SNCOA Test 3

Traditional and IW

-AF must be prepared to conduct both types and willing to shift from traditional to IW -Unity of effort across all instruments of power is essential to overall strategic success (DIME) -An effective working relationship between people and organizations is the key to success in IW.

Joint Force Command options

-Combatant Command (CCMD)-can be joint force, typically assigned broad missions that require 2 or more mil dept. to execute. Ex: under USEUCOM w/ US Army, AF, Marine, Navy -Subordinate Unified Command: Formed to conduct ops on continuing basis IAW criteria est. for unified commands. Ex: USPACOM has 3 (US Force Korea, Japan, SpecialOps Command Pacific)

DoD Components

-SecDef: defense policy advisor to the president for national security matters; exercises direction, authority, and control over the DOD; exercise of policy development, planning, resource management, fiscal, and program evaluation responsibilities -Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS/CJCS): military advisor to the President and the SecDef and is the ranking officer of the Armed Forces; no command authority over Service chiefs or armed forces. Stay unbiased. •• Provide strategic direction and plans for the Armed Forces ••Direct the preparation of contingency plans •• Advise on programs, requirements, and budgeting ••Develop joint doctrine, training, and education -Joint Staff: assists the CJCS in executing the duties and responsibilities of that office; provide strategic direction for combatant forces

Military Departments

-Secretaries of the Military Departments and Service Chiefs: they exercise administrative control (ADCON) that provides for the preparation of military forces and their administration and support, unless such responsibilities are specifically assigned by the SecDef to another DOD component. administration, training, and readiness of their unit(s)...under the authority, direction, and control of the Secretaries of the respective Military Departments to whom they are directly responsible

Function and Geographical Combatant Commands (GCCs)

-appropriate assigned duties, responsibilities, missions, or tasks of an individual, office, or organization. Purpose for which org is formed -assigned a geographic AOR by the President with the advice of SecDef as specified in the UCP. Responsible for the missions in their AOR, unless otherwise directed

Role and Service Component Command

-are the broad and enduring purposes for which the Services and the Combatant Commands were established in law. -consists of the Service (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines) contribution (people/resources) to a joint force. All joint forces have service components because each service has unique admin/logistical requirements. in AF, MAJCOMs are usually service components for Combatant Command Level joint forces.

Combatant Command (CCMD) and Combatant Command Authority

-command with a broad continuing mission under a single commander established and so designated by the President, through the SecDef and with the advice and assistance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) -Nontransferable command authority, which cannot be delegated, of a CCDR to perform those functions of command over assigned forces involving: organizing and employing commands and forces, assigning tasks, designating objectives, and giving authoritative direction over all aspects of military operations, joint training, and logistics necessary to accomplish the missions assigned to the command.

Joint Force Commander and Joint Force Component Command Organization (JAOC)

-general term applied to a CCDR, subordinate unified commander, or joint task force commander (CJTF) authorized to exercise COCOM (if the JFC is a CCDR) or operational control over a joint force -will normally operate from a JAOC. Jointly staffed facility established for planning, directing, and executing joint air operations in support of the joint force commander's operation or campaign objectives.

Joint Force and Joint Force Air Component Commander (JFACC)

-general term used to describe a type of U.S. military organization -a functional component commander who commands the joint air and space forces (from more than one Military Department) in a joint force for the joint force commander.

Joint Task Force (JTF) and Operational Control (OPCON)

-is constituted and so designated by the SecDef, a CCDR, a subordinate unified commander, or an existing CJTF; contains joint forces established for a specific mission and for a limited amount of time -authority to perform functions of command over subordinate forces involving organizing and employing commands and forces, assigning tasks, designating objectives, and giving authoritative direction necessary to accomplish the mission; is a middle tier of authority, allowing a cc authority to plan/execute military operations of large warfighting components. Said to be commander's 'ownership' over certain component-sized forces like numbered air forces or aerospace expeditionary task forces.

Strategy (The How)

-the art and science of developing and employing instruments of national power in a synchronized and integrated fashion to achieve theater, national, and/or multinational policy objectives -conducted to achieve national interests -originates in policy and addresses broad objectives, designs/plans to achieve them -plan of action, matches a means to an end -'what are realities of situation that may dictate the use or deviation from doctrine" "-elements that could effect outcome of operation we cannot control? " Ex: Island Hopping-how to defeat Japanese Military WWII

Considerations with operational art

-what are objectives and desired end state (end)? -what sequence of actions is most likely to achieve those objectives and end state (ways)? -What resources are required to accomplish that sequence of actions? (means) -What is the likely chance of failure or unacceptable results in performing that sequence of actions? (risk)

6 GCCs:

1. USAFRICOM-disrupts and neutralizes transnational threats, protects U.S. personnel and facilities, prevents and mitigates conflict, and builds African partner defense capability and capacity in order to promote regional security, stability and prosperity 2. U.S. Central Command (USCENCOM): Macdill, FL: Mideast, Egypt, Cent. Asia- promotes cooperation among nations, responds to crises, and deters or defeats state and non-state aggression, and supports development and, when necessary, reconstruction 3. US Europ.Comm (USEUCOM): Patch Barracks, Germany; Covers almost one-fifth of the planet, including all of Europe, large portions of Asia, parts of the Middle East and the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans; works with NATO and other partner nations to address the security and defense needs of nations in Europe and parts of the Middle East and Eurasia; find cooperative solutions in peace and wartime alike, to plan training missions, provide humanitarian assistance 4. US NorthCommand (USNORTHCOM): Peterson, CO; air, land, and sea approaches and encompasses the continental United States, Alaska, Canada, Mexico and the surrounding water out to approximately 500 nautical miles. for civil support and homeland security and oversees NORAD. Domestic disaster relief ops. Counterdrug Ops and consequences of terrorist event 5. US PACOM Camp H.M. Smith, HI; Encompasses about half of the earth's surface, stretching from the waters off the west coast of the U.S. to the western border of India and from Antarctica to the North Pole; protects and defends, in concert with other U.S. Government agencies, the territory of the United States, its people, and its interests 6. USSOUTHCOM: Doral, FL, 31 countries and 16 dependencies and areas of special sovereignty; providing contingency planning, operations, and security cooperation for Central and South America, the Caribbean (except U.S. commonwealths, territories, and possessions), and Cuba, as well as for the force protection; Panama Canal and area

