smartbook

quitting

Choice, Lindsay hands her boss her resignation and a two-week notice. She says curtly, "Enough is enough. I'm outta here." Lindsay hands her boss her resignation and a two-week notice. She says curtly, "Enough is enough. I'm outta here."

long breaks

Company policy allows a thirty minute break for lunch, but Carla usually takes an hour-long break.

______ commitment reflects an employee's desire to remain with an organization because of an awareness of the costs associated with leaving it.

Continuance

______ is a term that describes involuntary turnover of employees that an organization performs to reduce costs.

Downsizing

Which of the following statements about counterproductive behaviors is true?

Employees who engage in one form of counterproductive behavior frequently engage in others.

______ argues that management decisions and organizational practices should be based on scientific research and findings.

Evidence-based management

True or false: Citizenship behaviors are important only in jobs that involve interface with individuals and groups outside the organization

F

True or false: Counterproductive behavior encompasses employee behaviors that intentionally or unintentionally hinder organizational goal accomplishment.

F

True or false: Employees with high levels of task performance seldom have counterproductive behaviors.

F

True or false: Evidence-based management argues that intuition and experience should form the foundation for managerial decisions and organizational practices.

F

True or false: According to research, there is a strong correlation between job satisfaction and continuance commitment.

False

______ has two basic elements: what you think about your job and how you feel about your job.

Job satisfaction

tardiness

Karen has been late for work at least twice a week. She can't stand the thought of going to work and hits the "snooze" button on her alarm repeatedly before she finally gets up.

absenteeism

Laura calls in sick at least once a month even when she is feeling well. She calls these days "mental health days."

Which of the following statements are true about the employees who remain at a company after a downsizing program?

They tend to feel less obligation to stay at the organization out of a sense of moral duty. They tend to have weaker emotional ties to the organization.

Jamie predicts that, if she implements flexible scheduling at the company, absenteeism will decrease. This is an example of

a hypothesis.

centralization

a type of organization where decisions are made at the top levels of the organization a type of organization where decisions are made at the top levels of the organization

Melinda was humiliated at a recent staff meeting when she made a mistake in her presentation and her boss yelled, "That was stupid. You never do anything right, do you?" This example illustrates which of the following types of behavior by Melinda's boss?

abuse

After several United Airlines flights were canceled because of bad weather, reservation clerks had to scramble to get passengers rerouted to their destinations on other flights and/or airlines. This is primarily an example of

adaptive task performance.

When a major winter storm knocked out power to the Humane Society, the director had to quickly find alternative shelter for the animals housed there. This would likely be categorized as

adaptive task performance.

"I love my job," Brendan says of his job at the humane shelter. "Every day brings a new challenge and a new opportunity for me to learn and make a difference in the community." This description best demonstrates which type of organizational commitment?

affective

Persons with high levels of organizational commitment are likely to respond to negative work events by doing which of the following?

continuing to do their job speaking up and sharing their concerns with their manager

Employee behaviors that intentionally hinder organizational goal accomplishment are referred to as ______ behavior.

counterproductive

Online shoe retailer Zappos encourages its customer service call-center representatives to use discretion in making their own decisions to satisfy customers, without seeking approval from their supervisors. This is an example of

decentralization.

Organizations can often be more responsive to changes in the environment if they

decentralize

Which of the following behaviors would be representative of psychological withdrawal on the part of an employee?

doing work for another job while on the clock fantasizing about weekend plans during a work meeting

adaptive task performance

employee responses to task demands that are unusual, novel, or unpredictable employee responses to task demands that are unusual, novel, or unpredictable

Jamal is a customer service representative at a local credit union. He has been handling customer deposits and disbursements. Recently, his supervisor changed Jamal's responsibilities so that he can now sell certificates of deposit, assist customers with completing loan applications, and even approve small, short-term loans. This is an example of job

enrichment.

The process of adding task variety and significance, more autonomy, and other motivators into the job itself to make it more challenging and interesting is referred to as job

enrichment.

