SFADS Ch. 8
Jawala and Bisaka Singh = what
"Potato Kings" of Holtville
Asian Indian diet?
-Muslims = no pork, meat had to be prepared by them only -Hindus = vegetarians -Sikhs = fruit, vegetablies, milk, and roti -consumed large quantities of butter, or ghi
Asian Indian temples?
-elected priest w/ salary, room, board -Granth = sacred book -Sikhs in northern CA visited Stockton Gurdwara 4-6x annually -temples = communit centers
Very few Asian Indian women migrated, and after ________, men w/ wives in India couldn't bring them to US
1917 Immigration Law
1910, _______% expressed intentions of returning to India
46%
1920 Asian Indians in US?
6400
______% of them from farm caste
80%
Asian Indian children?
Americanized, helped families get out of poverty through education
1790 law excluded Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, but Asian-Indians were allowed
Asian Indians = caucasian
Das?
Asian indian student at U of Washington, pubished Free Hinduism
US v. Balsara 1913 Ajkoy Kumar Mazumdar decisions = what
Asian-Indians were caucasian, so they were white and eligible for citizenship
Example?
Bakhash and son Khan and partner Muhammad leased 2K acres. Attorney Gies actually leased land. Director of Holtville National bank held lands for many Punjabi clients = "Hindu bank"
Asian-immigrants found themselves called "nigers," they were more frequently associated with what
Chinese and Japanese
Asian Indian intellects of SF organized what
Ghadr (revolution party) -400 Asian Indians left America for India to promote activities, but destroyed
7 years later, planters appealed to _______ for assistance
Hawaiian Minister of Foreign Affairs
1865, Hawaiian Board of Immigration sent labor agent _______ from China to East Indiesto recruit laborers and investigate Indians as labor source
Hillebrand
1917?
Immigration restriction law designating India as one of Asian countries as "barred zone" and prohibiting laborers
Hillbrande didn't complete mission, but Hawaiian planters still were interested in what
Indian laborers
_________ went back permanently in 1920, serving as British Police Force in Hong kong
Khan
1920 Alien Land Law, 1923 Thind decision, Asian Indian allowed to vote? (y/n)
No
Asian Indian-Mexican couples, god-parents = who
Punjabi-Mexican couples (godmother = religious instruction, godfather = advice/gifts) uncles = friends
1922 OZawa decision?
SC declared "white person" synonymous with Caucasian, so Japanese immigrants not eligible for citizenship, reinforcing Asian-Indian beliefs that they could be citizens
1923 US v. Bhagat Singh Thind?
SC ruled whites meant immigrant from northern or western Europe, Asian-Indians not considered citizens
Majority of Asian-Indian immigrants were what religion
Sikh
Children given what names
Spanish names
1/3 of Asian-Indian immigrants were Muslim (t/f)
T
1907 hundreds of whites invaded Asian-Indian community of Bellingham, Washington, and drove 700 Asian Indians across border to canada? (t/f)
T
Asian Indians organized into gangs (t/f)
T
By 1920s, Asian Indian workers negociated for equal wage with japanese/white workers? (t/f)
T
Called "Hindus" in America, only a small fraction of Asian-Indian immigrants were Hindu (t/f)
T
Punjabi men usually prohibited from marrying white women? (t/f)
T
Virtually all Asian Indians came initially to work and then go back home (t/f)
T
Asian Indians frequently married Mexican women (t/f)
T (although generally not approved by family in India, divorce rate high)
Many California farmers eager to hire Asian Indians? (t/f)
T, since Chinese Exclusion Act and Gentleman's Agreement cut off flow of Chinese/Japanese workers
Asian-Indian who won nobel peace prize?
Tagore
Punjabi front-man strategy?
buying/leasing land and working out verbal agreements to have property placed under names of Anglos
Punjabi crops?
cotton, rice
Asian Indian gangs?
democratic bodies whose members shared a common religion, language, social background, values, and purpose
1924 Immigration Act?
denied immigration quotes to poeple ineligible for naturalization -Thind decision = basis for application for marriage laws against Asian Indians seeking white women, and deniel of landownership to Asian Indians under California Alien Land Law
Bagai?
distraught over no citizenship, killed himself
Most Asian Indian immigrants had been _______ in the pUnjab
farmers or farm laborers
Unlike japanese, Punjabis developed reliance on Anglos in strategy to avoid alien land law, why
few wives, not able to form larger/self-sufficient communities, low rate of literacy
Most Asian Indian farmers had probably been _______ initially
gang bosses -ability to speak fluent English allowed them to enter agricultural enterprise
How did religion help Asian Indians
gave comfort/coherence to lives, they observd fast of Muharram
By 1940, Asian Indian population what
had dropped, mostly 40-50+ years old, few were professionals
Asian Indian exclsuion from America and citizenship here underscored what
importance of Indian independence fro British rule
1919 Asian Indians leased _______ acres of land, owned _______ acres in CA
leased 86,315 acres, owned 2077 acres (Sacramento + Imperial Valley)
Moola Singh what
left wife in Punjab, but she died before he could return
Asian Indians cheating wage system at farms?
made fake names on list of payments
Asian Indian gender?
mostly men (1/3 to 1/2 left families behind in India)
_________ farming popular among Punjabis
partnership farming
Asian Indian prostitution and alcoholism?
predominant
Many Asian Indians employed at first as what
railroad workers
Like Koreans, Asian Indians didn't what
they didn't develop a colony or distinct ethnic community with set boundaries
Japan decided to permit emigration to islands, so planters did what
turned away from India for labor needs
Asian Indians were feared as labor competitors by ________
white workers