Force Generation Construct

4 elements of AEF Structure: readily available force, enabler force, in-place support, and institutional force. First 3 AF warfighting capability and the 4th provides the AF sustainment capability. Readily Avail: Tempo Band/deploy to dwell rate Enabler: Common user assets like global mobility forces, special ops, and personnel recovery forces and space forces. No ARC In-Place Support: stay in garrison to support CCDR mission or home station ops Institutional Force: those assigned to org. responsible to SecDef. Tempo A 4:16 off, Tempo B 6m/2 off, Tempo C 6m/18 off, Tempo D 6m/ 12 off, Tempo E 6m/ 6 off

AEF Schedule and Battle Rhythm

AEF Schedule operates on 2 12-month cycles that align with Global Force MGMT cycle and coincides with fiscal years -Battle Rhythm 24 month life cycle periods of norm training, prep., deployment vulnerability and they vary depending on which tempo band (A-D)

Ch 3 Interagency Coordination

Achieving national strategic objectives requires effective unified action resulting in unity of effort. working with other agencies for common goal whether routine or catastrophic incidents (Hurr. Katrina). Planning with NGOs, IGOs necessary for foreign humanitarian assistance/peace ops

Physical Areas and Physical Factors

Areas: pertinent areas include the assigned operational area and associated area of influence and area of interest. helps orient commanders/staff to relevant physical locations during both planning/execution factors: air, land, maritime, and space domains, info environment (cyberspace). Terrain (urban settings), weather, topography, distances. location of ports, bases, infrastructure; friendly and enemy force capabilities

Military

Armed Forces must insure their adherence to U.S. values, constitutional principles, and standards of profession of Arms at home and abroad in support of its national security goals. Combat Ops should be a last resort when the other instruments of power have failed to reach objectives.

Four Branches of military

Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard (in times of war) and military Departments are: Dept. of Army, Dept. of Navy, and Dept or Air Force

Relationship from Forces to their commander

Assigned to: permanent transfer of forces. Gaining commander takes full control Attached to: CCDR requirements may exceed capabilities of assigned forces. Can be transferred from supporting commander-temp. transfer exercise OPCON or TACON Directly Support: neither assignment nor attachment; forces function in direct support of supported commander. answer directly to supported force's request for assistance

Value-Based Organization

Character: combo of features/traits that form the nature of a person; POA includes moral/ethical adherence to values Competence: technical competence to perform job as expected and ability to integrate your job with others Values: Duty binds us together and conveys our moral commitment; Honor (ethical fulfillment) and Courage: physical/moral both bravery and fortitude; integrity-bedrock of character and trust; Selfless service-nation first Teamwork: Trust in team members regardless of service, delegation of authority, Cooperation among series

Subordinate Unified Command

Command established by CCDRs, when so authorized by the SecDef through the CJCS, to conduct operations on a continuing basis in accordance with the criteria set forth for Combatant Commands.

Joint Task Force Components

Composed of elements (assigned/attached) of 2 or more Mil Dept operating under a single commander. Can be service or functional components

National Defense Stategy

Department of Defense (if SECDEF desires) can have a complementing strategy to the NSS. Not required. The NDS will support the NSS by establishing a set of overarching defense objectives that guide DOD's security activities and provide direction for the national Military Strategy. Links between military activities and those other government agencies in pursuit of national goals

Instruments of National Power

Diplomatic, informational, military, and economic (DIME). GOV officials and NSC (national security council) direction-coordinates these instruments. Tools used: using its culture, human potential, industry, science/tech, academic institutions, geography, and national will.

Functional Components

Est. by CJTF to control military ops. 1. Joint Force Maritime Component CC (JFMCC): responsible for tasking maritime forces/assets. Norm, Navy Forces 2. Joint Force land component CC (JFLCC): responsible for tasking land force 3. Joint Force Air Component CC (JFACC): responsible for tasking air forces 4. Joint Force Special Ops Component CC (JFSOCC): tasking special ops forces and assets

Functional Combatant Commands (FCCs)

FCCs are responsible for a large functional area requiring single responsibility for effective coordination of the operations therein. Responsibilities normally global in nature and they support GCC or can be supported by GCCs).

