Soc Exam 2 Practice Questions

7.In the 1960s, when politicians mentioned cleaning up "violence in the streets," to what were they primarily referring? a.gang wars in Chicago b.a slew of murders, usually involving men attacking single females c.riots and civil disobedience by civil rights protestors d.muggings and catcalling

c

1. What were the two important institutions that arose to control and confine nonwhites—African Americans in particular? a.slavery and marriage b.the lynch mob and the prison c.voting and indentured servitude d.schooling and the military

b

12.Contrary to popular belief, social scientific evidence has shown that immigrants: a.make America safer b.make America less safe, whether they are here legally or not c.are more likely to call police in an emergency d.are less likely to drop out of high school

a

14.One study analyzed more than 900 films and found that, with few exceptions, which group was represented as "Public Enemy Number One"? a.Arabs b.Africans c.Indians d.Eastern Europeans

a

15.Jasper, a young black man in Chicago, gets by as a low-level drug dealer. Given studies cited in the textbook, what can we likely conclude about his income and hours worked doing so? a.Jasper probably makes close-to or less-than minimum wage, with hours that add up to only part-time work. b.Jasper works overtime compared to the traditional workweek and makes a lucrative living, pulling in a couple of thousand dollars a week. c.Jasper is "killing it" by working only a few hours a week but making money that adds up to a six-figure yearly salary. d.Jasper works for a well-structured organized gang that pays him a salary through the ranks of their leadership for the work he does, meaning he makes the same amount no matter what hours he works.

a

2.The biggest increase in specific prison populations occurred between 1980 and 2011, a jump from 15,118 to 111,387. This represented a 587 percent increase in the number of _____ imprisoned. a.women b.men c.illegal immigrants d.juveniles

a

5.According to opinion polls, what was one of the primary concerns of U.S. voters during the mid-1960s?a.civil rights b.crime c.gender discrimination d.immigration

a

8.In the 1960s, politicians began what has come to be known as the "war on drugs," a product of which includes increased imprisonments for nonviolent drug offenses. Which of the following was one result of the war on drugs during the 1970s? a.Potential race rioters were arrested. b.Drug trafficking decreased. c.Sexual violence decreased. d.Drug use decreased.

a

A beauty product marketed to Asian American women with the intent of "lightening" their skin represents: a.the racialization of Asian femininity toward white standards b.the expanding array of accepted standards for cultural beauty in American society c.the normalization of cosmetics for Asian Americans d.a radical shift in beauty norms for Asian Americans compared to a decade ago

a

Although the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was largely a white Protestant movement, formed with the explicit purpose of promoting racial and ethnic conflict, it wasn't the only one. Another example the textbook gives is ____ associations established to wage battle with _____ ones. a.Irish; Italian b.German; Jewish c.French; Polish d.Japanese; Korean

a

Because many American Indians are married to non-American Indians, they often find themselves looking through the cultural lens of their partners and expanding their perspective. This type of emotional work is called: a.cultural labor b.symbolic interaction c.acculturation d.the second shift

a

Because of many factors—including, but not limited to, the history of male and female roles under slavery and the interaction patterns between men and women in families—black men and women tend to differ in their views of gender roles and expectations. In terms of the meaning of race and/or gender in understanding this difference, we might say that: a.to fully appreciate the nuance of these differences, we have to take into account both gendered and racial aspects of identity b.intersecting dynamics of identity are limited to combinations of gender and race c.the socially constructed nature of race holds greater historical traction in the explanation of this dynamic than the socially constructed nature of gender d.because of the way gender roles in families are collectively understood in society even when people have different expectations in their own families, it is difficult to meet those expectations

a

Couples who are dissimilar from one another may have a lower probability of staying married; black couples show greater spousal dissimilarity than nonblack couples. One reason for this may be that: a.the relatively small size of the marriage pool for blacks limits choices for potential mates, increasing the chance of incompatibility b.the pattern of behaviors among black men across society makes them less adaptable, causing incompatibilities with most spouses, regardless of race c.the adage "opposites attract" creates a sense of adventure for some couples that disappears over time, and black couples are more likely to marry earlier, before that sense of adventure ends d.blacks have similar understandings of gender role expectations within the relationship but diverging understandings of how couples express love

a

Kathleen Blee conducted research on women who were involved in white supremacist groups and found that most: a.were middle class, had college educations, and were gainfully employed b.were working class, had some college, and were employed part-time c.were working poor, had high school degrees, and had minimum wage jobs d.were poor, were high school dropouts, and were unemployed and on public assistance

