission
DNA replicates and the cells splits in two
Fungi
Eukaryotic consumers, must live on or near their food supply, many are decomposers or parasites, some are single-celled but most are multicellular
What plants are vascular and seedless?
Ferns, horsetails, and club mosses
What two groups are seed producing plants classified into?
Flower producing (angiosperms) and non-flower producing (gymnosperms)
Where does all photosynthesis take place?
In the leaves of the plant
Fronds
Leaves of ferns
Mosses
Live in large groups, each has a leafy stock, alternates between the gametophyte and sporophyte
Threadlike Fungi
Molds-shapeless fuzzy fungi, live in the soil and are usually decomposers although some are parasites
What plants are non-vascular and seedless?
Mosses and liverworts
Dinoflagellates
Most are single-celled algae, live mainly in saltwater but some can be found in fresh water and snow, have two whiplike flagella, spin through water, and some are red and produce strong poison. (can cause a red tide)
Ciliates
Most complex protozoa, have hundreds of hairlike projections called cilia, use cilia for movement and also able to sweep food towards themselves, Paramecium is the most well known
Green algae
Most diverse group of algae, Chlorophyll is the primary pigment, most live in water or moist soil, can live in melting snow, tree trunks, or inside other organisms
Brown algae
Most of the seaweed found in cool climates, attached to rocks or form large floating beds in ocean waters, have chlorophyll and yellow/brown pigments
Red algae
Most of the world's seaweed, have chlorophyll and red pigment, live mainly in tropical marine waters, and can absorb light deep in clear water of tropics
How are bacteria good for the environment? (3 ways)
Nitrogen, Recycling, and Cleaning up
How does a seed become a new plant?
Once a seed is fully developed the plant stops growing and the seed remains dormant until it finds the right conditions then it germinates (sprouts)
Stoma (stomata, plural)
Openings that allow CO2 in and let O2 out
Gravitropism
Plant growth changes in direction of gravity, the root tips have positive and the stems have negative
How are plants classified?
Plants with plumbing (Vascular) and plants without plumbing (non-vascular)
Flagellates
Protozoans that use flagella to move, some live in water and some are parasites,
What are the 6 algae types?
Red algae, Brown algae, Green algae, Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, and Euglenoinds
Rhizomes
Root like threads in ferns
What are the two groups of Vascular plants?
Seed producers and plants that don't produce seeds
What are plants that only flower in the late summer or early autumn called?
Short day plants
Diatoms
Single-celled organisms, found in both fresh and salt water, obtain energy via photosynthesis, large amount are phytoplankton, and many are usual shapes
Euglenoids
Single-celled protists live mainly in freshwater, have characteristics of both plants and animals, move like animals - flagella propel them through water, some do not have chloroplasts so they are strictly consumers
What are 2 types of fungus like protists?
Slime molds and Water molds
Water Mold
Small single-celled organisms live in water, moist soil, or other organisms, some are decomposers, many are parasites
Ameobalike protists
Soft jelly like protozoan, found in both fresh and salt water, soil, and as a parasite in animals, appears shapeless but are very structured, move with psuedopodia (false feet)
Negative tropism
The plant grows away from negative stimuli
Positive tropism
The plant grows towards stimuli
Why are mosses and liverworts important?
They are the first to inhabit a new place, they help cover new soil and anchor it in place - reduces soil erosion, they make nesting material for birds, and peat moss can be burned as fuel
What is the importance of seedless vascular plants?
They help form soil, prevent erosion, ferns are common houseplants, fiddleheads are harvested and eaten, and their ancient ancestors lived and died millions of years ago providing fossil fuels we use today
What are the 4 kinds of Fungi?
Threadlike, Sac, Club, and Imperfect Fungi
Imperfect Fungi
all fungi that don't fit in other groups, don't reproduce sexually, most are parasites and cause disease in plants and animals
Sexual reproduction
an egg is fertilized by a sperm cell. In flowering plants fertilization takes place within the flower and leads to the formation of one or more seeds within a fruit
Host
an organism that supports a parasite
Lyric cycle
as the host cells divide the virus's DNA is copied into each new cell and well
Endospores
bacteria with a thick protective membrane, can survive in boiling, freezing, and extremely dry environments
Gill fungi
basida develop in the grooves under the cap - edible
Bacteria Reproduction
binary fission
Pathogenic bacteria
cause disease by invading the host organism and obtaining nutrients from host's cells (many can be prevented with vaccines)
Hyphae
chains of cells, fungal filaments like roots of a plant, cytoplasm moves between cells
Lichen
combination of a fungus and an algae that grow intertwined, algae lives inside the protective walls of the fungus, are producers, and can withstand drying out
Horsetails
common plants millions of years ago, small vascular plants less than 1.3m tall, grow in wet/marshy places. Their stems are hollow and contain silica
Photosynthesis
energy from sunlight is used to make glucose from CO2 and water
Ferns
grow in many places, can be small to over 23m tall, have Rhizomes, Fronds, and Fiddleheads. They reproduce both asexually and sexually
Tropism
growth in response to stimuli in plants
Flagella
hairlike structures that help bacteria move
Mycelium
hyphae grow together in a twisted mass, major part of fungus but usually underground
Evergreen
leaves are adapted to survive all year round and they shed some of their leaves year round so they stay green all year
Spirilla
long, spiral shaped, least common shaped bacteria. Move easily in a corkscrew motion using flagella at both ends
Deciduous
lose leaves all at the same time each year, in tropical climates it is before the wet/dry season and in cold climates it is before winter begins
What are the three types of Archaebacteria?
methane makers (methanogers), Heat lovers (thermophiles), and salt lovers (halophiles)
Virus
microscopic particle that invades a cell and often destroys it
Eubacteria
most bacteria, classified by how they get food
Genetically Engineered bacteria
now used to make medicines, insecticides, cleaners, adhesives, foods and more
Fungus-like Protists
obtain food from dead organic matter or body of another organism, reproduce like fungi
Asexual reproduction
part of the plant (root/stem) produces a new plant
What makes a plant a plant?
plants make their own food, have a cuticle, and have cell walls
Sperm
pollen grains found on anthers transported to the stigma
Cyanobacteria
producers, live in watery environments, may have lived in other cells with nuclei billions of years ago and may have been how plants first began
Bacilli
rod shaped, have a large surface area which helps them absorb nutrients, they also dry out quickly
Protozoa (Animal-like Protists)
single-celled consumers, some are parasites, many can move, are divided into 4 phyla
Rhizoids
slender hair like threads of cells that look like roots, help hold the moss in place
Liverworts
small non-vascular plants that live in damp places, they have a life cycle similar to the life cycle of moss, gametophytes can be leafy or flat
Mosses and Liverworts
small, grow on soil rocks, and the bark of trees. They usually grow in places that are always wet, they have no true stems, roots, or leaves but other plants carry out those functions
Bacteria
smallest and simplest organisms on the planet, single celled prokaryotic
Cocci
spherical shaped, more resistant to drying out
Guard cells
surround the stoma
Sac Fungi
the largest group of fungi, yeast, powder mildew, truffles, morels, Sexual reproduction, useful to humans, and are sources of antibiotics, vitamins, and are edible
Slime molds
thin masses of living matter
Archaebacteria
thrive in extreme environments, not all have cell walls and if they do they are chemically different than other bacteria (3 types)
Club fungi
umbrella shaped, sexual reproduction, often appear in circles
Fiddleheads
young coiled fronds