Economic

Free market economy is partially controlled by gov agencies. Individuals and entities have broad freedom of action worldwide. Responsibility of gov lies with facilitating production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services worldwide. Fundamental engine of general welfare

Area of Consensus

Fundamental National goals the U.S. should be seeking in order establish our national security -Goal of: Peace, Prosperity, and Liberty (in some form) found in the NSS or Security, Prosperity, and values

DOD Homeland Defense and Civil Support

Homeland Defense, Homeland Security and Civil Support inter-relate with Emergency Prepardness with overlapping mission sets and DOD must look at conventional/unconventional attacks by adversary to include terrorists. -Homeland security: concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the US. reduce vulnerability to terrorism& minimize damage to recover from -Homeland Defense: protection of US sovereignty, territory, domestic population,and critical defense infrastructure against aggression, external threats, or other threats as directed by the President -Civil Support: consists of the support the DOD provides to US civil authorities for domestic emergencies, designated law enforcement, and other activities -Emergency Preparedness: encompasses planning activities undertaken to ensure the DOD processes, procedures, and resources are in place to support the President and SecDef in designated National Security Emergencies

Information environment and Cyberspace

Info: composed of all individuals, organizations, and systems that collect, process, disseminate, or act on information. Resources include info itself, materials, systems employed to process, store, display, disseminate, protect info. Cyber: interdependent network of information technology infrastructures (internet) telecommunications networks, computer systems, and embedded processors and controllers. Intelligence tells JFCs what the enemy is doing, is capable of doing, and may do in the future

Multinational

International partnerships continue to underpin unified efforts to address 21st century threats. Shared principles, a common view of threats, and commitment to cooperation provide far greater security than the United States could achieve independently. partnerships must be nurtured and developed to ensure their relevance even as new challenges emerge. Other commonly used terms for multinational operations include allied, bilateral, combined, coalition, or multilateral, as appropriate. -An alliance is a relationship that results from a formal agreement (e.g., treaty) -Operations conducted with units from two or more allies are referred to as combined operations. -Coalition: ad hoc arrangement between two or more nations for common action w/ specific objectives for a single occasion or longer in narrow sector of common interest Ea. Alliance/coalition creates own OPLAN to guide multinational action Tenets: Respect, Rapport, Knowledge of Partners, Patience, Mission Focus

3 areas of Range of Military Operations

Military Engagement, Security Cooperation, and Deterrence: Ongoing routine activities that establish, shape, maintain and refine relations with other nations and domestic civil authorities (state govn. or local law enforcement); With Ongoing Limited contingency operations, major ops, and campaigns -Crisis Response and Limited Operations: Can be small scale, limited-duration ops, such as strikes, raids and peace enforcement, could include combat depending on circumstances. Conducted individually or groups in conjunction with major ops/campaign -Major Ops. and Campaigns: extended duration, large-scale ops. that usually involve combat. Major Ops is a series of related tactical actions, such as battles, engagement and strikes. Campaign: series of related major operations and both can achieve strategic/ops objectives within a given time/space

Joint Task Force Commander (CJTF) Responsibilities

Organizing forces: may dual-hat as service component CC Command Auth: directive authority for mission essential logistics and support capabilities; also, operational control (OPCON) over assigned forces and normally attached forces Planning: to develop a detailed operation order (OPORD) and supporting time-phased force deployment data (TPFDD) or campaign plan within the Crisis Action Planning Guidelines; how to apply existing operation plans (OPLAN), concept plans (CONPLAN), and functional plans to get the most benefit from prior deliberate planning

Chain of Command

President of the United States sits atop; In conjunction with the SecDef and the National Security Council, he determines the security needs of the Nation and takes action to ensure they are met. Pres. responsible to American People for national strategic direction, as commander in chief, is final authority on military matters. Pres (w/ SecDef) exercises authority and control of Armed Forces through 2 branches-admin branch and operational branch

Development of Policy

President-> NSC->NSC->NSS->NDS->NMS

Operational Art Elements

Such as logistics and technology to name only a couple are which a commander has some degree of control

Ch 3 joint warfare

Team warfare. Joint force commanders may choose the capabilities they need from the forces at their disposal. Effective integration of joint forces exposes no weak points or seams to an adversary. relies upon service traditions, cohesion, and expertise. Ex: Army Motor Trans and AF Vehicle Ops-A tactical convoy is a deliberately planned combat operation to move personnel and/or cargo via a group of ground transportation assets in a secure manner

National Security Strategy (NSS)

There are several that address our nation's strategic goals. Development process: -National Security Council (NSC) is Presidents forum for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and cabinet officials; coordinates policies among various governmental agencies. -Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS): statutory military advisor to the council and director of national intelligence is intel advisor; meetings include MGMT Budget, Pres. of economic policy, etc Overall process of initiating, controlling, developing, writing, and publishing the NSS resides with Assistant to president for national security affairs who leads NSC staff: provides guidance what is important to our nation, and gives our nation as well as others an idea of how our instruments of national power will be used or employed based on world situation at the time.

Supporting Commander

a commander who provides augmentation forces or other support to a supported commander or who develops a supporting plan. aids another commander's forces by providing supplies, aircraft, tanks, people, or planning assistance. Ex: Borrowing people on base for honor guard details

Functional Component Commands

a subordinate command organization within a joint force made up of military elements organized together based on similar capabilities or functions; made up of elements from more than one Military Department -For example, an "air" (the function/capability) component command, could include air assets from both U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy...fighter squadrons, attack aircraft, air mobility units, or surveillance aircraft.

5. A bombing has occurred in an area known as a hotspot for these types of activities and the President and SecDef want to stabilize this part of the country. The crisis is located in a country that shares its southern border with an ocean. Additionally, the northern border contains mountainous regions that intelligence predicts will be used as a safe haven for those taking responsibly for the bombing. Therefore, the CCDR decides to stand up a JTF to deal with the situation. The CJTF determines there are two areas of operation: air and sea. Based on the CJTF's areas of operation, she should to appoint a ________ and _______. a. JFACC and JFMCC b. JFLCC and JFSOCC c. COMARFOR and COMMARFOR

a. CORRECT. According to the NMO chapter, a JFACC (Joint Force Air Component Commander) is responsible for tasking air forces. Since the air is one area of operation, this is an appropriate appointment. Additionally, a JFMCC (Joint Force Maritime Component Commander) should be appointed since there is a maritime (sea) area of operation.

