SFADS Ch. 8

Jawala and Bisaka Singh = what

"Potato Kings" of Holtville

Asian Indian diet?

-Muslims = no pork, meat had to be prepared by them only -Hindus = vegetarians -Sikhs = fruit, vegetablies, milk, and roti -consumed large quantities of butter, or ghi

Asian Indian temples?

-elected priest w/ salary, room, board -Granth = sacred book -Sikhs in northern CA visited Stockton Gurdwara 4-6x annually -temples = communit centers

Very few Asian Indian women migrated, and after ________, men w/ wives in India couldn't bring them to US

1917 Immigration Law

1910, _______% expressed intentions of returning to India

46%

1920 Asian Indians in US?

6400

______% of them from farm caste

80%

Asian Indian children?

Americanized, helped families get out of poverty through education

1790 law excluded Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, but Asian-Indians were allowed

Asian Indians = caucasian

Das?

Asian indian student at U of Washington, pubished Free Hinduism

US v. Balsara 1913 Ajkoy Kumar Mazumdar decisions = what

Asian-Indians were caucasian, so they were white and eligible for citizenship

Example?

Bakhash and son Khan and partner Muhammad leased 2K acres. Attorney Gies actually leased land. Director of Holtville National bank held lands for many Punjabi clients = "Hindu bank"

Asian-immigrants found themselves called "nigers," they were more frequently associated with what

Chinese and Japanese

Asian Indian intellects of SF organized what

Ghadr (revolution party) -400 Asian Indians left America for India to promote activities, but destroyed

7 years later, planters appealed to _______ for assistance

Hawaiian Minister of Foreign Affairs

1865, Hawaiian Board of Immigration sent labor agent _______ from China to East Indiesto recruit laborers and investigate Indians as labor source

Hillebrand

1917?

Immigration restriction law designating India as one of Asian countries as "barred zone" and prohibiting laborers

Hillbrande didn't complete mission, but Hawaiian planters still were interested in what

Indian laborers

_________ went back permanently in 1920, serving as British Police Force in Hong kong

Khan

1920 Alien Land Law, 1923 Thind decision, Asian Indian allowed to vote? (y/n)

No

Asian Indian-Mexican couples, god-parents = who

Punjabi-Mexican couples (godmother = religious instruction, godfather = advice/gifts) uncles = friends

1922 OZawa decision?

SC declared "white person" synonymous with Caucasian, so Japanese immigrants not eligible for citizenship, reinforcing Asian-Indian beliefs that they could be citizens

1923 US v. Bhagat Singh Thind?

SC ruled whites meant immigrant from northern or western Europe, Asian-Indians not considered citizens

Majority of Asian-Indian immigrants were what religion

Sikh

Children given what names

Spanish names

1/3 of Asian-Indian immigrants were Muslim (t/f)

T

1907 hundreds of whites invaded Asian-Indian community of Bellingham, Washington, and drove 700 Asian Indians across border to canada? (t/f)

T

Asian Indians organized into gangs (t/f)

T

By 1920s, Asian Indian workers negociated for equal wage with japanese/white workers? (t/f)

T

Called "Hindus" in America, only a small fraction of Asian-Indian immigrants were Hindu (t/f)

T

Punjabi men usually prohibited from marrying white women? (t/f)

T

Virtually all Asian Indians came initially to work and then go back home (t/f)

T

Asian Indians frequently married Mexican women (t/f)

T (although generally not approved by family in India, divorce rate high)

Many California farmers eager to hire Asian Indians? (t/f)

T, since Chinese Exclusion Act and Gentleman's Agreement cut off flow of Chinese/Japanese workers

Asian-Indian who won nobel peace prize?

Tagore

Punjabi front-man strategy?

buying/leasing land and working out verbal agreements to have property placed under names of Anglos

Punjabi crops?

cotton, rice

Asian Indian gangs?

democratic bodies whose members shared a common religion, language, social background, values, and purpose

1924 Immigration Act?

denied immigration quotes to poeple ineligible for naturalization -Thind decision = basis for application for marriage laws against Asian Indians seeking white women, and deniel of landownership to Asian Indians under California Alien Land Law

Bagai?

distraught over no citizenship, killed himself

Most Asian Indian immigrants had been _______ in the pUnjab

farmers or farm laborers

Unlike japanese, Punjabis developed reliance on Anglos in strategy to avoid alien land law, why

few wives, not able to form larger/self-sufficient communities, low rate of literacy

Most Asian Indian farmers had probably been _______ initially

gang bosses -ability to speak fluent English allowed them to enter agricultural enterprise

How did religion help Asian Indians

gave comfort/coherence to lives, they observd fast of Muharram

By 1940, Asian Indian population what

had dropped, mostly 40-50+ years old, few were professionals

Asian Indian exclsuion from America and citizenship here underscored what

importance of Indian independence fro British rule

1919 Asian Indians leased _______ acres of land, owned _______ acres in CA

leased 86,315 acres, owned 2077 acres (Sacramento + Imperial Valley)

Moola Singh what

left wife in Punjab, but she died before he could return

Asian Indians cheating wage system at farms?

made fake names on list of payments

Asian Indian gender?

mostly men (1/3 to 1/2 left families behind in India)

_________ farming popular among Punjabis

partnership farming

Asian Indian prostitution and alcoholism?

predominant

Many Asian Indians employed at first as what

railroad workers

Like Koreans, Asian Indians didn't what

they didn't develop a colony or distinct ethnic community with set boundaries

Japan decided to permit emigration to islands, so planters did what

turned away from India for labor needs

Asian Indians were feared as labor competitors by ________

white workers