Science Chapter 10-13

Sporophyte

Spore producing stage - spores can grow into a new plant directly (asexual)

Gametophyte

Stage that produces egg cells and sperm cells - must be containment to grow into a new plant (sexual)

What are plants that only flower in spring or early summer called?

Long day plants

What are the 2 ways to classify a virus?

1. by type of disease they cause 2. By shape

Club mosses

25m tall, not actual moss - have vascular tissues, and they were common plants millions of years ago

Phototropism

A change in the growth of a plant cause by light

Cuticle

A waxy layer that coats the surface of the stem, leaves, and other plant parts exposed to air. This prevents water loss.

plant-like protists

Algae, producers, have the green pigment chlorophyll as well as other pigments, most live in water, and they provide food for other water dwelling organisms

Spore-forming Protists

All parasites, No cilia or flagella-can't move on their own, have complicated life cycles involving 2 or more hosts, (Mosquito example from class)

What are the 4 phyla of Protozoa?

Ameobalike, flagellates, ciliates, and spore-forming protists

Ferns, horsetails, and club mosses

Ancient ancestors grew quite tall, vascular, and they made up the first forests

How is bacteria good for humans? (3 ways)

Antibodies, Insulin, and food production

Why do leaves change color?

Chlorophyll breaks down as autumn approaches revealing other pigments

Chloroplasts

Contain chlorophyll which capture the sun's energy

What are the 4 shapes of viruses?

Crystals, Spheres, Cylinders, Spacecraft

Binary Fission

DNA replicates and the cells splits in two

Fungi

Eukaryotic consumers, must live on or near their food supply, many are decomposers or parasites, some are single-celled but most are multicellular

What plants are vascular and seedless?

Ferns, horsetails, and club mosses

What two groups are seed producing plants classified into?

Flower producing (angiosperms) and non-flower producing (gymnosperms)

Where does all photosynthesis take place?

In the leaves of the plant

Fronds

Leaves of ferns

Mosses

Live in large groups, each has a leafy stock, alternates between the gametophyte and sporophyte

Threadlike Fungi

Molds-shapeless fuzzy fungi, live in the soil and are usually decomposers although some are parasites

What plants are non-vascular and seedless?

Mosses and liverworts

Dinoflagellates

Most are single-celled algae, live mainly in saltwater but some can be found in fresh water and snow, have two whiplike flagella, spin through water, and some are red and produce strong poison. (can cause a red tide)

Ciliates

Most complex protozoa, have hundreds of hairlike projections called cilia, use cilia for movement and also able to sweep food towards themselves, Paramecium is the most well known

Green algae

Most diverse group of algae, Chlorophyll is the primary pigment, most live in water or moist soil, can live in melting snow, tree trunks, or inside other organisms

Brown algae

Most of the seaweed found in cool climates, attached to rocks or form large floating beds in ocean waters, have chlorophyll and yellow/brown pigments

Red algae

Most of the world's seaweed, have chlorophyll and red pigment, live mainly in tropical marine waters, and can absorb light deep in clear water of tropics

How are bacteria good for the environment? (3 ways)

Nitrogen, Recycling, and Cleaning up

How does a seed become a new plant?

Once a seed is fully developed the plant stops growing and the seed remains dormant until it finds the right conditions then it germinates (sprouts)

Stoma (stomata, plural)

Openings that allow CO2 in and let O2 out

Gravitropism

Plant growth changes in direction of gravity, the root tips have positive and the stems have negative

How are plants classified?

Plants with plumbing (Vascular) and plants without plumbing (non-vascular)

Flagellates

Protozoans that use flagella to move, some live in water and some are parasites,

What are the 6 algae types?

Red algae, Brown algae, Green algae, Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, and Euglenoinds

Rhizomes

Root like threads in ferns

What are the two groups of Vascular plants?

Seed producers and plants that don't produce seeds

What are plants that only flower in the late summer or early autumn called?

Short day plants

Diatoms

Single-celled organisms, found in both fresh and salt water, obtain energy via photosynthesis, large amount are phytoplankton, and many are usual shapes

Euglenoids

Single-celled protists live mainly in freshwater, have characteristics of both plants and animals, move like animals - flagella propel them through water, some do not have chloroplasts so they are strictly consumers

What are 2 types of fungus like protists?

Slime molds and Water molds

Water Mold

Small single-celled organisms live in water, moist soil, or other organisms, some are decomposers, many are parasites

Ameobalike protists

Soft jelly like protozoan, found in both fresh and salt water, soil, and as a parasite in animals, appears shapeless but are very structured, move with psuedopodia (false feet)

Negative tropism

The plant grows away from negative stimuli

Positive tropism

The plant grows towards stimuli

Why are mosses and liverworts important?