5. The operates two 12-month life cycles that align with the Global Force Management Cycle. a. AEF schedule b. AEF battle rhythm c. Global Force Management Allocation Process

a. CORRECT. According to the NMO chapter, a JFACC (Joint Force Air Component Commander) is responsible for tasking air forces. Since the air is one area of operation, this is an appropriate appointment. Additionally, a JFMCC (Joint Force Maritime Component Commander) should be appointed since there is a maritime (sea) area of operation.

7. CMSgt Decker tells his training instructors that even though they're considered an institutional force and don't represent a warfighting capability, they're still inherently deployable. Therefore, he advises them to check vMPF to find out what Tempo Band they're assigned to so they know when they might be vulnerable for a deployment. He ends by saying, "Remember, we're Airmen. Even though you're in a special duty assignment, you must be ready to support the joint force at all times. The more ready you are, the more useful you'll be to a joint force commander." CMSgt Decker's comments BEST explain the __________ and its impact on mission effectiveness. a. AEF concept b. AETF c. JTF

a. CORRECT. According to the NMO chapter, the AEF is the force generation construct used to manage the battle rhythm of Air Force forces. The AEF structure has four elements, Readily Available Forces, Enabler Forces, In-Place Support forces, and Institutional Forces. Since the technical school instructors are in a special duty assignment, they're apart of the Institutional Force. But, since individuals in this force are still deployable, CMSgt Decker advises them to check to make sure they know when they're vulnerable to deploy. Therefore his comments best explain the AEF.

2. Sometimes commanders use their knowledge, experience, and skills to respond with actions to assist during operations. Commanders have to consider certain elements they have little or no control over, but must nonetheless take into account when devising Strategy. This scenario BEST illustrates the differences between ___________. a. Operational Art and Contextual Elements b. Operational Art and Operational Design c. Contextual Elements and Operational Design

a. CORRECT: According to Operational Art, it uses the application of creative imagination by commanders and staffs—supported by their knowledge and experience, and skills— to design strategies, campaigns, and major operations and organize and employ military forces. Contextual Elements such as ours and the enemy's Political Systems, the physical environment and the enemy's/our national leadership to name just a few are elements the Commander has little or no control over, but must nonetheless take into account when devising Strategy. See rationale for correct response for additional information.

4. Both a science and an art, these actions are coordinated in time and place, to achieve strategic or operational objectives. Some practices have not changed since the dawn of warfare while others change constantly due to technology and the sociology of combatants. Leaders must understand these changes, act within their understanding of those changes, and continually assess and adapt to the situation to ensure success in joint environments. This paragraph BEST illustrates the effects of _________ on mission accomplishment in a Joint, Interagency, Intergovernmental, and Multinational (JIIM) environment. a. tactical actions b. irregular warfare c. traditional warfare

a. CORRECT: This paragraph best illustrates the effects of tactical actions. According to the Joint Warfighter chapter, tactical actions are battles, engagements, and/or strikes conducted by combat forces of a single service or a JIIM, coordinated in time and place, to achieve strategic or operational objectives in an operational area. Tactics are at once both a science and an art and some practices have not changed since the dawn of warfare while other practices change constantly due to technology and the sociology of combatants. The current JIIM environment demands leaders understand the context of the factors influencing the military situation, act within that understanding, continually assess and adapt those actions to be able to operate successfully in JIIM environments.

1. Which of the following did the Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986 accomplish? (Select ALL that apply.) a. Degraded the military advice provided to civilian leaders b. Matched the authority of CCDRs with their responsibility c. Placed clear responsibility on CCDRs to accomplish their missions

a. Incorrect. Degraded the military advice provide to civilian leaders b. CORRECT. Matched the authority of CCDRs with their responsibility c. CORRECT. Placed clear responsibility on CCDRs to accomplish their missions

Joint Operation Planning

activities associated with joint military operations by combatant commanders and their subordinate joint force commanders in response to contingencies and crises. It transforms national strategic objectives into activities by development of operational products that include planning for the mobilization, deployment, employment, sustainment, redeployment, and demobilization of joint forces. ties the military instrument of national power to the achievement of national security goals and objectives and is essential to securing strategic end states across the range of military operations Key players: National Command Authorities (NCA) and Joint Planning & Execution community (JPEC)

Combat Support Agencies (CSAs)

are Defense Agencies or activities designated by Congress or the SecDef and provide combat support or combat service support functions to joint operating forces across the spectrum of military operations and serve in a supporting role for CCDRs executing military operations and include: ••Defense Intelligence Agency ••National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency ••Defense Information Systems Agency ••Defense Logistics Agency ••Defense Contract Management Agency ••Defense Threat Reduction Agency ••National Security Agency

Administrative Control (ADCON)

authority and responsibility of a commander to tend to the personal and professional welfare of the forces assigned to him or her. responsible for logistic support, readiness and training, and personnel management issues including discipline, budgeting, and other functions of that nature.

3. The is so critical to Air Force warfighting success that it's considered a weapon system. a. ATO b. JAOC c. WOC

b. CORRECT. According to the NMO chapter, the Joint Air Operations Center (JAOC) is the operations planning and execution focal point for the JTF, where centralized planning, direction, control, and coordination of air and space operations occur. The JAOC is used to command and control air and space forces/assets to meet the objectives of the CJTF. It's so critical it's considered a weapon system.

2. In order to ensure his Airmen are ready to deploy at the end of the month, MSgt Spencer checks with the Unit Training Manager to see if anyone has any outstanding tasks that still need to be completed. He also scheduled some time to sit down with each Airman to inspect their gear for items that need to be replaced. He hopes that by accomplishing these actions, they'll be able to focus on the mission as soon as they get to the AOR. MSgt Spencer's actions BEST illustrate __________tasks associated with the ________ branch of the chain of command. a. Organizing and recruiting; administrative b. Training and equipping; administrative c. Training and equipping; operational d. Organizing and recruiting; operational

b. CORRECT. According to the NMO chapter, training and equipping are tasks associated with the administrative chain of command. MSgt Spencer actions illustrate training (checking with the UTM to see if anyone has any outstanding tasks that need to be completed) and equipping (scheduling time with each Airman to inspect their gear).

