SOCI 3000 Modules 1-4
**The Mask You Live In
"He wears a mask and his face grows to fit" "Comparison is the thief of Happiness" Boys are more likely to: commit suicide use substance abuse half are abused 1 in 6 are sexually abused They need a male role model to teach and model character The mask of power, dominance and control hides the vulnerabilities;
Peggy McIntosh SEED Project on white privilege
"I have come to see white privilege as an invisible package of unearned assets that I can count on cashing in each day, but about which I was "meant" to remain oblivious. White privilege is like an invisible weightless knapsack of special provisions, maps, passports, code books, visas, clothes, tools and blank checks."
Nell Painter, NY Times on white identity
"The useful part of white identity's vagueness is that whites don't have to shoulder the burden of race in America, which at the least, is utterly exhausting."
Race Consciousness, Meghan Burke, IWU White Privilege
"Whiteness provides individuals the benefit of the doubt... a key dynamic of white privilege in every day life is the ability to be seen as an individual , supposedly unmarked by race, even tho my own whiteness structures my day and my opportunities to the very same degree as race does for people of color. Whiteness just tends to do so in many ways that benefit me."
CISGENDER
"term for someone who exclusively identifies as their sex assigned at birth. The term cisgender is not indicative of gender expression, sexual orientation, hormonal makeup, physical anatomy, or how one is perceived in daily life"
***Tamara Winfrey Harris's book, The Sisters are Alright: Changing the Broken Narrative of Black Women in America.
(Lect) There is a disproportionate focus on "black"; this lens uses 3 related assumptions ... 1. Black women need to fundamentally change in order to get married. 2. Assumes a desire to marry. 3. Suggests the single malady. -Respected as a mammy, never as a mother. -Attack on Black single mothers. -Statistics about single parents are over simplified; Poverty not singleness is the problem.
Define Social Class - what distinguishes one person/class from another? (lect)
(lect) ***Social class is hard to define; some people define by economics/wealth; power; social capital. (book) A group of people who "occupy distinct social spaces"; "A class share common interest, experiences, and ways of looking at the world, which are reinforced in schools and social interactions." Most important indicators of social class: 1. income - family worth. 2. education/skills, training. 3. current living situation - structure and number of people household, property ownership.
Why Study Social Class? (lect)
-Most Americans think we have an "open" class system which allows them to miss the costliness of inequality. -Class consciousness is under developed in the US if it exists at all. -There's less research on social class than on race, ethnicity, and gender.
Modern institutional arenas, (a) their type of interaction, (b) organizational units, & (c) individual roles. (12)
1. State - a. Law, violence & welfare; b. Legislatures & agencies; c. Citizens. 2. Market - a. Labor, exchange, and wealth accumulation; b. Companies; c. Workers, owners & consumers. 3. Family - a. Intimacy, childbearing & socialization, and caring work; b. Families. c. Family members.
Federal Assistance - Identify multiple policy responses to poverty, and assess their effectiveness. (131-4)
1. Women, Infants, & Children (WIC) 1.85 times the poverty line. 8% 2. Medicaid - medical asst for the poor. 25-27% of population 3. Food Stamps. 16% 4. School lunch program. 5. Disability assistance. 7% 6. Public or subsidized housing. 4% 7. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. 2% 8. Other cash assistance. 2%
African Americans groups- Analyze social issues that affected inequality and social change with regard to family life among them in the United States. (86-93)
1850 society/old white guys/people in power used race to justify slavery; "one drop rule" "rule of hypo decent" -one drop of black blood makes one black; Less BA+ degrees/education. More likely to give birth to single mothers. More Likely be in poverty. More female head of household; fluid family structures; Informal marriage. Marriages on the decline from 1950-2011. Thru conflict lens - structural inequality; racial inequality; discrimination; unemployment; segregation Black women have less eligible black men; Black women less likely to marry white men. Why? Larger social forces - joblessness, incarceration, structural inequality, high mortality, economy, policies, health issues.
Promises I can Keep: Why Poor Women Put Motherhood before Marriage
3 Basic Hypothesis: 1. Becker's Womens economic independence theory - women make more money they don't need to get married. Doesn't play out - marriage is still likely. 2. Murry's Welfare incentive - more profitable to have more babies to get more welfare; False - the real value of welfare checks has gone down, it is not worth it to have more babies. 3. Wilson's Male Marriageable Pool hypothesis: That there are not enough men worthy of marriage; some what true. Instead there has been cultural change regardless of class, peoples' views have changed. "The practical significance of marriage has declined, it's symbol significance has grown." We don't need to get married so it is more meaningful.