Which of the following actions by an employer would likely foster an increased continuance commitment among its employees?

establishing a generous salary and benefit package instituting a "promote from within" policy

Marketing a product in Western Europe may have different requirements from marketing the same product in the United States or in South America, so companies that market products globally often adopt a ______ structure.

geographic

Which of the following behaviors would be categorized as minor interpersonal counterproductive behaviors?

gossiping incivility

product

groups business units around what the company produces

functional

groups employees by the jobs they perform

According to the job characteristics theory, which of the following factors can serve as moderators that influence the strength of the relationship between job characteristics and job satisfaction?

growth need strength knowledge and skill

Leilana would best be described as a go-getter. She seems to have an inner drive to always excel, to continue to learn and master new skills, and to continually advance within the company. According to the job characteristics theory, this reflects Leilana's

growth need strength.

Tyrese has been in the same job for over four years and doesn't seem to have any interest in advancing within the company. According to the job characteristics theory, adding more variety and autonomy to Tyrese's job would likely not increase his job satisfaction because he lacks strong

growth need strength.

Which of the following are forms of personal aggression?

harassment abuse

Felicia volunteers to cover the balance of a coworker's shift so that he can attend his daughter's school play. Which citizenship behavior does this demonstrate?

helping

Interpersonal citizenship behaviors include which of the following?

helping courtesy sportsmanship

According to the resource-based view, the collective store of useful experience, wisdom, and knowledge possessed by an organization's people is referred to as

history

According to the job characteristics theory, a tailor who measures a client for a custom-made suit, selects the fabric, cuts and sews the suit, and alters it to precisely fit the client would have high

identity.

According to the job characteristics theory, the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole, identifiable piece of work from beginning to end with a visible outcome is known as

identity.

Which of the following counterproductive behaviors are types of political deviance?

incivility gossiping

According to the integrative model of organizational behavior, ability, personality, and cultural values would be categorized as

individual characterisitcs

The theories and concepts in organizational behavior (OB) are derived from which of the following disciplines?

industrial psychology, anthropology, social psychology

The resource-based view of organizations suggests that a resource is more valuable when it is which of the following?

inimitable, rare

According to the resource-based view, resources that are unique and impossible to copy are referred to as

inimitable.

Sophia has been hired as a consultant to identify the core tasks of different jobs in a large electronics manufacturing plant. She closely observes workers, records what they do, how the work is done, and how long it takes to perform the task. Sophia is involved in the process of

job analysis.

Which theory identifies certain job characteristics that produce high levels of the three psychological states that make work more satisfying?

job characteristics theory

courtesy

keeping coworkers informed about relevant matters

Accountants, lawyers, teachers, and engineers would be considered __________ workers because their jobs require them to engage in cognitive tasks and apply theoretical and analytical knowledge.

knowledge

Cognitive work that requires the application of theoretical and analytical knowledge is known as ______ work.

knowledge

The extent to which employees are aware of the outcome of their work is called

knowledge of results.

Alonzo is a successful salesperson but he's seen as a bit of a renegade in the organization. He doesn't like to be managed and doesn't have much interest in complying with company policy or procedures. His only interest is in making his sales quota. Alonzo would best be described as a(n)

lone wolf.

Luis is fed up with his job. He is frequently late for work and instead of taking only ten minutes twice a day for a cigarette break, he is sometimes gone for as long as thirty minutes. What forms of physical withdrawal is Luis demonstrating?

long breaks tardiness

lone wolves

low commitment, high task performance

apathetics

low commitment, low task performance

Janay dislikes her new boss, but she has been with the company for a long time and has seen bosses come and go. She plans to just "wait it out" and hopes things will eventually improve. Which of the following best describes Janay's reaction to a negative work event?

loyalty

sportsmanship

maintaining a good attitude and positive relationships with coworkers

Marcus is an engineer who heads up a product development team working on a new line of chairs for computer desks. The team has members from marketing, finance, manufacturing, and quality. Based on this information, Marcus's company has a ________ structure.

matrix

The organizational structure that uses a combination of the functional and product structures is the ______ structure.

matrix

A ______ takes all of the correlations found in studies of a particular relationship and calculates a weighted average of them.

meta-analysis

Pete reads all of the latest management theory books on the best-seller list and tries to implement the practices recommended by the authors. He surmises that their recommended practices must be effective because they are best-selling authors. Which of the following bases of knowledge is Pete using?

method of authority

Tyrone has been a sales manager for many years, and his staff has always reached or exceeded quota, so he is confident that he has good leadership skills. Which of the following bases for knowledge does Tyrone use to assess his leadership skills?

method of experience

In order to test market acceptance of the company's new product, Marketing Manager Francesca has conducted a number of focus group interviews and has also had an independent firm conduct several market surveys. Which basis for knowledge is Francesca relying upon?