3. During an operation, a CCDR determines that he doesn't have enough air assets to accomplish a specific mission. As a result, assistance is provided from another CCDR. With the additional assets, the CCDR tasked with the mission exercises OPCON to plan and execute it successfully. Once the mission is completed, the borrowed assets are returned to their original CCDR. This scenario BEST illustrates a transfer of forces that are ___________ the supported CCDR. a. assigned to b. attached to c. directly supporting

b. CORRECT: The forces were attached to the supported CCDR (the commander of the subordinate unified command...tasked with the mission). In the NMO chapter, forces that are attached are temporarily transferred between the commanders. Additionally, the supported commander will exercise OPCON over them. Once the mission is completed, the borrowed assets should be returned to the supporting commander (in this case, the CCDR).

Tactical Actions

battles, engagements, and or strikes conducted by combat forces of a single command or a JIIM, coordinated in time and place, to achieve strategic or operational objectives in an operational area. Tactics are at once a science and an art. Practices have not changed: i.e. ambushes, reconnaissance, create obstacles, using ground forces to best advantage. Technological dimension changes on a constant basis. If the U.S. fails to change as the adversary changes, the mission could fail.

AEF Capability Library

blocks within the 5 primary and two ARC tempo bands, plus enabler force. consists of 100% AF postured capability Finite capability that at any given time identifies forces available or allocate for scheduling and provides a composite of capabilities from AETFs

4. MSgt Smith has to explain to his new Airmen how often they can expect to deploy. He tells them that when they deploy, they're usually gone for 6 months, but it'll most likely be 18 months before they're vulnerable to deploy again. MSgt Smith's comments BEST identify Tempo Band with a deploy to dwell rate. a. A; 1:4 b. E; 1:1 c. C; 1:3

c. CORRECT. According to the NMO chapter, MSgt Smith's Airmen are in Tempo Band C. This means they can expect to be vulnerable/deploy for 6 months with 18 months off.

6. MSgt Isaac's team is preparing to deploy in 6 months. During this time, he ensures their equipment is serviceable and all of their training is up-to-date. He also briefed that, if there are no extenuating circumstances, once they get back, they won't be vulnerable for another deployment in 18 months. MSgt Isaac's actions BEST illustrate the responsibilities of the _______________. a. Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986 b. Operational branch of the chain of command c. Administrative branch of the chain of command

c. CORRECT. According to the NMO chapter, the administrative branch of the chain of command is responsible for recruiting, equipping (making sure their equipment is serviceable), organizing (briefing them on when they can expect to be vulnerable for deployment again), and training (ensuring their training is up-to-date) the force. MSgt Isaac's actions are associated with these responsibilities.

4. In order to provide assistance to a country hit by a devastating tsunami, the CCDR decides to task U.S. forces already assigned to a command geographically located near the disaster with the mission. The CCDR gives that commander OPCON over the joint forces already assigned. The CCDR's actions BEST identify the use of a _______________ as a joint force option. a. JTF b. Combatant Command c. Subordinate Unified Command

c. CORRECT. The subordinate unified command already in the AOR should be tasked with the mission. According to the NMO chapter, subordinate unified commands conduct operations on a continuing basis IAW criteria established for unified commands. Humanitarian efforts and disaster relief as two such operations (see the US Forces Japan example). Additionally, subordinate unified commanders are given OPCON over the joint forces already assigned to his/her command.

5. MSgt Lopez returned from the unit weekly staff meeting and briefed his people about new strategies that will affect how his defenders protect the peninsula of their Forward Operating Base. A few people began to express frustration arguing that it will take more time than the current process. MSgt Lopez explained the reasoning behind the change; his justifications were disputed with statements that support why the change will fail. This scenario BEST illustrates how _________ and _________ levels of warfare impact strategies. a. Strategic and Operational b. Tactical and Strategic c. Operational and Tactical

c. CORRECT: This paragraph best illustrates the effects of Strategy on Operational and Tactical levels of warfare. According to the Joint Warfighter chapter, Tactical Actions are battles, engagements, and/or strikes conducted by combat forces of a single service or a JIIM, coordinated in time and place, to achieve strategic or operational objectives in an operational area. The current JIIM environment demands leaders understand the context of the factors influencing the military situation, act within that understanding, continually assess and adapt those actions to be able to operate successfully in JIIM environments.

Unity of Effort

can only be achieved through close, continuous interagency coordination and cooperation, which are necessary to overcome discord, inadequate structures and procedures, incompatible communication, culture differences, bureaucratic and personal limitations. is the cooperation and communication that occurs among the agencies of the United States government including the Department of Defense, other government agencies, non-government organizations, and inter-government organizations.

Strategic Environment

characterized by uncertainty, complexity, and rapid change, which requires persistent engagement. is fluid, with continually changing alliances, partnerships, and new national and transnational threats constantly appearing and disappearing. To remain resilient and develop leaders with resolve, senior enlisted leaders must familiarize themselves with a realistic view. •• Securing the United States homeland is the Nation's first priority. ••Deterring our adversaries is a US goal. ••Defending national interests requires not only being able to prevail in conflict, but also taking preventive measures to deter potential adversaries who could threaten the vital interests of the United States or its partners. •• Establishing, maintaining, and enhancing security cooperation among our alliances and partners is important to strengthen the global security framework of the United States and its partners. •• Responding to a variety of civil crises by acting to relieve human suffering and restoring civil functioning, most often in support of civil authorities.