a

Marcus Garvey's ethnic chauvinism is best described as: a.excessive loyalty toward and belief in the superiority of one's racial or ethnic group b.the belief that men, particularly men of color, are superior to women of all colors in society c.a philosophy of racial superiority that promoted adjustment and accommodation to the laws and social policies of the larger society d.a prointegrationist sentiment that favors interracial cooperation rather than competition

a

Alabama did not remove language from its state constitution prohibiting interracial marriage until 2000. Though not legally binding, the language operated as a powerful: a.precedent b.symbol c.fountainhead d.gesture

b

On one hand, racial tourism can denaturalize racial categories and provide people with a kind of racial freedom that offline life does not permit. On the other hand, too often racial tourism: a.reinforces racial divides through stereotypes b.leads to hate crimes and other forms of violence c.creates racist ideologies where they didn't previously exist d.erases the differences between virtual race relations and real race relations

a

Sheila is a black executive at a company that is almost entirely all-white. She jokes with her mother that when she goes to work she "checks her blackness at the door." Erving Goffman might say that at work she is her _________ self. a.front stage b.misrepresented c.back stage d.center stage

a

The Internet was used effectively to extend the reach of the Hawaiian language revitalization movement, demonstrating that: a.the Internet can be a useful tool for building community and providing avenues for people to communicate in their language and redeem interest in and use of that language b.the Internet can mobilize people to advocate for the use of their native languages, but only if a larger social movement provides the base for these efforts c.because of the uniqueness of the Hawaiian language and cultural revitalization movement, the renewed interest in the Hawaiian language resulting from Internet exposure was nothing more than an exception and not a model for future preservation movements d.the Internet is such a negative social space that people seeking to restore and retain their language through the Internet have to fight against the prejudices of Internet trolls

a

When an Indian American father tells his teenage daughter to be chaste and traditional and not promiscuous and weak like white American women, he is alluding to the way in which: a.racial identity is defined through certain sexual practices and performances b.Indian Americans embrace American stereotypes about their culture c.Indians identify as white rather than black when they come to the United States d.Indian Americans think of Americans as monolithically white

a

When people argue that race is marked, or socially constructed, what are they referring to? a.the way that race "imposes itself on you" through America's racial taxonomy b.the way that race is created through a combination of internal and external forces, asserted both from outside groups and from within specific cultures c.the way that certain races are socially and symbolically marked as different or inferior d.the way that race is created through performances such as gestures, interactions, and cultural activities

a

When people examine the overlap of their own intersecting identities, they may be likely to overlook the impact of their privileged identities, as described in which of the following examples? a.an upper-middle-class black woman who minimizes the role of her economic position b.a working-class Russian Jewish immigrant who minimizes the role of his religion c.an upper-middle-class black executive who minimizes the role of his race d.a middle-class white suburban housewife who minimizes the role gender plays in her day-to-day interactions with her spouse

a

Which of the following was a success of black nationalism? a.It made many black people feel more proud of their African American identity. b.It led to a significant increase in African American- owned businesses. c.It encouraged white people to support integration efforts. d.It encouraged a large number of blacks to support separatism.

a

19. Why might immigrant women be more prone to become the repeated victims of intimate partner violence than native-born American women? a.Even though the reality of the presence of immigrants in American society may be a reduction in overall crime, our society's institutions and media promote the acceptance of violence between immigrant couples. b.A woman's risk of partner abuse increases the more isolated she is from the wider society, and immigrant women are perhaps the most isolated in America; many abuse programs and shelters are located in nonimmigrant neighborhoods. c.Immigrant women are less likely to be educated in American institutions, and therefore their reports of violence and abuse happen within the networks of their communities in their countries of origin. d.The media portrays solutions to the "problems of immigrants" as deportation, so society does not punish or arrest men in immigrant communities if they act violently toward women.

b

21.What is one way that the "code of the street" is supported by mainstream corporations? a.MTV was sued after its president was found drug dealing with underprivileged youth. b.Designers like Louis Vuitton and Versace embrace the hip-hop styles, influences, and even musicians in their advertising and brand marketing. c.The NFL suspended football player Ray Rice after video footage of him beating his fiancée on an elevator surfaced. d.McDonald's came under scrutiny after providing toy guns in its Happy Meals.

