Skeletal & muscular
Sutural bones are
(also known as Wormian bones) - are small extra bone plates located within the sutures of cranial bones
What is the function of hyaline cartilage
* Connects the ribs to the sternum * Covers the ends of many bones where they form joints
What is fibrocartilage
* Its highly compressible * forms intervertebral discs and * symphysis
What are the 2 mains tissues in the skeletal system
* Osseous tissue * Cartilage
what are the 3 main cell types of bone
* Osteocytes * Osteoclasts * Osteoblasts
What is the function of the bones
* Support * Protection * Assist body movement * Store minerals * Store fats * Blood cell formation (Hematopoiesis)
Flat bones are
* Thin, flattened * curved with 2 thick layers of compact bone * surrounds a layer of spongy bone e.g sternum
What is the matrix composed of
* chondroitin sulfate and various fibres * chondroblasts - makes cartilage * chondrocytes - cartilage that doesn't divide
Short bones are
* generally cube-shaped * made of spongy bone e.g carpal of wris
Long bones are
* typically longer than they are wide e.g. humorous * have a shaft of bone at both ends * made mostly of dense bone
For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?
An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue.
What are menisci?
B. semilunar cartilage pads
A deep pit or socket such as those which contain the teeth is a/an
Alveolus
What type of tissue covers the epiphysis of bones and reduces friction in the joints:
Articular cartilage
What are the 2 subdivisions of the skeleton
Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton
What is Hematopoiesis?
Blood cell formation
What does the Central Canal carry
Blood vessels and nerves
What is Osteogenisis or Osiffication?
Bone formation and the process of new bone
Irregular bone ares
Bones that don't fit any other bone category e.g vertebrae
What is the anatomy of the skeletal system
Bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments
what are the small channels filled with extracellular fluid, connecting the lacunae, called?
Canalaculi
What is osseous tissue
Compact bone
What are the 2 types of bone tissue
Compact bone Spongy bone
What sort of tissue type is Bone
Connective tissue
What does the Canalaculi do
Connects all bone cells to a nutrient supply
What is Articular Cartilage
Covers the articulating surfaces of the epiphysis
what are other important tissues in the skeletal system
Dense connective tissue
Which of the following bones is not weight bearing?
Fibular
Which of these bones is a cranial bone?
Frontal bone
List the 4 stages of bone formation
Haematoma forms Fibrocartilage callus forms Bony callus forms Bone formation occurs
what is the most abundant cartilage in the skeletal system
Hyaline cartilage
what are the different types of cartilage tissues
Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
The Periostieum is the
Is outside the dense connective tissue covering the diaphysis and contains osteoblasts
What is the Endosteum
It is the lining inside the Medullary cavity
The foramen magnum is found in the
Occipital bone
What is the Endosteum made up of
Osteoclast, Osteoblasts and Connective tissue
Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner layer of the periosteum consists primarily of ________.
Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts
What does Spongy Bone lack
Osteons
what do compact bones contain
Osteons or haversian systems
What is the Periostieum prone to?
Prone to tearing or tension
Seasamoid bones are
Protect tendons from excessive wear eg patella
What is the Epiphyseal line
Remnant of the Epiphyseal plate present in adult bones
What secures the Periostieum to underlying bone
Sharpey's fibres
What is cartilage made of
Strong flexible connective tissue
The shaft for a long bone is called
The Diaphysis and made of compact bone
The 2 ends of a long bone are called
The Epiphysis and made of spongy bone
What is the cavity inside the shaft under the marrow
The Medullary cavity
What are the arteries and veins that supply the Periostieum & compact bone
The Periosteal arteries and veins
Which of the following is an example of a bone that forms from fibrous membranes:
The parietal bone
What is the thin lattice layer of Lamelle called
Trabeculae
The glenoid cavity is
a depression for articulation with the head of the humerus
Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are ________.
amphiarthroses
The articulation that most closely resembles a hinge in the body involves which bones?
humerus-ulna
where are Osteocytes housed
between spaces of the lamellae, called lacunae
what does the volkmans canal carry
blood vessels and nerves
What is the function of Osteoclasts
breakdown bone
When blood calcium levels rise above normal, osteoclast activity is inhibited by the hormone
calcitonin
Which of the following provide a pathway for the diffusion of nutrients within compact bone?
canaliculi
Which forms the largest portion of the coxal bone?
ilium
where does hematopoiesis occur
in red blood bone marrow
Which of the following are found in the epiphyseal plate?
chondrocytes
A bone fracture where the bone is broken into many fragments is a:
comminuted fracture
A fracture that is common in osteoporotic bones is a:
compression fracture
What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?
increased osteoclast activity
The superior nasal concha is a part of which bone?
ethmoid
Thoracic vertebrae differ from the other vertebrae in that they have ________.
facets for attachment of ribs Correct
An opening in a bone through which blood vessels and nerves pass is a
foramen
Monoaxial movement is associated with _____ joints.
hinge
Spinal nerves enter and leave the spinal cord through passages between the vertebrae called
intervertebral foramina
When you sit, the part of the hip that touches the seat of the chair is the
ischial tuberosity
What are the small spaces in bone tissue that are holes in which osteocytes live called?
lacunae
what is the function of Spongy bone
lightweight and provides tissue support
Which of the following is the abnormal curve often seen in pregnant women as they attempt to preserve their center of gravity toward the end of the pregnancy?
lordosis
what is the function of Osteoblasts
make bone
What is the function of Osteocytes
mature bone cells and don't divide
Which bone forms part of the hard palate?
maxilla
Which bone is in direct contact with the first metatarsal?
medial cuneiform
The bony prominence on the posterior surface of the elbow is the
olecranon process of the ulna
When there is too little calcium in blood, which cells begin resorption of bone to release calcium to the blood?
osteoclasts
Thoracic vertebrae may be distinguished from other vertebrae by the
presence of articulating facets on the transverse processes
What is the major function of the axial skeleton?
provide central support for the body and protect internal organs
What is the function of Compact bone
provides protect and support. Hard solid bone
The pelvic girdle does not include the ________.
sacrum
Which of the following groups of bones in the human body, categorized according to shape, is correct:
skull bones - flat bones
The optic foramen travels through the ___________________ bone.
sphenoid
Which bone is surrounded by and touches all of the other bones of the cranial floor?
sphenoid
The suture found between the parietal and temporal bone is the:
squamous suture
The manubrium is part of the
sternum
The factor(s) that determine where bone matrix is to be remodeled is (are):
stresses of gravity and muscle pull on the skeleton
what is the function of trabeculae
support and protect red bone marrow
Which bone of the foot articulates with both the tibia and the fibula?
talus
A compound fracture can be described as when:
the broken bone is exposed to the outside
Which of the following is correct of the female pelvis when comparing it with the male pelvis:
the distance between the female ischial spines is greater
What does the Elastic cartilage form
the pinna of the ears tip of the nose
Which part of the vertebral column receives the most stress by bearing most of the weight of the body?
the sacral promontory Incorrect
How are osteons formed?
they are formed from centric lamellae around a central canal
The radius is located on the ___________ side of the forearm.
thumb
Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium levels?
thyroid
The bony prominence on the anterior surface of the leg just below the knee joint is the
tibial tuberosity
Which structure on a rib articulates with the transverse process of a vertebra?
tubercl