Operational Environment

composite of the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect employment of capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander. Extend far beyond the boundaries of JFCs assigned operational area.

Operational Design

conception/construction of the framework that underpins a joint operation plan and its subsequent execution. Key: understanding strategic guidance (determining end state and objectives), adversary's strengths/weaknesses, developing operational concept that will achieve strategic/operational objectives. Extends Ops Art with creative process that helps CC and planners answer the ends-ways-means-risk questions. They are the individual tools that help the JFC visualize and describe broad operational approach. How to approach a task (Strategy).

Traditional Warfare

defined as a confrontation between nation-states or coalitions/alliances of nation-states. typically involves force-on-force military operations in which adversaries employ a variety of conventional military capabilities against each other in the air, land, maritime, space, and cyberspace domains. Objective could be to coerce key military or political decision makers, defeat adversary's armed forces, seize or retain territory to force a change in adversary's govt/or policies

Unified Command Plan (UCP)

document, approved by the President, that sets forth basic guidance to all CCDRs; establishes their missions, responsibilities, and force structure; delineates the general geographical AOR for geographic CCDRs; and specifies functional responsibilities for a functional CCDR

Tactical Level of Warfare

employment and ordered arrangement of forces in relation to each other. Joint doctrine focuses on planning and executing battles, engagements, and activities at the tactical level to achieve military objectives assigned to tactical units or task forces. can include a wide variety of noncombat tasks and activities and combat between opposing forces normally in a short-duration action. where individual battles and engagements are fought; Thus, even a global strike mission intended to produce a direct strategic effect on an adversary COG is ultimately a tactical action.

AEF Concept

force generation construct used to manage the battle rhythm of Air Force forces in order to meet global CCDR requirements while maintaining the highest possible level of overall readiness -Global Force Mgmt: process that aligns force assgn, apportionment, and allocation methodologies in support of NDS. Serves as SecDef's force mgmt. tool across all services -Global Force Mgmt Allocation: process facilitates alignment of forces and individuals against known requirements in advance of planning/deployment prep timelines. -Global Force Mgmt Allocation Plan: consolidated order that allows all SecDef allocation decisions to be complied into on order. Supporting CCDRs publish Deployment orders (DEPORDSs) implementing orders in GFMAP.

Joint Task Force (JTF)

formed to accomplish missions with a specific, limited objective...usually in response to a short notice, spontaneous, or unpredictable crisis (est. by SecDef, CCDR, subordinate unified CC). Once purpose for why it was created has been achieved, no longer required and est. authority dissolves the JTF . -Consider certain factors such as the task to be accomplished, your plan, and any regulations that may apply. Prevent types of confusing command issues: Unity of Effort: coordination toward common objective Unity of Command: Operation of all forces under a single responsible commander who has the requisite authority to direct/employ those forces in pursuit of common purpose -Centralized Planning: Placing w/in one CC the responsibility/auth for planning/directing, and coordinating military ops or group of ops. -Decentralized Execution: Delegation of execution auth over tactical aerospace ops to subordinate tactical CCs. alls to execute from dispersed locations and w/out rigid direction from above -Common Doctrine: principles that guide the employment of US military forces in coordinated and integrated action toward a common objective

Area of responsibility (AOR)

geographical area associated with a Combatant Command within which a geographic Combatant Commander has authority to plan and conduct operations.

Informational

has a diffuse and complex set of components with no single center of control. U.S. believes in the free market place of ideas. Information freely exchanged with minimal govt. controls. Only imposed for national security and individual privacy reasons. Info readily available from multiple sources influence domestic/foreign audiences including citizens, adversaries, and govt. Media is a conduit of info. Public Affairs, Integrated employment of electronic warfare

Ch 3 Inter-organizational Coordination

interaction that occurs among elements of the DOD; engaged U.S. Government agencies; state, territorial, local, and tribal agencies, foreign military forces and government agencies; IGOs, NGOs, and the private sector. Meeting the challenges of current and future operations requires the concerted effort of all instruments of U.S. national power plus foreign governmental agencies and military forces and civilian organizations. -Facilitate Unity of effort -Achieve Common Objectives -Provide Common understanding

Inter-organizational coordination

interaction that occurs among elements of the DOD; engaged U.S. government agencies, state, territorial, local, and tribal agencies, foreign military forces and government agencies, intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and the private sector.

Policy (The what)

is guidance that is directive or instructive, stating what is to be accomplished. It reflects a conscious choice to pursue certain avenues and not others 'what needs to be done' and all org are driven by 'i.e. reporting hours, dress&appearance standards, tech procedures, standard procedures -based on admin mental image of the world -at our nations highest level originates from Pres. and SECDEF -guidance that is directive and instructive -fluctuates and flexible -stems form national leadership; politics and money -expressed via NSS and within military operations as ROEs 'who can kill/not kill

Joint Doctrine

is the overarching guidance and it is a bridge between policy and doctrine employment of the Armed Forces of the United States. Represents what is taught, believed, and advocated as what is right. Joint Doctrine presents fundamental principles that guide the employment of U.S. Military forces. Purpose to enhance operational effectiveness of U.S. Forces. to get us all on same page if we are to fight as an integrated force; Standardize terminology, training, relationships, responsibilities, and processes among all U.S. Forces to free Joint Forces Commander

Tactical Control (TACON)

level of control that allows commanders to direct and control generally smaller-sized units to accomplish a specific task or mission; detailed, mission-specific control, which is normally focused on accomplishing a single tactical objective; lowest tier of command authority; it usually exists when there is no other formal echelon of command below the commander and his or her assigned or attached forces.