MINORITY GROUP (page 82) Illustrate the concept using examples from U.S. culture.
A racial or ethnic group that occupies a subordinate status in society. Its not just race and ethnicity, not about the numbers, more about the relationship to the majority group and unequal power. EX: American Indian, African Americans, Latinos and Asian Americans.
Sociological definition of family as INSTITUTIONAL ARENAS (11)
A social space in which relations between people in common positions are governed by accepted rules of interaction. Social roles = positions + accepted rules or norm. Conform or nonconformity will enforce the rules. FIVE ARENAS: family, state, market, religion, and education.
TRANSGENDER (160)
A term to describe individuals whose gender identity does not match their assigned sex. agender, bigender, genderfluid. Transsexual if often associated with physical trans thru hormone therapy/
***SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM (21)
A theory concerned with the ability of humans to see themselves through the eyes of others and to enact social roles based on others' expectations. We generally do what society expects from us; early 20th century; Observations gives action and meaning; observation helps us understand the meaning people give to social phenomena; **What makes a role? people in common positions and accepted rules make a role, conforming to role expectations; internalizing roles and acting out those roles is Symbolic Interactionism.
MODERNITY THEORY (22)
A theory of the historical emergence of the individual as an actor in society and how individuality changed personal and institutional relations. (lect) Rise of individuality; 1960 - 1st rise was gradual incremental changes; 1970 -2nd rise was "individuality is the New Norm.
FEMINIST THEORY (18)
A theory that seeks to understand and ultimately reduce inequality between men and women on both sides. From Conflict Perspective - gender roles are socialized beliefs; equality and gender roles are essential to our life
Promises I Can Keep Lesson for Marriage Policy - Understanding why helps figure out what policies should be?
Conservative Solution - marriage counseling except marriage training doesn't help. To understand the Why, Ask!!! Solutions to the Whys: 1. No good partners - solution into focus on male employment; intervene before domestic violence, substance abuse, jail is a problem; convince young people to wait; 2. childbearing adds meaning to life - solution - service learning programs increase the likelihood of good jobs/careers. help poor young women add meaning to their life. 3. Belief that marriage fails because of money problems - solutions - fix money problems; show and teach good marriage models; What marriage can withstand and what it can't
Modernity Perspective: Continuity & Enduring Power Relations
Continuity says change is overstated.
Gaslighting
Convincing the other person in the relationship that they are crazy and the relationship is pure.
According to the film, Life on the Line, Kimberly and family were still living in Mexico at the time of the film's release, waiting to learn of the citizenship status of Kimberly's mom. True or False
False
EXOGAMY (page 80) Illustrate the concept using examples from U.S. culture.
Marriage and reproduction outside one's distinct group. Ex: When a Black and White person marriage each other.
ENDOGAMY (page 80) Illustrate the concept using examples from U.S. culture.
Marriage and reproduction within a distinct group. It is the most important way people maintain group boundaries from one generation to the next.
INTERMARRIAGE (page 106) Illustrate the concept using examples from U.S. culture.
Marriage between members of different racial or ethnic groups.
***Evaluate the symbolic interactionist perspective.
Patterns of interaction are reinforced thru punishment and rewards; Family is first audience; SI is the basis of you we can understand the processes of gender socialization. Socialization explained by Symbolic interaction that we have gender roles; how gender roles are developed. Punishment or reward is how it is reinforced.
GENEALOGY (3)
The study of ancestry and family history
PEERS (175)
People in a similar social situation and of similar status with whom an individual interacts.
DEMOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE (23)
The study of how family behavior and household structures contribute to larger population processes. the study of populations by focus on birth, death, migration, timing and frequency of cohabitation, marriage, and divorce, and living arrangements. emphasis on timing contributes to an interest in sequencing of events for individuals and groups.
LIFE COURSE PERSPECTIVE (23)
The study of the family trajectories of individuals and groups as they progress through their lives, in social and historical context. one important goal is to place family events in their historical context; seek to gain deeper understanding by considering life stories in their social and historical context.