method of science

The bureaucratic structure that arranges employees by multiple factors such as region, products, or clients is known as the ______ structure.

multi-divisional

As a general rule, managers in a tall hierarchy likely have a ______ span of control.

narrow

According to research, what type of statistical relationship exists between continuance commitment and citizenship behavior?

no statistical relationship

In which type of organizational commitment does an employee choose to remain with the organization because of a feeling of obligation to do so?

normative

The three types of organizational commitment are affective commitment, continuance commitment, and ______ commitment.

normative

Tonya isn't especially happy with her job or the company, but her boss is on maternity leave, and Tonya knows that the department would be in disarray if she left before her boss returned. What type of organizational commitment does this describe?

normative

In a simple structure, the central decision maker is typically

one person

Xtron has few rules and procedures and prides itself on empowering lower-level employees to be nimble and responsive to its customers' rapidly changing needs. Xtron would be best described as a(n) ______ organization.

organic

Citizenship behaviors, such as supporting and defending the company, working to improve its operations, and being especially loyal to the company, are known as ________ citizenship behaviors.

organizational

An ______ is a graphic representation of the jobs and reporting relationships within an organization.

organizational chart

The degree to which employees believe that the organization values their contributions and cares about their well-being is referred to as

perceived organizational support

Gossiping and incivility are two forms of which counterproductive behavior?

political deviance

A food products company is split into separate, semi-autonomous divisions for beverages, snacks, frozen dinners, and condiments. What type of organizational structure does this company have?

product

Phyllis works as a telemarketer for a nonprofit organization, but instead of calling potential donors, she often calls friends and relatives instead. Which counterproductive behavior does this illustrate?

production deviance

The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) has regulations that require certain employers to implement a random drug and alcohol testing program. Such testing could minimize which counterproductive behavior?

production deviance

General Motors groups its business units around the different lines of cars it sells, such as Buick, Cadillac, GMC, and Chevrolet, indicating it has an organizational structure based on

products

The types of quasi-contractual terms with which employees view what they owe their employer and what their employer owes them are referred to as

psychological contracts.

Common actions used to deal with typical or predictable job situations are known as ________ task performance.

routine

Horatio works as a parking attendant at a municipal parking lot. He monitors the parking lot to prevent vandalism and theft, collects fees from motorists, and makes periodic rounds to check for expired permits. These duties would be considered as

routine task performance.

In 2012 a Taco Bell employee in Indiana tweeted a photo of himself urinating on a plate of nachos. Which counterproductive behavior did he display?

sabotage

Asked to describe what was most meaningful about his job at the Red Cross, phlebotomist Kenji answered, "I make a difference every day to people's lives within our community." This is an example of which element of the job characteristics theory?

significance

Which core job characteristic refers to the degree to which the job affects or impacts the organization and/or society?

significance

Angi has opened a new gourmet cupcake store in a small college town. It has two employees: Angi, who does all of the baking and decorating, and her daughter Sandi, who takes orders and runs the cash register. Based upon this information, it can be assumed that Angi's cupcake shop has a ______ structure.

simple

Which discipline has contributed research on satisfaction, emotions, and team processes to the field of organizational behavior (OB)?

social psychology

continuance

staying because you need to

True or false: Remaining employees after a downsizing have "survivor syndrome" and are likely to have low levels of organizational commitment.

true

"I'm so bored on this job I could scream," Annette complained. "Every day, it's the same thing, day in and day out. I could do this job in my sleep." According to the job characteristics theory, Annette is likely deficient in which of the core job characteristics?

variety

According to the job characteristics theory, the degree to which a job requires an employee to complete a number of different activities involving several different skills and talents is known as

variety.

Bob was unhappy with the way scheduling of shifts was handled at work. He decided to meet with his boss to express his dissatisfaction and suggest ways that the scheduling could be improved. Bob's reaction to a negative work event could best be described as

voice.

Blake works as a bartender at a sports bar. He doesn't measure as he pours and often serves very generous drinks, especially if customers tip him well. "After all," he shrugs, "I'm not paying for the booze and it keeps the customers happy." Which counterproductive behavior does this describe?

wasting resources

routine task performance

well-known responses to demands that occur in a normal or predictable way

All the following determinations are influenced by organizational structure, except

whether an employee is fired or promoted.

