Sedimentary Rocks
This class of sedimentary rock has has nonclastic or crystalline texture, where the minerals form patterns of interlocked crystals and classified by composition
Chemical/organic
Chief constituents of this class of sedimentary rock are clay minerals, quartz, feldspars, micas
Detrital
This class of sedimentary rock has clastic texture, composed of discrete fragments cemented together and classified by particle size
Detrital
This class of sedimentary rock is formed from sediments that have been weathered and transported
Detrital
The two main types of sedimentary rock are _____ and _____
Detrital Chemical
This sedimentary structure occurs where the sediments in a strata gradually change from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top often associated with turbidity currents and alluvial fans
Graded beds
this type of detrital rock consists of angular gravel sized sediments
breccia
Inorganic limestone forms when chemical changes increase the ___________ _____________ content of water until it precipitates.
calcium carbonate
______ is composed of cemented fragments of shell material
coquina
o Large quantities of marine limestone are formed from ______
corals
This sedimentary structure occurs when the layers in the sedimentary rocks are inclined. o Characteristic of sand dunes, deltas and some stream deposits, they indicate the flow direction of the environment. Top of the structure is inclined towards the flow that energy is coming from
cross-bedding
_____ marine environments include primarily fine sediments that accumulate on the ocean floor with the exception of turbidity currents
deep
Chemical, physical and biological changes that take place after sediments are deposited and buried, occurring within the upper few kilometers of earth's crust describes this process of turning sediments into rock
diagenesis
_____ and ____ are the two processes for turning sediments into sedimentary rock
diagenesis lithification
This type of chemical sedimentary rock's origin is unclear and is similar to limestone but contains magnesium
dolostone
This type of chemical sedimentary rock forms when restricted seaways become over-saturated and salt deposition starts, such as rock salts and occasionally they form on salt flats when dissolved materials are precipitates as a white crust on the ground
evaporites
Sandstones are the most abundant detrital sedimentary rock.
false
True or false: in the continental environment wind areas result in poorly-sorted and coarse sediments
false
Sediments and soluble constituents are typically transported downslope by ______
gravity
_______ limestone forms when chemical changes increase the calcium carbonate content of the water until it precipitates
inorganic
The precipitation forming chemical sedimentary rocks can occur through ______ processes such as evaporation and _______ processes from water-dwelling organisms forming biochemical sedimentary rocks
inorganic organic
This type of detrital rock forms in thin layers called _____ and has fissility (meaning the rock can be split into thin layers)
laminae
This is the most abundant chemical rock and can form from inorganic and biochemical origins
limestone
Sediments are deposited and subsequently buried. As deposition continues, the sediments are _______ into sedimentary rocks
lithified
Which environment would fossiliferous limestone be formed
marine
This type of vertical facies progression is a drop in sea level, known as an off lap sequence, and has a coarsening upward sequence, fine on bottom and coarse on top; continental -> transitional -> marine
marine regression
This type of vertical facies progression is a rise in sea level, known as an onlap sequence, and has a fining upward sequence, coarse on bottom and fine on top; marine -> transitional -> continental
marine transgression
Sedimentary rocks are products of ______and ______ weathering
mechanical chemical
Common names for sediment that makes up Detrital sedimentary rocks are ______, ____ and ______
mud (shale), sand, gravel
This sedimentary structure indicate sediments form in an alternatively wet and dry environment
mud cracks
Conglomerate and Breccia are both _______ sorted
poorly
_____ sorted grains are of different sizes had a low energy environment that didn't move particles
poorly
Shales form from silt and clay sized particles that gradually settle in _________________ environments
quiet
This sedimentary structure occurs when small waves are lithified in the sedimentary rocks
ripple marks
The degree of _______________ is indicative of how far sediments have been transported.
