Section 4: industrial revolution 4.1-4.4
Which sequence of events best describes the role of textile manufacturing in initiating industrialization?
Demand for cotton cloth grew, cottage industry developed, and machines replaced cottage industry.
Which of the following statements about population trends during the Industrial Revolution is most accurate?
Demand for labor in factories was one cause of the population shift toward urban areas.
How did Thomas Edison's invention of the light bulb affect industry?
Electric lights made it possible for factories to run after dark.
Charles Darwin
English naturalist who developed the theory of evolution through the process of natural selection. In 1831, he set sail on a five-year voyage around the world. While in the Galápagos Islands, Darwin observed that the four species of finches on the islands had different beaks and eating habits. He theorized that isolation, time, and adapting to local conditions, leads to new species. His observation and the samples he collected helped him develop his theory of evolution.
Which of the following supports the idea that the Industrial Revolution led to social change in Europe?
Entrepreneurs earned enough wealth to rise above the working class.
What was one long-term benefit of the Industrial Revolution?
In industrial countries, the overall standard of living improved.
Why was Darwin's theory controversial in the 1800s?
It contradicted the biblical view of creation.
Which of the following best describes the new middle class that emerged as a result of industrialization?
Many of its members owned and operated the businesses that hired urban workers.
Which factors caused the population of Europe to soar between 1800 and 1900?
Medicine advanced, and the death rate fell.
Which statement best describes child labor during the early years of the Industrial Revolution?
Mines and text factories employed large numbers of children.
Why had colleges and universities changed their curriculum by the late 1800s?
More people were working in industries that required science and engineering skills.
Why did big business emerge during the Industrial Revolution?
New technologies required the investment of more capital.
ubranization
movement of people from rural area to cities
social gospel
movement of the 1800s that urged Christians to do social service
tenements
multistory building divided into crowded apartments
`James Watt;
of Scotland invented the steam engine. he first developed an interest in building models and measuring instruments in the workshop of his father, who built houses and ships. Watt apprenticed with a maker of mathematical instruments. In 1765, He worked on his steam engine. It had a separate condenser that helped keep steam from escaping. Later in life, he worked as a land surveyor and then returned to inventing and perfecting machines, until his retirement in 1800.
utilitarianism
idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people
Cult of Domesticity
idealization of women and the home
interchangeable parts
identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing
Liverpool
industrial city in northern Britain that was part of the first major railway line; it went from Liverpool to Manchester
Manchester
industrial city in northern Britain that was part of the first major railway line; it went from Manchester to Liverpool
Which of the following changes to city life would be most likely to reduce the crime rate?
installing street lights
Who supplied the capital that helped Britain industrialize?
investors willing to take risks
free market
market regulated by the natural laws of supply and demand
smelt;
melt in order to get the pure matter away from its waste matter
Capital
money or wealth used to invest in business or enterprise
stock
shares in a company
Early socialism was most concerned with
sharing all property and means of production.
Eli Whitney
showed mechanical and engineering skill at a young age. After he graduated from Yale College, he headed south where plantation owners learned of his mechanical skill and asked for his help. The cost of the labor to process cotton was too high. In response, He invented the cotton gin, which revolutionized the textile industry and helped the South's economy. Unfortunately, Whitney did not profit from his invention. He left the South in debt but continued to design new inventions until his death.
putting-out system
system developed in the 18th century in which tasks were distributed to individuals who completed the work in their own homes; also known as cottage industry
Socialism
system in which the people as a whole rather than private individuals own all property and operate all businesses
social mobility
the ability of individuals or groups to move up the social scale
Which value most shaped middle class home life during the later Industrial Revolution?
the cult of domesticity
Which development helped improve working conditions in many mines and factories during the late 1800s?
the growth of labor unions
Which of the following had the greatest impact on transportation during the second Industrial Revolution?
the internal combustion engine
standard of living
the level of material goods and services available to people in a society
Adam Smith defined the free market as an economic system in which
the market functions with little or no government interference.
