Science- Matter

What is matter made of?

Matter is made of atoms and molecules

What ideas make up the theory of the Kinetic-molecular theory of matter?

1. Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms and molecules 2. The atoms or molecules that make up matter are always in motion 3. The atoms or molecules that make up a solid liquid or gas are attracted to one another

What is temperature?

A measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules of a substance.

What is a molecule made of?

A molecule is made of two or more atoms connected or bonded together

What is matter found as?

A solid liquid or gas

What are atoms and molecules?

Atoms and molecules are extremely tiny particles that make up all the matter on Earth. An atom is the basic building block of all matter.

Why do different solids melt at different temperatures?

Atoms and molecules that substances are made of have a different amount of attraction for each other and they have different melting points and are made of different types of atoms and molecules.

Why was it hard to separate the water droplet in the lab?

Attractions bring atoms and molecules together where motion tens to make the atoms and molecules come apart.

What is condensation?

Changing from a gas to a liquid

What is deposition?

Changing from a gas to a solid

What is evaporation?

Changing from a liquid to a gas

What is freezing?

Changing from a liquid to a solid.

What is a sublimation?

Changing from a solid to a gas

Why is the study of chemistry important?

Chemistry is the science that studies all of the "stuff"/matter in the entire world. It helps explain what happens in our world.

What is conduction?

Conduction is the process of transferring energy by direct contact.

How is dew formed?

Dew is formed when moist air close to the ground cools enough to condense and form liquid water. Dew is different than rain because dew doesn't fall onto the ground in drops it slowly accumulates to form drops on objects near the ground usually grass leaves or spider webs.

Why do different liquids have different rates of evaporation?

Different liquids are made of different molecules and these molecules require a different amount of energy to increase their motion enough to overcome their attractions.

What is heat?

During conduction the energy transferred from faster moving atoms to slower moving atoms

Why do different gases condense at different temperatures?

Each gas needs to be cooled to a certain temperature in order for the molecules to slow down enough so that the attractions can hold them together as a liquid.

What is a rule about conduction?

Energy can only be transferred from something at a higher temperature to something at a lower temperature. You can't cool something by adding coldness to it.

How does hail form?

Hail forms when a small drop of water freezes falls and then gets pushed pack up into a cloud where more water droplets collect and freeze on the ice crystal which makes it heavier and it begins to fall again. It goes through this process repeatedly until it becomes so heavy it falls as hail.

What is the process of freezing?

If a liquid is cooled enough the molecules slow down to such an extent that their attractions begin to overcome their motion. The attractions between the molecules cause them to arrange themselves in more fixed and orderly positions to become a solid.

How does frost form?

If the temperature of surfaces on the ground is low enough water vapor in the air can change directly to the solid frost without first condensing to a liquid.

Why does the amount of water vapor in the air affects the rate of condensation?

If there are more molecules more molecules will be moving slowly enough to condense.

Why does the bubble get smaller when you take away heat.

If you cool the bottle while the bubble is still on top the bubble will shrink and may go inside the bottle. This happens because cooling the gas causes its molecules to slow down. These slower-moving molecules hit the inside of the bubble film less often and with less force. The molecules in the outside air are moving faster and push against the bubble from the outside. Since the outside molecules are pushing harder, the bubble gets pushed down and in and gets smaller.

What are the characteristics of a gas?

In a gas the molecules are also moving. The attractions between the molecules of a gas are too weak to bring the molecules together. This is why gas molecules barely interact wit one another and are very far apart compared to the molecules of liquids and solids. A gas will spread out evenly to fill any container.

What are the characteristics of a liquid?

In a liquid the molecules are also in motion. The attractions between the molecules in liquids are strong enough to keep the molecules close to each other but not in fixed positions. Although the molecules stay very near one another the attractions allow the molecules of a liquid to move past one another. This is why a liquid can easily change its shape.

What are the characteristics of a solid?

In a solid the atoms are very attracted to one another. Because of this strong attraction the atoms are held tightly together. The attractions are strong enough that the atoms can only vibrate where they are. They cannot move past one another. This is why a solid keeps its shape

What is an example on how small a molecule is?