b

6.As Michael Tonry writes in Malign Neglect, "Through [the twentieth century] in periods of high intolerance of drug use, minority group stereotypes have been associated with deviant drug use." What would be an example of this phenomenon? a .the rise of white women using antidepressants b. the association of the Chinese with opium dens during the early twentieth century c. the rise in abuse of ADHD medication among high school and college students d. steroid use among professional athletes

b

6.How do the prejudices that are part of the ideologies of hate groups compare to the prejudices that come up as part of everyday life in modern American society? a.These biases are basically the same; hate groups are just more organized. b.The prejudiced ideologies of hate groups represent a racist philosophy bent on conspiracies and the demonization of minorities. c.Routine and everyday forms of prejudice are more elaborate as they occur more regularly in the minds of the prejudiced. d.The prejudiced ideologies of hate groups are the bases of uniform practices across the spectrum of white nationalist groups.

b

9.Allison, a young African American mother of three, wants to move out of her predominantly black neighborhood because, as she tells people, "It is safer to raise my children in the suburbs." Allison's notions about her neighborhood safety are not matched by arrest rates for her current neighborhood versus the suburb where she desires to move, where violent crime is 30 percent more likely. Allison's reactions demonstrate: a.that even when crime rates are low in predominantly minority communities, children are better protected by the "eyes on the street" in the suburbs b.the fear of crime stemming from racial stereotypes does not just impact whites as people in the stereotyped racial and ethnic group can internalize the fears as well c.that black women are impacted by their identities as blacks and women when it comes to crime; in Allison's case, her racial identity was more important in shaping her perceptions of crime d.that the media's representation of blacks is the primary, and even only, reason that people largely associated blacks with criminality

b

A form of black communication style involves indirect questioning and acknowledgement of information. For example, Sharon offhandedly and jokingly comments about her sister Dee's weight gain rather than asking Dee outright if she is pregnant. This communication style is called: a.dramaturgy b.signifying c.interjecting d.reflexive dialoging

b

African American fraternal lodges and federations (such as the Masons): a.were the largest and most extensive sector of African American social organization and civic life b.nurtured African American solidarity and supported many instances of civil rights advocacy c.never numbered more than a few thousand members, with very little property or value, into the twentieth century d.joined forces with white fraternal lodges and federations to fight for civil rights and equality

b

African Americans have grown so used to being pulled over by the police that many speak of being stopped on account of DWB. What does "DWB" stand for?a.drinking while bad b.driving while black c.doping while beaten d.daring white brother

b

Andi, a twenty-three-year old white woman, hesitated to introduce her African American boyfriend to her parents, who are both white. All of her friends from college have already met her boyfriend. According to the textbook, what might this decision say about attitudes toward interracial dating? a.African Americans are generally more accepting of interracial dating than whites are. b.Younger people tend to be more accepting of interracial dating than older people are. c.Women tend to be more accepting of interracial dating than men are. d.People are less accepting of interracial dating now than they were in the 1990s.

b

Black women are the least likely group in American society to marry. Some analysts even estimate rates as low as what? a.One in two black women will marry in her lifetime. b.One in three black women will marry in her lifetime. c.One in four black women will marry in her lifetime. d.One in five black women will marry in her lifetime.

b

Sociologist Daniel Bell argues the digital divide is rapidly creating a gulf between the technical class, composed predominantly of _____, and the digital underclass, composed primarily of _____. a.African Americans; rural whites b.whites and Asians; African Americans and Hispanics c.middle-class African Americans; non-English-speaking immigrants d.Middle Eastern immigrants; inner-city Asian Americans

b

Some conservative politicians reacted to the Boston Marathon bombings by calling for a freeze on immigration reform. Which belief does their behavior reinforce? a.Men are more likely to be terrorists than women. b.Immigrants make the country less safe. c.Immigrants who come to America legally are not a threat. d.Immigrants are a threat to American jobs.

b

The "cool pose" of many young black men; the overt sexism and machismo of some Latino young men; and the in-your-face sexual bravado of some young white fraternity brothers are all examples of: a.the problem of testosterone in the maturation of young men b.the ways in which performances of masculinity vary by race c.the legitimacy of an American culture of overt masculinity d.the economic costs at stake when men act out masculinity in a variety of ways

b

The process of immigration can be a great stressor for families coming to the United States. For example, in the United States, Hmong kinship networks of extended family relationships are limited as Hmong people are expected to adopt the nuclear family model. This pressure demonstrates that: a.social service agencies are typically receptive to the culture of immigrant families b.the definition of family is not the same across racial-ethnic groups, and the expectation to conform can take a toll on families c.immigrants to the United States are mostly the same and can anticipate what changes to expect for their families in advance of migrating d.the process of immigration, though stressful, does little to change the structure of families