rounding
Which type of detrital rock would a preserve the sedimentary structure: cross-bed
sandstone
what type of detrital rock is the - second-most abundant sedimentary rock, and is formed in a variety of environments
sandstone
This contains evidence of past environments and is an Important resource for Coal, oil and other fossil fuels and Groundwater resources
sedimentary rocks
______ marine environments borders the worlds continents, received huge quantities of terrestrial sediments and has warm seas with minimal terrestrial sediments that have carbonate rich muds
shallow
The two types of marine environments are ____ and ___
shallow deep
This is the degree of rounding is indicative of how far the sediments have been transported
shape
The most common way that limestone is formed is from the ______ of marine organisms
shells
Particles in sandstone vary and are classified by their _____ and _____
sorting shape
the inorganic limestone Travertine, forms when water in the environment loses carbon dioxide. These form _____ and ______
stalagmites stalagtites
The most characteristic structures of sedimentary rock are _______
strata
layers of sedimentary rocks are called ____ or beds
strata
______ ripple marks are when waves are a constant back and forth.
synchronous
chalk are biochemical limestones made up of hard parts of microscopic organisms called _____
tests
Beaches, tidal flats, lagoons, deltas and sand bars are part of what sedimentary environment
transitional
This sedimentary environment is the shoreline between marine and continental environments
transitional
______ is a type of inorganic limestone found in caves
travertine
Chert is a chemical sedimentary rock composed of microcrystalline quartz formed when dissolved silica precipitates.
true
True or False: in the continental environment glacial deposits are typically unsorted mixtures of sediments that range form clay to boulder-sized
true
This is a density driven current of sediment that flows down submarine canyons into deep marine environments. As soon as the sediment flows out of the canyon and the velocity drops the heavier particles settle to the bottom, followed by the medium and then the fine particles creating grading bedding structures.
turbidity current
Detrital sedimentary rocks form from sediments that have been __________________ and transported.
weathered
_________ sorted grains are of similar size had a constant energy that removed rocks or particles of all by the largest sediment size that were left behind
well
Sedimentary rocks They comprise about ___% by volume of earth's outer 10 miles
5
Sediments and sedimentary rocks cover approx. _____% of the earth
75
particle size of mud or shale is...
<= 1/16mm
particle size of gravel is..
> 2mm
the inorganic limestone, ____ limestone is composed of small spherical grains called ooids
Oolitic
This type of Detrital rock is silt and clay sized particles formed from the gradual settling sediments in quiet, non turbulent environments*
Shalestone
Which type of detrital rock crumbles easily and tends to form gentle slopes, is the most abundant sedimentary rock and great at preserving fossils and microfossils
Shalestone
this is the degree of similarity in particle size in a sedimentary rock and can help decipher the depositional environment of the rock
Sorting
_____ ripple marks are when there is a unidirectional flow of energy
asymmetric
The inorganic Oolitic limestone forms as tiny "seeds" roll in shallow marine water supersaturated with calcium carbonate. This can happen in places like the ______
bahamas
______ planes separate stata
bedding
particle size of sand is
between 1/16mm and 2mm
The _____ ______ is a biogeochemical process and the three main sources and sinks are land, ocean and air.
carbon cycle
_______is composed of the tests of microscopic marine organisms
chalk
This class of sedimentary rock forms from precipitated material that was once in solution
chemical
This type of chemical sedimentary rock is composed of microcrystalline quarts, forms when dissolved silica precipitates, has a strong sharp edge and even can be in wood.
chert
This type of organic chemical sedimentary rock forms from the carbon-rich remains of organisms
coal
Lithification occurs in two steps: _____ and ____
compaction cementation
This type of detrital rock consists of rounded, gravel-sized sediments
conglomerate
Caves, sand dunes, lakes, alluvial fans, glacial deposits, landslides, swamps, rivers are part of which sedimentary environment
continental
This sedimentary environment is dominated by stream erosion and deposition, glacial and wind
continental
The three types of sedimentary evironments are _____, _____ and _____
continental marine transitions