Define social mobility, and illustrate the mechanisms by which social class is reproduced through generations. (136)
Social mobility - the movement, up or down, between social classes. Generational. Why is social mobility so hard to achieve? Family Structure: Money, Time, Social Capital.
Describe how cultural factors influence family constructs.
Socialization;
BIAS (25)
The tendency to impose previously held views on the collection and interpretation of facts.
***EXCHANGE THEORY (20)
The theory that individuals or groups with different resources, strengths, and weaknesses enter into mutual relationships to maximize their own gains. same as Rational choice theory/economic theory; people will make rational decisions that benefit themselves the most; Families should be mutually beneficial to be functional. Functional theory. Cheapens intimacy and emotional connection; not a social obligation.
ACCULTURATION (page 104) Illustrate the concept using examples from U.S. culture.
The acquisition of a new culture and language. Consonant Acculturation - when parent and child acquire at same time. Dissonant Acculturation - When Children acquire English ability faster and integrate into new society more easily than parents.
FAMILY WAGE (22)
The amount necessary for a male earner to provide subsistence for his wife and children without them having to work for pay.
CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE (17)
The view that opposition and conflict define a given society and are necessary for social evolution. creating and driving social change thru conflict; focus on power struggles and inequality; originally Karl Marx; Is conflict necessary for society to evolve? Yes, it brings up an issue and it can force a social resolution/evolution; because society changes. Ex: Pagers no longer functional; Focus on opposition and power struggles; emphasizes competing interests of family members; it is a reactionary theory.
SOCIALIZATION (18)
The process by which individuals internalize elements of the social structure in their own personalities.
SOCIALIZATION (167) Illustrate the concept using examples from U.S. culture.
The process by which individuals internalize elements of the social structure, making those elements part of their own personality.
Exploitation (116)
The process by which the labor of some produces wealth that is controlled by others. conflict theory/Marxism; people are employed and makes things the owner sells, employed do not benefit.
Explain the importance of self-identity in collecting data regarding race and ethnicity. (75-80)
The race and ethnicity you choose are up to you; you don't have to offer proof to justify your choice. The definitions that people apply to themselves in practice, usually conform to how others see them as well. The categories we use are the outcome of social interaction and beliefs; they change over time, and they differ from place to place.
SEXUAL IDENTITY (151)
The recognition, or internalization, of a biological sex category; your recognition of your sex biology.
Social Capital & Robert Putnam view on How it affects the family?
The resources and support offered by our social connections; The amount of social capital we have depends on the strength of any given relationship. Stronger in poor communities; ***how does it affect the family? strong family increases social capital so its breakdown decreases "life chances"
Division of Labor (115)
The social process of determining who does what work and for what rewards.
GENDER (151) Illustrate the concept using examples from U.S. culture.
The social realization of biological sex.
Evaluate the social expression of biological sex differences between men and women.
XX & XY
Immigration Impact (102) - War Brides Act 1945
permitted immigration of the military servicemen's wives from Europe, Asia, and Korea during WWII and Korean War. American women were mad at these immigrant women for taking their supply of husbands.
***Analyze the process of gender socialization through agents of socialization such as parents, peers, and school.
process by which gender roles are reinforced by parents, peers and schools; for gender socialization thru Symbolic interactionism rewards and punishments ***process thru which SI explains gender socialization and gender roles are developed.
what is the Democratization view of Social Capital?
pure relationships strengthens bonds because I no longer have to be there, I choose to be there and thus more social capital; it strengthens the bonds because you choose to be there; it teaches us how to have mutual beneficial relationships out of trust; more able to build more relationships
Transexual (160)
sexual identity that does not match their assigned sex; their body feels at odds with their biological sex category; use medical procedures, including surgery, hormones to get body more aligned with sexual identity.
What is a pure relationship? Giddens & Beck
(lect) Not bound by social obligations, characterize by equality, where both people stay in them as long as they are happy and satisfied. (article) People are increasingly seeking intimate connections with others that are sustained on the basis of mutual knowledge and understanding; entered into for their own sake and are sustained only on the grounds that each party continues to derive sufficient personal satisfaction. The emergence brings greater equality between individuals, undermining traditional gender divisions and challenging notions of appropriateness and convention. No longer grounded in obligation and necessity there is greater opportunity to negotiate and create more egalitarian, fulfilling associations. *****Criticism of pure relationship: Makes family more fragile because people can leave at anytime. No longer happy and satisfied and can leave.