b

When an adolescent takes on a nonwhite symbolic identity that is not recognized as authentic by all of his or her peers, the adolescent may: a.be able to easily traverse the boundaries of being white in some situations and nonwhite in other situations b.be criticized by whites and nonwhites alike and have a hard time integrating with peers in general c.have a more fluid identity than people in previous generations who tried to pass as white d.have perfected the dynamic of code-switching between front and back stage behaviors

b

Which of the following did Edward Morris find in his ethnography of white students in a majority black school in Texas? a.The white students were adamant about distinguishing themselves from their black peers. b.The white students used the term "white" to insult one another for personality traits such as being nerdy. c.Though some white students tried to pass as nonwhite, it was still relatively easy for Morris to identity them as white. d.When white students symbolically identified and attempted to pass as nonwhite, they also lost their white privilege in interactions with teachers.

b

White nationalism: a.does not exist because whiteness is the normative identity b.borrows much of its rhetoric from black nationalism and from the Civil Rights Movement c.flourishes in the most uniformly white parts of the country and is rare in areas with larger concentrations of nonwhites d.flourishes wherever there is a digital divide

b

.When a native-born, third-generation Chinese American woman encounters repeated interactions with others where she is asked, "Where are you originally from?," what aspects of her identity are being highlighted? a.the way that her gender and presumed Asian ancestry coincide b.the way that the person making the inquiry is taking an interest in her Chinese ethnicity c.the way that many native-born Asian American citizens remain in a position symbolically tied to an assumed immigrant status d.the way her age overlaps with her presumed immigrant status

c

13.What is one reason why sociologists believe immigrants may commit less crime? a.They usually have low marriage rates. b.They often have fewer high-end stores and homes in their neighborhoods. c.Their neighborhoods often have codes of informal social control. d.They fear deportation.

c

16.In 2008, Bernie Madoff, a former Wall Street broker, committed an elaborate Ponzi scheme and was found guilty of making fraudulent investments totaling over $60 billion. What is this type of crime called?a.backdoor crime b.cyber crime c.white-collar crime d.green eyeshade crime

c

17. When comparing white-collar and violent street crime, we might conclude that: a.violent street crime is more damaging to society because it causes fear and requires the expense of surveilling people through increased policing b.street crimes are worse than white-collar crimes because of the different intentions and motivations of the criminals c.white-collar crimes potentially damage society as much or more than violent street crimes because they cost society billions of dollars per year and even result in more deaths and injuries d.when black people commit white-collar crimes, they are condemned even more than when they commit violent street crimes or than when white people commit white-collar crimes

c

18.Monica is a twenty-two-year-old woman, who, like other women, has a one in five chance of being raped in her lifetime. Who is most likely to perpetrate sexual violence against her? a.a gang member b.a serial killer c.a boyfriend d.a stranger

c

20. When boxer Mike Tyson was accused of raping Desiree Washington, a young black woman, many prominent African Americans, eager to quash the "black male rapist" trope, rushed to Tyson's side. This situation is an example of what? a.inverse racism b.racial isolationism c.black protectionism d.afro-feminism

c

3.The influence of race and economic class in predicting the probability of serving time in prison is best illustrated by: a.the ability of black men in prison to get GEDs and advance their economic positions considerably after prison b.the trend that arrest rates for poor whites are among the lowest of any other racial and economic groups c.the increased probability that a black man born after the Civil Rights Movement who later dropped out of high school would end up incarcerated at some point in his lifetime d.the inability of education to lessen the probability of incarceration for people of color in American society

c

4. According to the figure below, "Lifetime Likelihood of Imprisonment," which group has a higher chance of imprisonment than white men? a.Latina women b.black women c.Latino men d.white women

c

A white woman is driving through an unfamiliar neighborhood and becomes frightened when she sees black people on the street corner waving and gesticulating at her. They are trying to signal to her that she is going the wrong way on a one way street, but she thinks they are threatening her. What dynamic does this example display best? a. the challenge of understanding cultural norms during "mezzanine-level" social interactions b. the importance of understanding one's own intersectional identity c. the need for vigilant reflexivity when it comes to cross-racial communication d. the inability of people to be reflexive about interpreting "back stage" behavior

