set 2 of 5

1) Which of the following is NOT considered part of the body's nonspecific lines of defense against disease? A) antibodies B) mucous membranes C) intact skin D) bloodborne chemicals E) phagocytic cells

A

21) Which cell becomes a macrophage when leaving the bloodstream? A) monocyte B) lymphocyte C) basophil D) eosinophil E) neutrophil

A

22) Which of the following is NOT involved in phagocytosis? A) activation B) chemotaxis C) adherence D) ingestion E) killing

A

23) The M protein on the surface of Streptococcus pyogenes A) is part of the capsule and prevents adherence of phagocytes to its surface. B) acts as a toxin to human cells. C) is a pyrogen that elevates the body temperature. D) is an iron-binding protein. E) is a chemotatic substance that attracts neutrophils.

A

25) Which of the following does NOT bind iron? A) M protein B) lactoferrin C) ferritin D) transferrin E) siderophores

A

26) Which of the following statements regarding phagocyte recognition of pathogens is true? A) TLRs in the phagocyte cytoplasmic membrane bind surface structures of microbes. B) TLRs on the surface of microbes trigger the accumulation of opsonins. C) Lectins on the surface of microbes are bound by chemokine receptors. D) NOD proteins on the surface of microbes are detected by TLRs. E) MACs on the surface of microbes are detected by NOD proteins.

A

28) Which of the following substances stimulates the phagocytic activity of phagocytes? A) gamma interferons B) alpha interferons C) beta interferons D) antiviral proteins E) leukotrienes

A

3) Chemotaxis is the A) movement of cells toward or away from a chemical stimulus. B) transport of substances across the cytoplasmic membrane. C) squeezing of cells between the cells lining capillaries in order to attack invading microbes. D) attachment of phagocytes to a microorganism by binding to complementary proteins. E) extension of pseudopodia to surround a microbe.

A

33) How does aspirin act to decrease the symptoms of inflammation? A) It acts as an antiprostaglandin. B) It is an antitoxoid for most microbial toxins. C) It prevents complement activation. D) It interferes with the action of interferons. E) It blocks the release of histamine.

A

34) The residual body is A) the remains of a phagosome after digestion. B) the union of a phagosome with lysosomes. C) a dead phagocyte. D) the attachment of a phagosome to the surface of a pathogen. E) a type of granule in a granulocyte.

A

35) Which of the following characteristics is shared by the skin and mucous membranes? A) They are both constantly shedding and replacing cells. B) They both have cilia. C) The outer layers are composed of dead cells. D) Sebum may be present. E) Lysozymes are always present.

A

37) Opsonization is A) the coating of a pathogen by complement. B) the sticking of monocytes to the wall of the blood vessels at the site of infection. C) damage resulting in cell lysis. D) nonspecific leukocyte secretion of toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells. E) phagocyte receptors that detect PAMPs.

A

42) TLRs are A) phagocyte receptors that detect PAMPs. B) the coating of a pathogen by complement. C) molecules that damage cells, resulting in cell lysis. D) present in intact skin, sebum, tears, etc. E) nonspecific leukocytes that secrete toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells.

A

16) Which of the following is the key difference in the roles of the classical and alternative pathways of the complement system? A) the formation of MACs B) the range of microbes that can be targeted C) triggering inflammation D) production of chemotactic factors E) the effectiveness in killing Gram-negative bacteria

B

39) Margination is defined as A) the process in which nonspecific leukocytes secrete toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells. B) the process in which monocytes stick to the wall of the blood vessels at the site of infection. C) intact skin, sebum, tears, etc. D) the coating of a pathogen by complement. E) the release prostaglandins and leukotrienes in response to microbes.

B

44) First line of defense may be described as A) the release of prostaglandins and leukotrienes in response to microbes. B) intact skin, sebum, tears, etc. C) damage resulting in cell lysis. D) the coating of a pathogen by complement. E) nonspecific leukocytes that secrete toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells.

B

9) Microbial antagonism refers to A) the presence of pathogens on the surface of the skin, which will invade the body through abrasions. B) the presence of normal microbiota that protect the body by competing with pathogens in a variety of ways to prevent pathogens from invading the body. C) the presence of normal microbiota that can become pathogens under certain conditions. D) the ability of microbiota to mutate into pathogens. E) the presence of resident bacteria on the surface of the body and in cavities that connect to the surface.

B

15) Which of the following statements concerning the alternative complement system is true? A) It is more efficient than the classical pathway. B) It works best on Gram-positive bacteria. C) Its activation is independent of antibodies. D) It is not useful in the early stages of fungal infection. E) It plays a very significant role in the elimination of parasitic helminths.

C

18) Which of the following pairs is MISMATCHED? A) alveolar macrophage — lungs B) microglial cells — brain C) microglial cells — spleen D) dendritic cells — epidermis E) macrophages — lymph nodes

C

27) Alpha and beta interferons A) help protect virus-infected cells from the effects of the pathogen. B) protect the cells that secrete them from being invaded by a virus. C) are produced by infected fibroblasts and macrophages. D) produce active antiviral proteins (AVPs) that coat the surface of healthy cells and prevent the attachment of pathogenic viruses. E) produce no adverse effects in the body.

C

29) Which complement protein is the key to activating the alternative pathway of complement activation? A) C1 B) C2 C) C3 D) C4 E) C5

C

41) Which of the following statements regarding macrophages is correct? A) They cause damage resulting in cell lysis. B) They are nonspecific leukocytes that secrete toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells. C) They release prostaglandins and leukotrienes in response to microbes. D) They produce the coating of a pathogen by complement. E) They kill cells by causing cell lysis.