An organic organization is be characterized by which of the following?

wide spans of control decentralized decision making

"I love being able to come up with creative ideas for my clients," says Marcus, a web designer. "I really feel like I've really accomplished something when I see my ideas come to life on the computer screen." This best describes which category of work values?

work itself

Work that provides nontangible goods to customers through direct electronic, verbal, or physical interaction is known as ______ work.

service

Randi works as an aesthetician at a local spa and works with clients to improve the tone, health, and appearance of their skin through massage, facials, and hair removal. What type of work does Randi perform?

service work

The degree to which carrying out the activities required by the job provides employees with clear information about how well they're performing is called

feedback.

______ commitment reflects an employee's desire to stay with an organization because of an emotional attachment to it.

Affective

Which of the following statements about organizational charts are true?

An organizational chart represents every job in an organization. An organizational chart represents the formal reporting relationship between jobs. An organizational chart typically is filled with the names of persons and job titles.

links

I grew up in the community and it's "home."

sacrifice

I'd hate to lose all that accrued vacation time.

fit

I'm good at what I do in my job.

Which of the following is the best description of the contribution of economics to the field organizational behavior (OB)?

It helps explain motivation, learning, and decision making.

Which of the following statements are correct about the Occupational Information Network?

It is an online database developed by the government. It lists the characteristics of jobs in terms of tasks and behaviors. It sets forth the required knowledge, skills, and abilities for jobs.

The comprehensive online database of worker attributes and job characteristics in terms of tasks, behaviors, required knowledge, skills, and abilities is known as the ______ Network.

Occupational Information

Which of the following is the best description of a causal inference?

One variable causes another.

______ involves hostile verbal and physical actions directed toward others within the organization

Personal aggression

The use of statistical methods to combine the results of several individual but similar studies is known as

a meta-analysis.

Which of the following types of organizational commitment is associated with organizational citizenship behaviors?

affective

What Jessica values most about her job at the humane shelter is that she believes she makes a difference every single day in the lives of homeless animals in the community. This best describes which category of work values

altruism

Which of the following behaviors likely would be involved in adaptive task performance?

analyzing options for dealing with uncertain situations handling emergencies or crisis situations dealing with unpredictable situations

Research suggests that job satisfaction is strongly correlated with affective commitment. This means that employees who are satisfied with their job

are more likely to want to stay with the organization.

helping

assisting coworkers with work or personal matters

Which method of assessing employees' job satisfaction is thought to be the most accurate and effective?

attitude survey

A high level of ______ directly contributes to the psychological state known as responsibility for outcomes, according to the job characteristics theory.

autonomy

According to the job characteristics theory, a college professor who is required by her department chairperson to use a certain textbook, follow a detailed syllabus, and administer a mandatory number of tests within a course is likely to have low

autonomy.

According to the job characteristics theory, the degree to which the job provides an employee with freedom, independence, and discretion to perform the work is referred to as

autonomy.

Turnover that may have been averted if the organization had tried harder or used a different approach to keep a worker at his or her job is known as ______ turnover.

avoidable

client

based upon the types of customers the organization serves

Organizational behavior seeks to understand, explain, and improve employees' attitudes and

behaviors

geographic

business based around the different locations where the company does business

Which of the following actions may constitute physical withdrawal on the part of the employee?

calling in sick being late to work

Jake is a salesperson for a car dealership. He has missed his monthly sales quota for March, largely because the car dealership down the street introduced a sales incentive of 0% financing for 36 months and a $1,000 rebate on all new vehicles purchased during the month of March. This illustrates that a problem with evaluating job performance on the basis of results is that the results

can be influenced by factors beyond the employees' control.

Although citizenship behaviors are somewhat discretionary and situationally influenced, such behaviors

can range widely over time.

Middle managers at Apics Dental have little decision-making authority for their departments. Almost every decision they make on a day-to-day basis must be approved by the CEO, from what they spend to whom they hire. This is an example of

centralization

Which of the following are elements of organizational structure?

centralization formalization

The degree to which decision-making authority is held by those at the top levels of the organization is referred to as

centralization.

Kendra works as a sales representative for a large company. She reports to a regional sales manager, who in turn reports to the national sales manager. The national sales manager takes orders from the CEO of the company, who reports to the Board of Directors. This best describes which element of organizational structure?

chain of command

In an organizational chart, each position is connected to one above it by a line, from the lowest level of the organization to the very top. This is referred to as the organization's

chain of command.