c

According to sociologist Anne Rawls, whites and blacks may occupy the same geographic space, but not the same ________________ space. a.dynamic b.socio-racial c.interactional d.community

c

According to sociologist Kenneth Clark, for some inner-city African American and Latina women, an out-of-wedlock birth is: a.a mark of utter disgrace b.an abdication of their chances of finding a husband c.a symbol of their womanhood d.a testament to their economic independence

c

Because of how out-of-wedlock birthrates are calculated, what would the impact be on out-of-wedlock birthrates if the number of children born to unmarried black women stayed the same but the number of children born to marriedblack women increased? a.Rates of out-of-wedlock births would remain the same. b.Rates of out-of-wedlock births would increase. c.Rates of out-of-wedlock births would decrease. d.Rates of out-of-wedlock births would stop being calculated.

c

Because we often don't know a person's racial identity online, many Internet users have come to regard _______ as the virtual norm. a.nerds b.colorblindness c.whiteness d.blackness

c

Corey was adamant in his feeling that most people in American society no longer have severely racist attitudes toward people of other races. Joan suggested he look at the comments in online news feeds about a recent drug bust involving people of color. He was surprised by the intensity of the racist comments he found. Joan's suggestion was an example of: a.how people gravitate toward crime stories involving drugs and people of color b.how gender norms prevented Corey from investigating the details associated with the news stories prior to Joan's help c.how effectively the idea that racism is dead can be challenged by looking at the online and virtual ways that people portray their prejudices d.how challenging someone's ideas about the prejudices that exist in our society is only symbolic

c

During the early-to-mid-twentieth century, labor unions largely remained racially homogenous, white-dominated, and exclusionary. When they did promote integration, as early as the late 1800s through the Civil Rights Movement, an advantage of this integration was that: a.integrated labor unions erased the prejudiced thoughts of the workers in the union b.integrated labor unions caused employers to value the input of a diverse workforce and to mandate diversity trainings c.integrated labor unions helped challenge the dominant stereotype of blacks, Hispanics, and other people of color as "strikebreakers" d.integrated labor unions helped protect people during the economic crush of the Depression

c

How did the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) change during the twentieth century? a.The YWCA excluded black women from its services until the modern Civil Rights Movement, when the organization formed a chapter specifically for black women. b.White women organized to exclude black women from volunteering with the YWCA after the Civil Rights Movement. c.Black women organized and helped transform the YWCA from a racially segregated organization into one that prioritized racial justice. d.Black women left the segregated YWCA to form a new organization that addressed the particular interests of black women.

c

Noting that being from the inner-city, the suburbs, or a rural area is acknowledging the importance of ________________ as a part of individual identity. a.self-awareness b.physicality c.geography d.modality

c

One claim about the phenomenon referred to as the "new black nativism," a practice of limiting entry into the legitimate ranks of being black in America primarily to those descendent from American slavery, is: a.that it dilutes the memory of historical African- and Caribbean-born leaders of the black community (for example, Marcus Garvey) b.that in highlighting the importance of lineage in American slavery, it has positively impacted the way that race and ethnicity are distinguished (for example, the difference between being "African American" and "black") c.that it is responsible for a tendency to define blackness in mostly negative terms (for example, as opposed to being white) d.that it requires us to think about whether we need to rethink the legitimacy of labeling President Obama the first "black" president

c

Sandy, a 19-year-old college student, was initially drawn into and became a member of the white nationalist movement through its Internet site, a professional-looking page that seemed to contain accurate historical summaries of the Civil Rights Movement. Sandy's story demonstrates: a.how far from the mainstream of American society white nationalist groups have to go to draw in members b.that Sandy was an exception to the norm of the ranks of the white nationalism movement, since most members are poor, uneducated whites c.that while white nationalist groups attempt to appeal to a broad white audience, their Internet presence aims to draw in young, college-aged men and women. d.Women are exceptional and rare as members of white nationalist groups.

c

When sociologist Heather Dalmage, a white woman married to a black man, writes that "I no longer take white privilege for granted" because of her experiences, she is specifically referencing: a.how her husband has been able to access "white privilege" since their marriage b.how her social network and friends stigmatize her relationship c.her experience of being victimized by interpersonal and institutional racism d.her own prejudices about social life

c

10.When Eric Garner, a black man, was killed by the police in 2014, his only official crime was selling loose cigarettes. What might be another reason that the police attacked him? a.Cigarettes are a gateway drug, especially for black youth. b.Garner was involved in an elaborate street gang. c.Garner had a long history of attacking police officers and members of his own community. d.Both whites and nonwhites believe that black men are more prone to violence than white men.