***Gini Index (125)
**A measure of inequality of income in which 0 represents complete equality and 1 represents complete inequality. Gini Index is on the rise in the US; -south is more less equal -midwest and north is more equal -most equal in Canada, Europe, Australia -Most inequality in South Africa, Columbia, Zimbabwe
Life Chances (116)
**Max Weber The practical opportunity to achieve desired material conditions and personal experiences. Weber believed that the opportunity to succeed is crucial to the definition of class. Opportunity to achieve desired material conditions and personal experiences is the link between social class & marriage/family. For Weber, it is not abstract freedom but the "practical ability" to achieve that defines a person's life chances. The concept of life chances helps explain how social class works within families. The job or income of a parent clearly affects the life chances of his or her spouse and children. Thus, the income and other resources of those we are connected to influence the life chances of each of us and therefore our class position.
Key Facts about Poverty in the US (129-131)
1. Poverty increased dramatically during the 2000s 2. Poverty is concentrated by race/ethnicity. 3. Poverty is closely related to family structure. 4. People in poverty suffer from serious deprivation. 5. Homelessness. 6. Many people move in and out of poverty.
Describe the common description of American social class structure, as developed by sociologists. (122-3)
1. Capitalist & corporate managerial class - "upper class"; extremely high standard of living, as well as both economic and political influence far beyond their numbers. 3.2% 2. Middle class - stable jobs based on their higher education or technical skills & credentials. Standard of living more modest than upper class, they are able to meet basic needs, including health care & education, and usually own homes. Almost half the U.S. population 43.2%. 3. Working class - lacking higher education or training, this group has a standard of living similar to that of middle class, but with much less stability. Jobs are less secure; often experience economic shocks that threaten their way of life; 45.6% 4. Lower class - do not have higher education or skilled jobs; their families have low incomes and a high degree of economic insecurity; job situations fluctuate; experience periods of poverty; including lack of medical care or housing. 8% identify; official poverty rate was 15% in 2012.
***What are Trump's 4 Pillars of Immigration Plan?
1. Increase Border Security to include building a wall and higher more security; end catch and release policy. 2. Path to Citizenship for "Dreamers" - Education and work requirements, and show good moral character over 12 years. 3. End Visa Lottery and replace with a merit based immigration system. 4. End chained "Family" Immigration - Limit immigration to spouses and minor children.
Promises I Can Keep Why and How do the poor put more social value on having kids than the rich?
1. Less opportunity costs for poor women to have babies. 2. greater taste for children; it is the center of "meaning making activity" more true for the poor than rich. Is Marriage less important to the poor? NO they respect marriage and put more social value than the rich so they delay it to do it right. Divorce is more of a faux pas; they view middle class as selfish for putting career first. Their belief is people should get married before they have kids, but they behavior says marriage is irrelevant to daily life.
SOCIAL CONSTRUCT (Lect)
A concept or perception of something based on collective views developed and maintained within a society or social groups. Mutual understanding of how things should work; we are socialized to understand what a family is. EX: time is a social construct; families; money; nations; culture. Race, ethnicity
INTERSEX (159)
A condition in which a person's chromosomal composition doesn't correspond with his or her sexual anatomy at birth, or the anatomy is not clearly male or female. chromosome do not match genitals; not clearly male or female
LEGAL FAMILY (7)
A group of individuals related by birth, marriage, or adoption, step family.
HOUSEHOLD (9)
A group of people that lives and eats separately from other groups.
COHORT (24)
A group of people who experience an event together at the same point in time. group used in Longitudinal Study
***DEFINE ETHNICITY (page 79) Illustrate the concept using examples from U.S. culture.
A group of people with a common "cultural" identification, based on a combination of language, religion, ancestral origin, or traditional practices. EX: Hispanic or Latino; Korean; Chinese;
Criteria used to socially construct what a family is. (5 Lect)
A level of expectation and intimacy, obligations - rely on each other; contractual - parent provides for children; degrees of power & authority - punishement.
CENSUS (9) What is a census family?
A periodic count of people in a population and their characteristics, usually performed as an official government function. Historic record to see how we conceptualize family. Household is how the census defines family; a group of people that lives and eats separate from others.
FAMILISM (page 96) Illustrate the concept using examples from U.S. culture.
A personal outlook that puts family obligations first, before individual well-being. Family relationships and strong intergenerational ties play a central role in daily life for most Latinos. Hardships drive families together for support, strong intergenerational ties is a response to challenges. Cultural tradition.