Socialism is based on the belief that
the means of production should be shared by everyone in society.
urban renewal
the process of fixing up the poor areas of a city
enclosure;
the process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers
Women's Suffrage
the right of women to vote
germ theory
the theory that infectious diseases are caused by certain microbes
What was the goal of impressionist painters?
to capture the eye's first impression of a scene
Why did some workers organize unions?
to improve their working conditions
What was the goal of realist writers and artists?
to present reality and comment on social wrongs
Why did some business owners form corporations?
to raise money to expand into different areas
By 1900, women in Britain and the United States had not yet won the right to
vote.
louis daguerre
was a French painter and physicist who invented photography. Before Daguerre invented the camera, he was a printmaker and painter. For years he had been experimenting with ways to capture detailed, photographic images. Finally, in 1839, he showed his process to the Académie des Sciences and the Académie des Beaux-Arts. He astounded everyone, and his invention revolutionized both the arts and the sciences.
ludwig van beethoven
was a German composer trained in piano and violin by his father Johannes. At the age of 12, he published his first work and began playing viola in the symphony orchestra in Bonn, Germany. In 1792, he went to Vienna and began studying with Haydn. Beethoven remained in Vienna, where he wrote most of his symphonies, concertos, sonatas, and string quartets. Although he began to lose his hearing 1798, he continued to compose music he could hear only in his mind.
gustave courbet
was a leading French painter in the Realist movement. While he more painted traditional subjects, such as seascapes, portraits, and landscapes, he also focused on representing daily life by painting the rural middle class and bohemian culture, as well as social issues by depicting the harsh lives of the poor.
lord byron
was a member of the House of Lords, a political and social satirist, and one of the most memorable, fashionable, and captivating Romantic poets. He became the model for the Romantic hero and the embodiment of the movement. Byron believed in liberty, which he often focused on in both his works and deeds. Although Byron died before he completed his poem Don Juan , it is considered to be his masterpiece and one of England's great long poems.
charles dickens
was an English author who began his writing career as a freelance reporter. In 1836, he began publishing installments of his first novel, The Pickwick Papers , which launched his career as a novelist. Dickens created some of literature's most famous and vivid characters. As a realist, Dickens was dedicated to depicting real life. He hoped to bring about reform, so his novels often focused on the problems of the poor to expose social ills.
Romanticism
19th-century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason
realism
19th-century artistic movement whose aim was to represent the world as it is
According to laissez-faire economists, what is the benefit of a free market?
As production increased, the supply of goods would also increase and prices would drop so more people could afford goods.
Why did the population of Britain increase in the mid-1700s?
Better farming led to a food surplus, so fewer people died of starvation.
What was one of Britain's primary contributions to industrialism?
British inventors developed new machines for the textile industry that led to the factory system.
What important contribution did James Watt make to the Industrial Revolution?
He perfected a new source of energy.
How did city life change during the last 1800s and early 1900s?
Improved sanitation slowed the spread of disease.
Identify two major effects of new technology on business during the Industrial Revolution
Production became faster and less expensive.
How did realism reflect the culture of the Industrial Age?
Realism portrayed the social ills brought about by industrialization.
assembly line
a production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks
Which statement best explains how transportation technology advanced the Industrial Revolution?
Rivers, ports, canals, and railroads aided the shipment of goods to many places.
What statement best describes the industrialization of other western nations after Britain?
Some nations learned about the new technology and had more resources than Britain so they could advance quickly.
What was one way that James Watt's steam technology contributed to the Industrial Revolution?
Steam engines improved the shipping of goods and raw materials.
During the Industrial Revolution, how did economics drive political change?
The growing middle class demanded more democracy, so voting rights gradually expanded.
Which of the following is one main reason the Industrial Revolution was a turning point in world history?
The traditional rural lifestyle ended for most people.
Why were the first factories more efficient than the earlier putting-out system?
They brought workers and machines together in one place.
Why were the theories of Charles Darwin controversial?
They challenged long-held beliefs about human life.
How did enclosures contribute to the development of the Industrial Revolution?
They consolidated fields to gain larger pastures.
How did the lives of middle-class women change during the Industrial Revolution?
They spent more time buying items than producing them.
What did romantic poetry, music, and art have in common?
They stirred strong emotion and intense feelings in their audience.
What was one way that working-class women differed from middle-class women?
They supported temperance and the women's suffrage movement.
What statement best describes the lives of women who worked during the Industrial Revolution?
They worked 12 hours or more a day for half the pay of men, and they tended to the family and household when at home.
How did religious groups respond to the challenges of industrialization?
They worked for reform and social services.
What was one effect of the Industrial Revolution on education?
Universities began stressing science and engineering.