d

24.After George Zimmerman shot and killed Trayvon Martin in 2012, the police did not arrest him because of the Stand Your Ground law. What was the supposed purpose of this law? a.It required people to call the police when they perceived someone might be a physical threat. b.It encouraged people to retreat from violent conflict at any cost. c.It forced people to stay where they were when they sensed a threat to themselves or others. d.It gave people the right to defend themselves against someone they perceived as a threat.

d

According to the textbook, what is the relationship between societal attitudes about interracial marriage and raising the question, "What about the children?" a.The question is important because there seems to be a great deal of evidence that biracial children have a harder time figuring out their racial identity than other people of color whose parents identify as the same race .b.The question downplays the significance of interracial relationships that produce children but that do not result in marriages. c.The question is important because people raise it frequently as a way to argue that the cultural acceptance of interracial relationships should be congruent with society's integration of multiracial individuals. d.The question is often positioned as a rationalization for being opposed to interracial marriages and comes frequently as a way to package that disapproval without being forthright.

d

Data from a study of contemporary Internet (online) dating showed that the group of women most likely to exclude men from their own racial category as potential mates was: a.heterosexual black women b.heterosexual white women c.heterosexual Latina women d.heterosexual Asian women

d

In the early twentieth century, Marcus Garvey advocated a black nationalism movement that can be described as: a.an empowering form of separate but equal where blacks and whites shared in the power of American government and civil society b.the precursor to the civil disobedience movements of the 1950s and 1960s, advocating for nonviolent resistance c.a legal reformatory program centered on the expansion of black rights through the recognition of equality in American civil law and social policy d.a movement seeking power for blacks in the form of black-owned businesses and a black-run government and military

d

Online, an Arab American man can pass as a white woman, just as a white woman can pass as a Native American teenager. These virtual associations encourage a form of: a.virtual racism b.experimental sexism c.online reality d.racial tourism

d

The "ghetto pass" in Ice Cube's song "True to the Game" is: a.a way of signaling that one is both black and rich b.a way of acting out against others that elevates someone to an "untouchable" status c.an education that gives someone skills to leave the ghetto and attain a prosperous life d.an implied right to authentic blackness that can be taken away if one acts outside of race norms

d

The mastermind and primary spokesperson for the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) was: a.Booker T. Washington b.W. E. B. Du Bois c.Malcolm X d.Marcus Garvey

d

When an individual is the victim of a hate crime, how does that crime typically impact the larger racial and ethnic community of which he or she is a part? a.It galvanizes the community into a reactive and equally violent social movement. b.It provides a legal foundation for people in the community to self-segregate into ethnic enclaves. c.It becomes a symbolic narrative for community members to share with white Americans about experiences they've shared across racial and ethnic boundaries. d.It puts community members on notice by making them aware that there are people out there who want to hurt them.

d

When we say that interactions operate at the "mezzanine level of social structure," what does that mean? a. Arrangements of social performances are happening between the front stage and the back stage. b. The authenticity of interactions cannot be evaluated because they are shaped by social structure. c. Social interactions are superficial and do not fulfill the psychological needs of society's members. d. Interactions between people and the styles of interactions others observe of people in groups are patterned, reflect social structure, and are sometimes generalized into racial assumptions.

d

Which of the following is a reason that black marriages are twice as likely to end in divorce as whites? a.Black men and women marry at much younger ages than men and women of any other ethnic group. b.Black women have greater participation in the workforce than women of other ethnic groups. c.Divorce is stigmatized in the white community more than it is in the black community. d.High levels of poverty and high incarceration rates can strain marriages, causing conflicts over time.

d

Which of the following is a true statement about hate groups in the United States? a.Hate groups recruit members from predominantly poor, uneducated, rural populations. b.Hate groups now use the Internet exclusively to spread information and build membership. c.The United States has experienced a steady decline in hate groups since the Civil Rights Movement. d.The United States has experienced a recent resurgence of hate groups.

d

Which of the following is an accurate explanation for why homosexuality is viewed by some African Americans as a predominantly "white" phenomenon?a.because statistically fewer blacks are homosexual than whites b.because the history of homosexuality overlaps with colonial exploitation of blacks by whites c.because Euro-Americans have systematically sought to create a historical stereotype of black homosexuality that contemporary African Americans reject d.because the social construction of black sexuality precludes the possibility of homosexuality

d