Employee behaviors relevant to job performance include which of the following?

citizenship behavior counterproductive behavior task performance

Voluntary behaviors that contribute to the organization by improving the overall workplace setting are referred to as

citizenship behavior.

Lucinda is an active member of the local chapter of the National Association of Realtors. She therefore can keep up with the latest industry and consumer trends that can help her company achieve its goals. Which organizational citizenship behavior does this demonstrate?

civic virtue

Which of the following are organizational citizenship behaviors?

civic virtue boosterism voice

A textbook publisher has one division that produces and sells textbooks for grades K-12, another division that specializes in higher education, and still another division that focuses on professional and continuing education. The textbook publisher has a ______ structure.

client

Tammi works for a large company that imports coffee and tea. Tammi's division sells only to large institutional customers, such as universities and hospitals. Another division sells to smaller retail and wholesale customers. Tammi's company has a _______ structure.

client

An employee's desire to remain a member of the organization is referred to as organizational

commitment

The people, places, and things that can inspire an employee's desire to remain a member of an organization are known as his or her focus of

commitment.

Aimee isn't happy with her job but her family really needs her income, especially now that her husband's hours at work have been reduced. This demonstrates ______ commitment. Multiple choice question.

continuance

In order to achieve standardization, formalization is a necessary ____ mechanism.

coordination

A summary of the statistical relationships between variables is referred to as

correlation.

Of the employee behaviors that are relevant to job performance, which of the following contributes negatively to the organization?

counterproductive behavior

Of the employee behaviors that are relevant to job performance, which of the following contributes negatively to the organization? Multiple choice question.

counterproductive behavior

Which of the following workplace satisfaction facets are measured by the Job Descriptive Index?

coworker satisfaction pay satisfaction promotion satisfaction

Ricardo works for a manufacturing company that had excess plastic material. To make use of the material, he developed what he called a "bag bowl," a plastic bag that can be turned into a bowl with a round, collapsible piece of plastic. This is an example of _________task performance.

creative task performance

Google asks its employees to spend 20% of their work time on a pet project that their job descriptions do not necessarily cover. As a result of this "20% Project," employees have launched products such as Gmail, AdSense, and Google News. Google's 20% Project encourages

creative task performance.

According to a survey conducted by salary.com, a majority of employees admitted that they visit websites like Facebook on a daily basis, and many spent 10 hours or more a week visiting websites unrelated to their work. This is an example of which form of psychological withdrawal?

cyberloafing

Recent studies demonstrate that job satisfaction is

declining.

The collection of work and nonwork forces that influences employee retention, such as links to the community or organization, what they would have to give up if they changed jobs, and their perceived fit with the organization and the community, is known as

embeddedness.

Affective commitment reflects a(n) ______ bond to the organization.

emotional

Anton's company has gone through a massive restructuring over the past year and has eliminated many levels of management. Each manager now has more people reporting to him or her. It would appear that Anton's company has become a relatively ______ organizational structure.

flat

Benny agonizes over whether or not to accept a new job. "It isn't just one thing," he explains. "I'm not crazy about my job, but I like the people I work with, and it would be really hard to give up four weeks of vacation every year. Besides that, the commute would take twice as long." The factors to remain with the organization that Benny describes are referred to as his

focus of commitment.

A mechanistic organization would be characterized by which of the following?

formal policies, procedures, and rules centralized decision making

Anderson Metals Manufacturing has voluminous, detailed procedures and policies that cover virtually every aspect of the work day, indicating the company has a high level of

formalization.

The most basic bureaucratic structure is one that is

functional

Tonya is a manufacturing engineer in a company that manufactures office furniture. She often meets with quality engineers to discuss issues that occur in the manufacturing department. Tonya's company has a ______ organizational structure.

functional

The multi-divisional structure can be based on any of the following except

functions

A gourmet burger restaurant has established separate divisions for operations in the northeast, southeast, western, and central United States. Managers in each of these regions have authority to change the restaurant's menu to adapt to local tastes and to make use of fresh, regionally available ingredients. What type of organizational structure has this restaurant chain adopted?

geographic

Dave frequently touches Jacinda when he is talking with her. He might rub her neck or shoulders or touch her hands or hair. It makes Jacinda uncomfortable and she has asked him repeatedly to stop doing this. Which of the following counterproductive behaviors is Dave displaying?

harassment

stars

high commitment, high task performance

citizens

high commitment, low task performance

Johanna is proud to be a Motorola employee and wants to continue her career with the company. Johanna demonstrates

high organizational commitment.