Orville and Wilbur Wright
Wright were bicycle mechanics who used their knowledge of science and their experience in mechanics to create the first flying machine. After nearly 1,000 flights in gliders and testing in wind tunnels, the brothers built a powered plane. On December 17, 1903, the brothers tested their machine at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The first flight lasted 12 seconds; the longest flight that day lasted 59 seconds.
Michael Faraday
a British chemist and physicist who made significant contributions to the field of electricity. Some of his most important discoveries include electricity generation and transmission, the electric motor, and the chemical benzene. His discoveries have shaped the modern world.
Thomas Malthus
a British economist/born in Surrey to a wealthy family/attended college in Cambridge/he earned a master's degree./His most well-known work is An Essay on the Principle Population./he argued that population increases would eventually use up the food supply, leading to poverty/a professor of history and political economy until his death/
henry Bessemer
a British inventor and engineer. His greatest invention was the Bessemer Converter, which could create high-quality steel quickly and inexpensively. In 1956 he patented his process for making steel. His process was essential to advances in transportation, construction, and defense. Today, steel is still made by a method based on the Bessemer process.
Jeremy Bentham
a British philosopher and economist who advocated for utilitarianism,/Bentham was trained in the law but did not become a practicing lawyer. Instead, he focused on legal reforms. Not content to simply suggest new laws, he also detailed plans for how to implement his proposals. His ideas were influential during his lifetime, and some of his reforms were enacted.
Louis Pasteur
a French chemist and one of the founders of microbiology. Pasteur developed the germ theory of disease and identified the causes of many diseases, including rabies, anthrax, small pox, and chicken cholera. By discovering the causes of these diseases, Pasteur determined that they could be prevented by vaccines. He helped develop several vaccines, including the rabies vaccine. He also invented the process of pasteurization for wine, beer, milk, and vinegar.
Robert Kock
a German physician who was one of the founders of bacteriology, or the study of bacteria. Koch discovered the bacteria responsible for tuberculosis and cholera and determined the cycle of the anthrax disease. Koch also improved methods for studying bacteria, including cultivating pure cultures and staining bacteria to make them more visible and identifiable. In 1905 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.
Karl Marx
a German political thinker whose ideas became the foundation for communism. Marx trained as a lawyer and later studied philosophy, with plans to enter the academic world. His radical ideas, however, left him with few prospects, so he turned to writing. His most famous work was the Communist Manifesto , which criticized capitalism and predicted that alienated workers would rise up to overthrow the bourgeoisie. In the 1860s, Marx was an influential member of the International Working Men's Association.
Joseph Lister
a Scottish surgeon/who furthered medical knowledge by recognizing that the lack of cleanliness in hospitals/ correlated to deaths after surgeries./ By studying the works of other scientists, he became convinced that microorganisms in the air entered the body through open wounds and caused infections that often led to death after surgery. He began using carbolic acid to clean patient wounds. He also began using an antiseptic liquid to treat dressings and later developed techniques to clean surgical instruments and keep wounds clean during surgery. He is known as the "Father of Antiseptic Surgery."
Alfred Nobel
a Swedish chemist, inventor, engineer, business man, and author. Although dynamite is his most well-known invention, he holds 355 patents. In 1895, Nobel bequeathed most of his fortune to create the Nobel Prize in order to honor men and women for important achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and peace.
corporations
a business owned by many investors who buy shares of stock and risk only the amount of their investment
According to Marx, what would be the main characteristic of communism?
a classless society in which wealth and power were equally shared
cartel
a group of companies that join together to control the production and price of a product
victor hugo
a leading literary, intellectual, and political figure in France. His works were not only extremely popular-most notably Notre Dame de Paris and Les Misérables-but also highly influential and respected. Hugo believed in the cause of the common people and saw in them both strength and potential. He sought to portray both their virtues and their plights in his works. Although Hugo did not live in poverty, he associated with the lower class, and, according to his wishes, he had a pauper's funeral and grave
dynamo
a machine used to generate electricityA machine that generates electricity
Florence Nightingale
a nurse in the British military hospital in Crimea. When she arrived at the hospital in 1854, she was shocked by the state of the hospital and the rate at which the men were dying. She fought to have the barracks cleared, latrines dug, laundry washed, and the sick cared for. Six months after her arrival, the death rate dropped from 60 percent to 2 percent. When she returned to Britain, she pressured the government to reform hospitals to improve sanitation and care.