They are the first to inhabit a new place, they help cover new soil and anchor it in place - reduces soil erosion, they make nesting material for birds, and peat moss can be burned as fuel

What is the importance of seedless vascular plants?

They help form soil, prevent erosion, ferns are common houseplants, fiddleheads are harvested and eaten, and their ancient ancestors lived and died millions of years ago providing fossil fuels we use today

What are the 4 kinds of Fungi?

Threadlike, Sac, Club, and Imperfect Fungi

Imperfect Fungi

all fungi that don't fit in other groups, don't reproduce sexually, most are parasites and cause disease in plants and animals

Sexual reproduction

an egg is fertilized by a sperm cell. In flowering plants fertilization takes place within the flower and leads to the formation of one or more seeds within a fruit

Host

an organism that supports a parasite

Lyric cycle

as the host cells divide the virus's DNA is copied into each new cell and well

Endospores

bacteria with a thick protective membrane, can survive in boiling, freezing, and extremely dry environments

Gill fungi

basida develop in the grooves under the cap - edible

Bacteria Reproduction

binary fission

Pathogenic bacteria

cause disease by invading the host organism and obtaining nutrients from host's cells (many can be prevented with vaccines)

Hyphae

chains of cells, fungal filaments like roots of a plant, cytoplasm moves between cells

Lichen

combination of a fungus and an algae that grow intertwined, algae lives inside the protective walls of the fungus, are producers, and can withstand drying out

Horsetails

common plants millions of years ago, small vascular plants less than 1.3m tall, grow in wet/marshy places. Their stems are hollow and contain silica

Photosynthesis

energy from sunlight is used to make glucose from CO2 and water

Ferns

grow in many places, can be small to over 23m tall, have Rhizomes, Fronds, and Fiddleheads. They reproduce both asexually and sexually

Tropism

growth in response to stimuli in plants

Flagella

hairlike structures that help bacteria move

Mycelium

hyphae grow together in a twisted mass, major part of fungus but usually underground

Evergreen

leaves are adapted to survive all year round and they shed some of their leaves year round so they stay green all year

Spirilla

long, spiral shaped, least common shaped bacteria. Move easily in a corkscrew motion using flagella at both ends

Deciduous

lose leaves all at the same time each year, in tropical climates it is before the wet/dry season and in cold climates it is before winter begins

What are the three types of Archaebacteria?

methane makers (methanogers), Heat lovers (thermophiles), and salt lovers (halophiles)

Virus

microscopic particle that invades a cell and often destroys it

Eubacteria

most bacteria, classified by how they get food

Genetically Engineered bacteria

now used to make medicines, insecticides, cleaners, adhesives, foods and more

Fungus-like Protists

obtain food from dead organic matter or body of another organism, reproduce like fungi

Asexual reproduction

part of the plant (root/stem) produces a new plant

What makes a plant a plant?

plants make their own food, have a cuticle, and have cell walls

Sperm

pollen grains found on anthers transported to the stigma

Cyanobacteria

producers, live in watery environments, may have lived in other cells with nuclei billions of years ago and may have been how plants first began

Bacilli

rod shaped, have a large surface area which helps them absorb nutrients, they also dry out quickly

Protozoa (Animal-like Protists)

single-celled consumers, some are parasites, many can move, are divided into 4 phyla

Rhizoids

slender hair like threads of cells that look like roots, help hold the moss in place

Liverworts

small non-vascular plants that live in damp places, they have a life cycle similar to the life cycle of moss, gametophytes can be leafy or flat

Mosses and Liverworts

small, grow on soil rocks, and the bark of trees. They usually grow in places that are always wet, they have no true stems, roots, or leaves but other plants carry out those functions

Bacteria

smallest and simplest organisms on the planet, single celled prokaryotic

Cocci

spherical shaped, more resistant to drying out

Guard cells

surround the stoma

Sac Fungi

the largest group of fungi, yeast, powder mildew, truffles, morels, Sexual reproduction, useful to humans, and are sources of antibiotics, vitamins, and are edible

Slime molds

thin masses of living matter

Archaebacteria

thrive in extreme environments, not all have cell walls and if they do they are chemically different than other bacteria (3 types)

Club fungi

umbrella shaped, sexual reproduction, often appear in circles

Fiddleheads

young coiled fronds