SOC-10: Intro to Sociology Ch. 9-11 Study Guide

Currently about __ percent of Americans are part of a labor union.

10

Currently about ______percent of Americans fall under the federal poverty line?

13

About when did women surpass men in earning advanced degrees?

1996

On average, women spend _____ hours per day on housework.

2.5

The Royal African Company transported about _________ slaves every year.

5,000

New York City has an index of dissimilarity score of 84. This means that residential segregation is ________ in this area.

High

Ryan was a paralegal at a mid-sized law firm, and decided to change jobs firms. His new job is also at a mid-sized firm, and his pay is about the same. This exemplifies:

Horizontal mobility

Immigration Act of 1924

Imposed a permanent limit on all immigration, effectively closed down immigration for forty years

The United States has a(n) _________ system of stratification.

Open

The transatlantic slave trade followed which of the following routes:

Slaves were taken from Africa, transported to the US Colonies, where they extracted raw materials, which were then taken to Europe to be processed.

________ refer to a combination of communication skills, attitude, and the ability to read other people.

Soft skills

Women tend to work full time, and come home to do most of the housework and childcare. Hochschild and Machung calls this (the):

Second shift

Modern day slavery exists today, and the top two ways that victims are exploited are:

Sexual exploitation and Forced labor

Extreme poverty is defined as when a person lives on less than _______ per day.

$1.90

A family of four earning under ___________ would fall under the federal poverty line.

$25,100

According to the Kinsey scale, most people fall between ___ and ____ when it comes to their sexual orientation

1-6

Approximately what percent of the population is intersexed?

1.7%

Slavery was abolished in:

1865

The top 5 percent of Americans earned what percent of all of the US income in 2016?

48 percent

Currently, whites make up about ___percent of the population in the United States.

60 percent

Luani, an African American female student at Princeton University, is quiet, hard-working, and studious. She intends to go to Medical School, and thus takes advanced science courses. One day, Luani answers a question in her Organic Chemistry class, and the professor exclaims, "Great job! Maybe the question was too easy, since a woman was able to answer it." Luani probably just experienced:

A microagression

When it comes to the criminal justice system, men are _____________ in comparison to women

All of the above (More likely to be arrested for violent crimes, be victims of violent crimes, and commit crimes)

Gender includes:

All of the above (One's identity, Cultural expectations about masculinity and femininity, and One's behavior)

Which country consumes the most amount of natural resources on the planet?

Americans

Loving v. Virginia overturned nearly four centuries of __________ laws.

Anti-miscegenation

The melting pot concept is most closely aligned with which intergroup relation?

Assimilation

Sex is rooted __________ differences, while gender is rooted in ___________ expectations.

Biological; Social

The ____________ refers to the fact that minority groups are quickly outnumbering whites in the United States.

Browning of America

Page Act

Deemed Asian immigrants as undesirable, and barred their entry

Women's roles have changed ________ in the last century.

Drastically

The trail of tears exemplifies which of the following intergroup relations?

Expulsion

In ancient Egyptian societies, the Pharaoh ranked high in social status because

People believed that he descended from gods and goddesses, and possessed god-like qualities.

In the United States, men typically do not wear dresses or skirts. West and Zimmerman would point out that they are:

Performing gender based on social expectations

__________ Americans have the highest likelihood of being obese.

Poor

Michael's penis is considered a ____________ sex characteristic, while his Adam's apple is a ____________ sex characteristic.

Primary; secondary

Feudal systems of stratification were based on:

Property ownership

The concept of ______ typically refers to perceived physical differences, while _______ refers to shared cultural heritage.

Race; Ethnicity

The case of Alvera Federic illustrates:

The social construction of race

Based on research, there is ____________ likelihood that someone's occupation will fall in the same category as his father's occupation.

A strong

Which groups have the highest rates of obesity in the United States?

African Americans and Hispanics

According to research on gender and education, how do teachers shape the gender roles of children?

All of the above (Directing children to certain types of play based on their gender, Interacting with girls differently than boys, and Believing that boys are better at math and sciences)

Which of the following factors contributed to Jews, Italians, and Irish becoming white in America?

All of the above (Increased socioeconomic mobility / Entry into mainstream institutions / Increase in intermarriage rates)

Eugenics was a movement based on the premise that:

Certain groups are genetically superior to other groups

When someone's biological sex matches up with their gender identity, they are known as ____________, while when someone's biological sex does not match up with their gender identity, they are ___________.

Cisgender; transgender

In _____ systems of stratification, your birth determines your social position, and your status cannot change.

Closed

Which form of social stratification would an estate system fall under?

Closed

________ is the systematic denial that racism exists, and the assertion that race has no bearing on one's life chances.

Color-blind racism

The statement, "The wealthy do everything in their power to maintain their social position." aligns most closely with which school of thought?

Conflict theory

Shauna is married to Joseph, a white nationalist who discriminates against their neighbors. Shauna doesn't share Joseph's prejudiced beliefs that whites are better than other groups, but she discriminates against their black neighbors out of fear of her husband. According to Merton, Shauna is a(n):

Fair weather liberal

Most Americans now _______________ same sex marriage.