John Dalton
an English teacher, lecturer, meteorologist, physicist, and chemist. His interest in the atmosphere led to his development of the Atomic Theory in 1803. His theory stated that atoms have mass, that elements are made up of atoms, and that chemical reactions could be explained by the combination and separation of atoms. Although parts of his theory have now been proved wrong, it remains the foundation of modern chemistry and physical science.
Guglielmo marconi
an Italian inventor who received the first patent for a wireless telegraphy system. In 1900, Marconi proved that wireless waves were not affected by Earth's shape when he transmitted a wireless signal across the Atlantic ocean for a distance of 2,100 miles. He continued to study waves, which resulted in a beam system for long distance communication, the first microwave radio, and the principles of radar. He received many honors and awards, including the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
an author, lecturer, and activist who played a major role in the women's right movement/drafted speeches and many of the movement's important documents, including the women's "Declaration of Rights."/helped plan and lead the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention/she began to focus more on social reforms, including child care, divorce laws, and temperance. Stanton died 18 years before women were granted the right to vote.
Thomas Edison
applied for his first patent while working as a telegraph operator for Western Union. Although this first invention was a flop, Edison did not give up and went on to become one of the world's most prolific inventors. Throughout his life he patented 1,093 inventions and improvements in several industries, including telecommunications, electric power, mining, sound recording, automotive, military defense, and motion pictures.
Louis Pasteur helped improve public health by
applying germ theory to combat disease.
racism
belief that one racial group is superior to another
enterprise
business organization in such areas as shipping, mining, railroads, or factories
Temperance Movement
campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages
anesthetic;
drug that prevents pain during surgery
The main focus of utilitarianism was
ensuring the greatest happiness through individual freedom for all classes.
means of production
farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods
communism
form of socialism advocated by Karl Marx; According to Marx, class struggle was inevitable and would lead to the creation of a classless society in which all wealth and property would be owned by the community as a whole.
Sojourner Truth
one of the most well-known African American women during the 19th century. She was born a slave, and when she earned her freedom in 1826, she changed her name to Sojourner Truth. In 1843, she began traveling the country to spread the truth about injustice and to preach for human rights. Truth was an important figure in several movements "including the women's rights movement, temperance, racial equality, and prison reform "and she was not afraid to petition the government for reform.
labor unions
organization of workers who bargain for better pay and working conditions
Industrialization spread because
other nations wanted to have the same economic opportunities that Britain enjoyed.
Industrail Revolution;
period beginning in the 1700s in which production shifted from simple hand tools to complex machinery and sources of energy shifted from human or animal power to steam and electricity
entrepreneur
person who assumes financial risk in the hope of making a profit
social democracy
political ideology in which there is a gradual transition from capitalism into socialism instead of a sudden, violent overthrow of the system
turnpikes
private road built by entrepreneurs who charged a toll to travelers to use it
impressionism
school of painting of the late 1800s and early 1900s that tried to capture fleeting visual impressions
mutual-aid societies
self-help group to aid sick or injured workers
Robert Owen
set up a model community in New Lanark, Scotland based on Utopianism. At New Lanark, Owen established revolutionary changes by limiting the age for children workers and providing a school for all children. In 1824, he invested in an experimental community in America called New Harmony. He became a leader in the labor movement in England and continued his involvement in the movement until his death.
Vincent van Gough
was an artist for only ten years, yet he produced more than 2,000 drawings, sketches, and paintings. Early on, the Impressionists greatly influenced his style. Van Gogh later moved to Arles, France. While there he had a breakdown and committed himself to an asylum. During this time, he began to use more vibrant colors, wide brushstrokes, movement in form and line, and thick layers of paint. He was released in May 1890 and died two months later.
William Wordsworth
was instrumental in launching Romanticism and wrote some of Western literature's most influential poems. While touring Europe, he encountered the French Revolution, which sparked in him an interest in the plight of the "common man." His sympathy for people and recognition of societal ill" particularly in urban areas " served as an inspiration for his work and his strong focus on emotion. It also inspired his view of the poet's role in society and his political ideals.
Claude Monet
was one of the leading figures in the French Impressionist movement. Much like the Romantics, the Impressionists found inspiration in the outdoors and rejected traditional European artistic conventions. Monet sought to create an accurate depiction of nature through his use of color, tones, texture, and brush strokes. He often painted the same object or scene at different times of day to see how light and shadow changed its appearance. Two of his most famous series are the grain stacks and water lily pond.
proletariat
working class