Operational Level of Warfare

links the tactical employment of forces to national and military strategic objectives. This application requires creative imagination by commanders and staffs—supported by their skill, knowledge, and experience—to design strategies, campaigns, and major operations and organize and employ military forces. where the interagency processes take place at the COCOM HQ. effects such as air, space, and cyberspace superiority, defeat of enemy surface forces

Adaptive Planning and Execution System (APEX)

op planning occurs within APEX. department-level system of joint policies, processes, procedures, and reporting structures. APEX is supported by communications and information technology that is used by the JPEC to monitor, plan, and execute mobilization, deployment, employment, sustainment, redeployment, and demobilization activities associated with joint operations. Formally integrates the planning activities of JPEC and facilitates the JFC transition from planning to execution during times of crisis. Based on guidance from this repetitive dialogue, planners develop multiple viable options to achieve end states while providing commanders and national leaders' flexibility in how they shape the situation and respond to contingencies

Joint Air Operations Center (JAOC)

operations planning and execution focal point for the JTF, where centralized planning, direction, control, and coordination of air and space operations occur; so critical to Air Force war-fighting success that we actually consider it a weapon system and functions include: ••Develop strategy and planning documents •• Task and execute day to day air and space operations •• Receive, assemble, analyze, filter, and disseminate intelligence and weather information •• Issue airspace control procedures and coordinate airspace control activities •• Provide overall air defense direction •• Produce and disseminate Air Tasking Orders and changes •• Provide for integrating and supporting all air mobility mission

AETF

organizational structure for deployed Air Force forces; expeditionary force established for a temporary period of time to perform a specified mission. a task-organized, integrated package with the appropriate balance of force, sustainment, control, and force protection. Air Expeditionary Wings, Air Expeditionary Groups, Air Expeditionary Squadrons, or smaller units deploy and form an Air and Space Expeditionary Task Force COMAFFOR- Command AF CC

Contextual Elements

ours and enemy political systems, the physical environment and enemy's/our national leadership to name just a few that commander has little to no control over. Regardless, it must be taken into account when devising strategy

Assigned and attached

place units or personnel in an organization where such placement is relatively permanent, and/or where such organization controls and administers the units or personnel for the primary function, or greater portion of the functions, of the unit or personnel. -placement of units or personnel in an organization where such placement is relatively temporary. Combatant CC be given operational control of attached forces

Doctrine (The playbook)

presents considerations on how to accomplish military goals and objectives. It is a storehouse of analyzed experience and wisdom. Military Doctrine is authoritative but unlike policy, is not directive. -Football reference: once evaluate/assess other team SOP, or ROEs they go to their own playbook and identify strategies previously used to counteract those SOPs/ROEs; Lessons learned; how we have learned over time as the best way to accomplish a given task

Air Expeditionary Task Force (AETF)

primary means by which the Air Force presents forces to the joint force commander during contingency operations. Can be numbered AF CC or echelon acts as the AETF commander

Diplomatic

principal instrument for engaging with other states and foreign groups to advance U.S. values, interests, and objectives. Dept. of State is lead agency for foreign affairs.

Administrative Branch

proceeds from the President to the SecDef through the Secretaries of the Military Departments and then to the Service Chiefs. Authority and control of forces not assigned to Combatant Commands proceed through the administrative chain of command; The individual branches of Service are responsible to recruit, organize, train, and equip forces...NOT employ forces. Ex of day to day: 1. Recruiting: Encouraging your Airmen to tell their AF story; volunteering for special duty assignments 2. Organizing: Ensuring Airmen are aware of their deployment cycles; putting the right Airmen in the right positions 3. Training: Assessing your Airmen's level of readiness during exercises; completing ancillary training (SABC, Force Protection, etc.) 4. Equipping: Keeping equipment serviceable; purchasing spare parts; ensuring your Airmen have all uniform items When doing PT test/pass preparing body to perform under harsh conditions

Joint Warfare

relies upon service traditions, cohesion (w/ all military services), and expertise. Combined with the ability to integrate these qualities into joint operations with partner military services and other defense, logistical, and intelligence agencies, they become a formidable and capable force. Irregular warfare (IW) has become an attractive method against superpowers like the U.S. and it presents challenges

Functional Combatant Commands (FCCs)

responsible for a large functional area requiring single responsibility for effective coordination of the operations therein. Can support or be supported by GCCs. Oversee: 1. US Special Operations Command (USSOCOM-MacDill, FL) defends US and its personal interests w/combat ready special forces to GCCs , 2. US Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM-Scott, IL, develops and directs the joint deployment and distribution enterprise to globally project strategic national security capabilities 3. USSTRATCOM-Offutt, NE- deter attacks on the US and its allies. providing intelligence on countries and other entities possessing or seeking weapons of mass destruction; developing a Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP) that fully satisfies national guidance; Command/Control/employ forces

Combatant Commands

responsible to the President and the SecDef for accomplishing the military missions assigned to them. Commanders of Combatant Commands exercise command over forces assigned to them as directed by the SecDef. Functions include: ••Giving authoritative direction to subordinate commands and forces necessary to carry out missions assigned to the command, including authoritative direction over all aspects of military operations, joint training, and logistics •• Prescribing the chain of command within the command ••Organizing commands and forces within that command as necessary to carry out assigned missions •• Employing forces necessary to carry out missions assigned to the command •• Coordinating and approving those aspects of administration, support (including control of resources and equipment, internal organization, and training), and discipline necessary to carry out assigned missions •• Exercising the authority to selecting subordinate commanders, selecting Combatant Command staff, suspending subordinates, and convening courts-martial as delineated in Title 10, U.S. Code, Section 164

Operational Branch

runs from the President to the SecDef to the Combatant Commands/CCDRs. Operational orders are relayed through the CJCS. When time permits, all communications from the CCDRs to civilian leadership pass through the CJCS even though he has no command authority. CCDRs may come from any branch of the military and are responsible for employing the forces provided by the individual Services; Conduct Joint operations planning, Amn deploy as result of admin actions

National Military Strategy (NMS)

signed by the CJCS and supports the aims of the NSS and implements the NDS. Describes Armed Forces plan to achieve military objectives in the near term and provides the vision for ensuring they remain decisive in the future. Outlines military role in achieving national objectives or areas of consensus.

The Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986

significant underlying flaw—the United States essentially had four militaries; branches of Service had carved out very powerful niches for themselves and could not, would not, did not work together efficiently or effectively. a result, a rift existed between the military and its civilian leadership that served to weaken the constitutionally mandated authority of the President and SecDef 1. Strengthened position of SecDef (The SecDef has sole and ultimate power within the DOD on any matter on which the Secretary of each Military Department chooses to act), 2. Improved military advice provided to civilian leaders (appointment of the CJCS as principal military advisor to the President, a role previously filled by all Chiefs of Staff and allowing Vice to act in his absence 3. Clear responsibility was placed on CCDRs to accomplish their assigned missions. (were given control of the operational chain of command and report directly to the President and SecDef). 4. Joint Chiefs of Staff, including the CJCS, were explicitly removed from the operational chain of command. 5. Act matched the authority of the CCDRs with their responsibility and clearly defined Combatant Command authority (COCOM) Ultimately it strengthened chain of command

Commander, Air Forces (COMAFFOR)

single, senior ranking Air Force commander in charge of U.S. Air Force forces presented to a joint force. can also be the Air Force commander of an Air and Space Expeditionary Task Force (AETF) formed for a specific joint contingency or operation. -responsibilities are: Service component CC in designated joint force; admin control; Operational Control; can be dual-hatted as joint force air component commander (JFACC) if AF presents air assets to joint force

Interagency Coordination

the U.S. government and organizations coordinate and work together to integrate the NSC Instruments of National Power. Various Intergovernmental Org(IGO), Nongovernmental Org (NGO) and regional org to achieve objective

Strategic (National) Level of Warfare

the interagency process takes place at the national level inside the beltway of Washington, DC. The players at the national level are representatives of the DOD and Joint Staff who will sit down at the conference tables with representatives from other U.S. agencies. nations' leaders, determines national or multinational strategic objectives and guidance to develop and use national resources to achieve these objectives. Derives from National policy

Operational Art

the use of creative thinking by commanders and staffs to design strategies, campaigns, and major operations and organize and employ military forces; Promotes unified action by encouraging JFCs and staffs to consider the capabilities/actions. Requires a broad vision, the ability to anticipate, and the skill to plan, prepare, execute and assess. Helps commanders order their thoughts and understand the conditions for victory before seeking battle. Without it, events would be disconnected. Commander is central figure in Ops Art and CC compare similarities of existing situation with own experiences/history to require solutions.

Levels of Warfare

three levels: strategic, operational, and tactical; There are no finite limits or boundaries between these levels, but they help commanders visualize a logical arrangement of operations, allocate resources, and assign tasks to the appropriate command. Echelon of command, size of units, types of equipment, and types and location of forces or components may often be associated with a particular level, but the strategic, operational, or tactical purpose of their employment depends on the nature of their task, mission, or objective.

In-progress Reviews (IPRs)

topics of discussion for campaign and contingency plans include: •• clarification of the problem •• strategic and military end states ••military objectives •• confirmation of intelligence and the operational environment ••mission •• facts and assumptions •• courses of action (COAs) •• capabilities and force requirements •• areas of risk •• identification and removal of planning obstacles •• required supporting and supported activities •• guidance on coordination with the interagency and multinational communities •• resolution of planning conflicts

Irregular Warfare

violent struggle among state and non-state actors for legitimacy and influence over the relevant populations. One or more combatants are irregular military rather than regular forces in this warfare. Terrorism is a form of irregular warfare; favors indirect and asymmetric warfare approaches; may employ the full range of military and other capabilities in order to erode an adversary's power, influence, and will

Geographic Combatant Commands (GCCs)

vital link between those who determine national security policy and strategy and the military forces that conduct military operations within a certain geographic area. assigned an AOR within which their missions are accomplished with assigned and/or attached forces. Responsibilities: ••Deter attacks against the U.S., its territories, possessions and bases, and employ appropriate force should deterrence fail •• Carry out assigned missions and tasks and plan for and execute military operations, as directed, in support of strategic guidance

Employment of Forces from CJCS

•• Preparing military strategy and assessments of the associated risk. •• Assisting the President and the SecDef in providing for the strategic direction of the Armed Forces of the United States, including the direction of operations conducted by the CCDRs. •• Preparing strategic plans and supporting plans for joint intelligence, logistic, and mobility. •• Recommending the assignment of logistic responsibilities in accordance with those plans and determining logistic support available to execute the CCDR's OPLANs. •• Providing for the preparation and review of military mobilization plans, security cooperation plans, and joint operation plans. •• Advising the SecDef on the critical deficiencies and strengths in force capabilities (including manpower, logistic, and mobility support) identified during the preparation and review of OPLANs and assessing the impact of such deficiencies and strengths on meeting national security objectives and policies. •• Reviewing the CCDRs' plans and programs to determine their adequacy, feasibility, acceptability, completeness, and compliance with Joint Doctrine. Integrating interagency and multinational partners into planning efforts as appropriate. •• Issuing the execute order.