According to the integrative model of organizational behavior, ______ would include such elements as motivation, stress, and job satisfaction.

individual mechanisms

One of the factors in Irina's job as a web designer that gives her the most satisfaction is putting together images, words, animation, and sound and immediately seeing her work take shape and come to life. This would best describe which critical psychological state?

meaningfulness of work

A bureaucratic structure exhibits many of the facets of a(n) ______ organization in terms of work specialization, formalization, and centralization.

mechanistic

Which of the following are disadvantages associated with tall organizational structures?

more information filtering higher labor costs

____ withdrawal is a type of exit behavior.

physical

Counterproductive behavior directed against the organization that focuses on reducing the efficiency of work output is referred to as Multiple choice question.

production deviance.

Almost every Monday morning during football season, you can find a group of employees in Shawn's cubicle at work, comparing their football pool picks and analyzing the weekend's games. Which form of psychological withdrawal does this represent?

socializing

According to the resource-based view, people within an organization create resources such as culture, teamwork, trust, and reputation. These resources are referred to as ______ resources.

socially complex

The number of employees a supervisor oversees is known as the supervisor's

span of control.

Dawson's Cove Company is going through some financial hard times. They have frozen employee salaries and have not replaced employees who have left, creating a bigger workload for remaining employees. Throughout this turmoil, Tabitha continues to work for the company and remains positive and upbeat. What interpersonal citizenship behavior does Tabitha demonstrate?

sportsmanship

normative

staying because you ought to

affective

staying because you want to

Research suggests that job satisfaction has a(n) ______ effect on organizational commitment.

strong positive

Organizational ______ refers to how an organization arranges people and jobs so that its work can be performed and its goals can be met

structure

Tracey is an aesthetician in a busy spa. Tracey's ______ involves enhancing the quality of clients' skin tone through such services as facials, color analysis, microdermabrasion, chemical peels, and hair removal.

task performance

Which of the following refers to the set of explicit obligations that an employee has for fulfilling a job?

task performance

Employee behaviors directly involved in the transformation of organizational resources into goods or services are referred to as

task performance.

Which of the following is required in order to establish a causal inference between two variables?

that the variables be correlated

A correlation of 1 between two variables suggests which of the following?

that there is a perfect statistical relationship between the variables

Which of the following factors can increase an employee's continuance commitment?

the cost of switching jobs a high unemployment rate

creative task performance

the degree to which individuals develop ideas or outcomes that are both novel and useful the degree to which individuals develop ideas or outcomes that are both novel and useful

formalization

the degree to which rules and procedures are used to standardize behaviors and decisions the degree to which rules and procedures are used to standardize behaviors and decisions

chain of command

the line of authority that runs from the top level of the organization to the lowest level

span of control

the number of subordinates for which a manager is responsible

Elena is a middle manager in a large organization. Her span of control within the organization is defined by

the number of subordinates she supervises.

Deon is an aesthetician at a busy salon. In order to reach her sales goal for the month, she sometimes lies to clients who call to make an appointment with someone else by saying that she is the only aesthetician available for an appointment. This illustrates which problem associated with evaluating job performance on results alone?

the problem of social undermining and sabotaging in order to achieve bottom-line results

work specialization

the way in which tasks in an organization are divided into separate jobs

Work specialization is best described as

the ways tasks are divided into jobs.

According to the job characteristics theory, the best source of ongoing feedback on task performance comes from

the work itself.

Alonzo works as a retail clerk at a convenience store. A customer pays for an item with exact change and hurries out, so Alonzo doesn't ring up the sale and pockets the money instead. Which counterproductive behavior does this demonstrate?

theft

According to this text, with which of the following does the scientific method begin?

theory

Jessica perceives her relationship with her employer in relatively simple terms. She owes the organization her time and effort; the organization owes her pay and benefits. This would best describe a(n) ______ contract.

transactional

Richard works in a large office building and has noticed that many people have been leaving on office lights unnecessarily. He suggests that timers might be used to turn off the lights at night automatically. Richard's initiative would be an example of which organizational citizenship behavior?

voice

The subdivision of work into separate jobs assigned to different people is referred to as

work specialization.