Favor

Margaret Mead's research on three New Guinean tribes and gender roles illustrate that:

Gender is culturally and socially constructed

Pol Pot's killing fields in Phenom Penh, Cambodia exemplifies which of the following intergroup relations?

Genocide

Immigration Reform and Control Act

Granted amnesty to undocumented immigrants, established sanctions for hiring undocumented immigrants

In hunter-gatherer societies, ___________ ranked higher in social status within their tribes.

Hunters

__________ refers to exaggerated male stereotypical behavior such as aggression, violence, and sexual promiscuity.

Hypermasculinity

Income inequality has been __________ since the 1970s

Increasing

Julissa's parents immigrated to the United States from the Dominican Republic. They worked low-wage factory jobs and encouraged Julissa to continue her education. Julissa graduated at the top of her class in high school, and went on to become a doctor. This exemplifies

Intergenerational mobility

Slavery exemplifies which of the following intergroup relations?

Internal colonialism

At the turn of the twentieth century, _________ were considered to be black in America.

Irish Americans

__________ are the largest minority group in the United States.

Latinos

Hart-Cellar Act

Lifted the forty year ban on immigration

The case _____________ was the first court case that de-segregated public schools in California.

Mendez v. Westminster

Research finds that mothers interact differently with their infants based on the baby's gender. What are some of the differences?

Mothers spend more time in general with daughters.

The poorest Americans have __________ wealth.

Negative

92% of nurses are women; 97% of pre-school and kindergarten teachers are women; 95% of secretaries are women. Which of the following sociological concepts would best exemplify these statistics?

Occupational segregation

Which of the following statistics best exemplify the wage gap?

On average, men make 17% more in earnings than women

Chinese Exclusion Act

Specifically denied entry to any Chinese immigrants

Josh is a drug dealer who earns $250,000 annually. He lives a flashy lifestyle, driving a luxury sports car, and wearing name brand clothes and watches. However, he is embarrassed to tell people what his profession is, and he cannot buy a home because he cannot declare his income. Lenski would say that this is an example of:

Status inconsistency

If a country has a Gini coefficient of 0.75, inequality in that country is

Strong

The statement, "Rich people deserve to be rich because they are the most talented and qualified in society." aligns most closely with which school of thought?

Structural functionalism

Libby is one quarter Irish, half German, and one quarter Russian. On Saint Patrick's Day, she celebrates by drinking green beer, eating corned beef and cabbage, and listening to Celtic music. During Oktoberfest, she dresses up in a Bavarian dress, eats sausages, and drinks German beer. However, on most days, she doesn't think about being German or Irish, or even Russian. Herbert Gans would say that Libby exemplifies which of the following concepts?

Symbolic ethnicity

In the state of California, whites only make up about 38 percent of the total population. However, the vast majority of the wealthiest Californians are white, and most of the political offices are held by whites. Louis Wirth would point out that whites are:

The dominant group

While social stratification is universal to virtually all societies,

The way in which people are ranked varies depending on the society and period of time.

In private, Michael curses his Chinese neighbors for not following rules and littering in the neighborhood. He secretly believes that Chinese people are inferior to whites. However, he does not act in any discriminating ways against Chinese people. According to Merton, Mike is a(n):

Timid bigot

Danica Roem made history as the first ________________ to win a seat in the Virginia state legislature.

Transwoman

Michael is 42 years old, and chronically unemployed. He does not have a place to live, and moves in and out of homeless shelters, opting to spend many nights on the street. He relies on government assistant, and pan handles to feed himself. Which of the following social class would Michael fall under?

Underclass

Mackenzie's parents are both surgeons who attended Ivy League universities. They own their own medical practice, and earn about $3 million per year. In addition to their income, they own several homes and a yacht. They vacation in a different country every season. Mackenzie is probably in the:

Upper class

The Rockefellers are considered to be a part of the:

Upper class

Benjamin is a pharmacist whose annual salary is $125,000. His wife Maria is an attorney, and she earns about $80,000 per year. They own their home, and have savings for retirement and for their children's college funds. Maria and Benjamin would be considered:

Upper middle class

In feudal systems of stratification, sovereign rulers granted ___________ parcels of land in exchange for military protection.

Vassals

The most commonly experienced form of sexual harassment at work is:

Verbal sexual harassment

The way that the US Census has measured race since 1790 has been:

Very inconsistent, it has changed almost every decade

Weber pointed out that there is more than income to measure social class. What three components did Weber say contribute to one's social class?

Wealth, power, and prestige

The US government tends to help the very wealthy through tax loopholes and subsidies. Sociologists call this:

Wealthfare

Americans rank ________ jobs as more prestigious.

White collar

The Alt-Right group is a:

White nationalist group

The vast majority of human trafficking victims are:

Women

The United States government mandates _____ weeks of maternity leave for new mothers.

Zero

India's social stratification system is an example of a __________ system, which is a(n) _________ system of social stratification.

caste, closed