In about 1 tablespoon of water there are about 600 billion trillion water molecules. This number is so huge that even if you could count one million molecules every second, it would take you about 200 million centuries or about 20 billion years to count all the molecules in a tablespoon of water.

What is matter?

Matter is all the physical things in the universe. It is anything that takes up space and has mass

The atoms or molecules that make up matter are always in ______________

Motion

What is an example of how heating and cooling can affect how far apart or close together the molecules are in a liquid.

One example is the red alcohol inside the thin tube of a thermometer. When the thermometer is heated the molecules of alcohol move faster. This faster motion competes with the attraction between the molecules which causes them to spread out a little. They have nowhere else to go so they move up the tube. When the thermometer is cooled the molecules of alcohol slow down and the attractions bring the molecules closer together. This attraction between the molecules brings the alcohol down in the tube.

How does rain form?

Rain begins as tiny drops of water suspended in the air as clouds. When these tiny droplets collect and join together they become bigger and heavier drops.

How does snow form?

Snow begins with condensing water vapor that forms clouds. When it is cold enough the water vapor not only condenses but also freezes forming tiny ice crystals. More and more water vapor condenses and freezes on these crystals for the ice crystals called snowflakes.

If the __________ of the object increases its kinetic energy ____________

Speed, increases

Why does heating a gas easily increase the motion of the gas?

The molecules of a gas are not very attracted to each other and are much further apart than in liquids and solids. This is why heating a gas easily increases the motion of the gas.

What is the melting point?

The temperature at which a substance begins to melt

How does fog form?

Usually the air near the ground is warmer than the air about it but the conditions that cause fog are just the reverse. Fog forms when warm moist air passes over cold ground or snow. As the water vapor in the air cools it condenses forming very tiny drops of water suspended in the air. Fog is like a cloud just very close to the ground.

How does mist on a pond form?

Water evaporates even when the water is cold. To form mist the water in a pond, pool or hot tub must be warmer than the air about it and the air must be cold enough to cause the water vapor to condense as it rises. The mist seems to disappear as the water droplets evaporate to become water vapor again.

Why is the freezing of water unusual?

Water expands when it freezes.

What happens during melting?

When a solid is heated the motion of the particles increases. The atoms or molecules are still attracted to each other but their extra movement begins to compete with their attractions. If enough energy is added the motion of the particles begins to overcome the attraction and the particles move more freely. They begin to slide past each other as the substance begins to change state from a solid to a liquid.

What is melting?

When a solid turns into a liquid

What is an example of sublimation?

When dry ice a carbon dioxide gas is placed under high pressure and made very cold it sublimates.

How do clouds form?

When liquid water evaporates to become water vapor and moves up into the sky in upward-moving air.

Can heating and cooling a liquid affect how far apart or close together the molecules are?

Yes

Does cooling increase the rate of condensation? Why?

Yes because when a gas is cooled the motion of its molecules decreases. The number of molecules moving slow enough for their attractions to hold them together increases. More molecules join together to form a liquid and the rate of condensation increases.

What are you actually measuring when you measure temperature?

You are actually measuring the average kinetic energy of its atoms or molecules.

you can't add _________ you can only remove ____________

cold, heat

Moving atoms and molecules have___________

energy

Why the does the bubble get bigger when you heat it?

if you dip the opening of a bottle in a detergent solution and then heat the bottle a bubble will form on the bottle. Since molecules of the gas are not very attracted to each other they spread out quickly and easily. The molecules hit the inside of the bottle and the bubble film harder and more often. The molecules push against the inside of the film harder than the surrounding air pushes from the outside. This pushes the bubble film out and forms a bubble.

If the _______________of the object _____________ its kinetic energy decreases.

speed, decreases

What are the two factors that affects the rate of condensation?

temperature and the amount of water vapor

What is kinetic energy?

the energy of a moving object

When do molecules in a liquid evaporate?

when the molecules have enough energy to overcome the attractions of the molecules around them. The molecules of a liquid are moving and bumping into each other all the time transferring energy between one another. If their motion is energetic enough these molecules can completely overcome the attractions of the molecules around them.

Do different liquids have different rates of evaporation?

yes