C

7) Which of the following statements regarding the surface of the skin is FALSE? A) It has sebum as a coating. B) It has normal microbiota. C) It has goblet cells. D) It is salty. E) It is acidic.

C

12) Which of the following statements about natural killer lymphocytes is FALSE? A) They accomplish extracellular killing. B) They secrete toxins onto virally infected cells. C) They are involved in the removal of neoplastic cells. D) They attach to the surface of parasitic helminths and produce toxins that kill the parasite. E) They identify and spare normal cells.

D

13) MACs are A) the initial trigger for the classical complement system. B) the initial trigger for the alternative complement system. C) the initial trigger for the lectin complement system. D) the end result of both the classical and alternative complement systems. E) the end result of only the alternative complement system.

D

19) Which of the following is a correct pairing of activator and leukocyte? A) C3b — natural killer lymphocyte B) lectin — neutrophil C) gamma interferon — eosinophil D) alpha interferon — natural killer lymphocyte E) NOD protein — neutrophil

D

2) Which of the following are phagocytic cells found in the epidermis? A) neutrophils B) natural killer lymphocytes C) microglia D) dendritic cells E) wandering macrophages

D

4) Which of the following cells increase in number during a helminth infection? A) basophils B) macrophages C) neutrophils D) eosinophils E) lymphocytes

D

40) Which of the following statements is true of eosinophils? A) They are in intact skin, sebum, tears, etc. B) They produce the coating of a pathogen by complement. C) They are nonspecific leukocytes that secrete toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells. D) They increase in allergies and helminth infection. E) They release prostaglandins and leukotrienes in response to microbes.

D

43) The leukocytes called natural killer lymphocytes A) release prostaglandins and leukotrienes in response to microbes. B) increase in allergies and helminth infection. C) respond to the coating of a pathogen by complement. D) are nonspecific leukocytes that secrete toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells. E) are specialists in killing bacteria.

D

8) Which of the following contributes to protecting the eyes from microbial invasion? A) Tears contain lysozyme and salt. B) A mucus layer traps and removes microbes. C) Tears mechanically flush particles from the eyes. D) Tears contain lysozyme and salt and mechanically flush particles from the eyes. E) Tears and mucus combine to trap microbes and remove them.

D

10) Mucous membranes are quite thin and fragile. How can such delicate tissue provide defense against microbial invaders? A) The mucus secreted by the mucous membrane physically traps microbes. B) The mucus contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals and molecules. C) Both the mucus and the outer layer of cells are shed frequently. D) The mucus is a physical trap that contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals. E) The mucus physically traps microbes, contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals, and is shed constantly, along with the outermost layer of cells.

E

11) Which of the following are chemotactic factors for phagocytes? A) peptides from complement B) chemokines C) interferons D) interferons and chemokines E) chemokines and peptides from complement

E

14) The complement cascade and its by-products contribute to A) attraction of phagocytes to sites of infection. B) triggering inflammation. C) triggering release of interferons. D) triggering inflammation and release of interferons. E) triggering inflammation and attracting phagocytes to sites of infection.

E

17) Which of the following cells can use nonphagocytic means to kill bacteria? A) eosinophils B) macrophages C) neutrophils D) natural killer cells E) eosinophils and neutrophils

E

20) Which of the following leukocytes have granules in their cytoplasm that stain blue with methylene blue? A) eosinophils B) monocytes C) lymphocytes D) neutrophils E) basophils

E

24) Which of the following is(are) activities of neutrophils? A) formation of neutrophil extracellular traps B) phagocytosis C) enzyme production that leads to the formation of nitric oxide D) formation of neutrophil extracellular traps and phagocytosis. E) formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, phagocytosis, and production of nitric oxide.

E

30) Which of the following cells does NOT have the ability to release histamine? A) mast cells B) basophils C) platelets D) damaged body cells E) macrophages

E

31) Which of the following substances is responsible for the edema associated with inflammation? A) leukotrienes B) histamine C) interferon D) defensin E) both leukotrienes and histamine

E

32) Which of the following is NOT an example of a walled-off site of infection that contains a fluid made of dead tissue cells and dead leukocytes? A) a boil B) an abscess C) a pimple D) a pustule E) a tumor

E

38) Diapedesis is the process in which A) phagocyte receptors detect PAMPs. B) leukocytes increase during allergies and helminth infection. C) a cell moves toward or away from a chemical stimulus. D) monocytes stick to the wall of the blood vessels at the site of infection. E) cells squeeze through the lining of capillaries to attack invading microbes.

E

45) The complement cascade results in A) the sticking of monocytes to the wall of the blood vessels at the site of infection. B) the squeezing of cells through the lining of capillaries to attack invading microbes. C) the release of interferons. D) movement of a cell toward or away from a chemical stimulus. E) damage resulting in cell lysis.

E

5) Which of the following is NOT one of the signs of inflammation? A) redness (rubor) B) heat (calor) C) swelling (tumor) D) pain (dolor) E) odor

E

6) Protection from infection known as species resistance is a result of A) the lack of suitable environment in the body. B) the absence of receptors required for microbial attachment. C) the presence of phagocytes in the tissues. D) the salty, acidic condition of normal skin. E) both the absence of necessary receptors and lack of suitable environment in the body.

E