***SAMPLE SURVEY (25)
A quantitative research method in which identical questions are asked of many different people and their answers gathered into one large data file.
***LONGITUDINAL SURVEY (26)
A quantitative research method in which the same people/cohort are interviewed repeatedly over a period of time.
Differentiate among the personal family (6), the legal family(7), and family as an institutional arena (11).
A. personal family at Micro level - interpersonal; The people to whom we feel related and who we expect to define us as members of their family as well. people who mutually agree as family. B. Legal family at Meso level - major institution and personal define family; a group of individuals related by birth, marriage, or adoption. has different definitions on census vs. welfare services; defined for distribution of resources, citizenship. C. Family/Institutional arena Macro Level - major institutions; institutional arena; where people practice intimacy, childbearing and socialization, and caring work; a social space in which relations between people in common positions are governed by accepted rules of interaction.
American Class Structure (121-2)
All wealth is relative -Capitalist & corporate managerial class - not much job stability. 3.2% -Middle - stable job 43.2% -Working class - jobs not stable 45.6% -Lower class 8%
***1965: Amendments to the Immigration and Nationality Act Immigration Impact (103)
Amendments to the original 1952 act, which was highly restrictive, "lifted" all numerical restrictions on the immigration of spouses, children, and parents of US citizens. Also ended country-based quota system. Most family members from Latin America and Asia.
Summarize the impact of immigration legislation on marriage and family life in the United States. (101-103)
American legal history has been a seesaw of permissions and penalties for immigration, resulting in confusing patterns of family division/separation and unification/formation; depending at different times on race, ethnicity, national origin, and family structure.
BREADWINNER - HOMEMAKER FAMILY (17)
An employed father, a nonemployed mother, and their children. Consensus theory - is both dominate but not ideal; Talcott Parsons says it was functional; husband instrumental role and wife expressive role; complimentary sex roles are both necessary and functional.
***DEFINE RACIAL ETHNICITY (page 79) Illustrate the concept using examples from U.S. culture.
An ethnic group perceived to share physical characteristics. EX: African American/Ethnic, Black/Racial; Latino/Ethnic, "looks" Latino. People still live, marry, reproduce, and raise children primarily within their own racial-ethnic group.
Immigration Impact (101) - 1882: Chinese Exclusion Act
Anti-Chinese sentiment led to this act, barring them from becoming citizens and blocking new immigration. In 1989, Supreme Court declared that citizenship by birth was guaranteed.
Pantone Project (lect)
Art project using pixel Pantone color to identify skin tone/race = No white No black
*Mia Birdsong's Ted talk: The story we tell about poverty isn't true
As a global community, we all want to end poverty. Mia Birdsong suggests a great place to start: Let's honor the skills, drive and initiative that poor people bring to the struggle every day. She asks us to look again at people in poverty: They may be broke — but they're not broken. ***Narratives of individuals matter, we need to understand so we have a starting place.***
Distinguish biological family ties from symbolic family ties. Criteria used to determine family - Emotional, Biological, Legal (20)
Biological - parents, siblings Emotional - Beloved babysitter, Best friend, dog Legal - step parent, step families, adoptions, spouse
Social Capital (116)
Bordeaiu - conflict theorist and power and The access to resources one has by virtue of relationships and connections within a social network.
**Distinguish race from ethnicity. (page 75-79)
Both are socially constructed. Race is a matter of perception which reflects perceptions of "biological" traits; Race is more stable. Ethnicity is based on common "culture", language, religion, etc. Ethnicity can change over a lifetime.
Immigration Impact (102) - Bracera Act 1942-1964
Bracera - Spanish for manual laborers; temporary work permits were offered to millions of Mexican agricultural workers; program opened a door that many families went through.
Promises I Can Keep Why is there a difference in behavior if Attitudes are similar?
Chances of finding a mate: 1. Children were somewhere between "planned" & accidental. 2. Variety of marital problems - domestic violence, substance abuse, criminal activity, infidelity; different by race; change behavior. 3. Aspiration to marriage - Contrary to research Blacks aspire to marriage; Whites least likely to aspire to marriage most likely to reject marriage; those opposed had typically been married. 4. Ideal Age - Black report ideal age of marriage is higher than ideal age to have kids.
Modernity Perspective: Democratization & Egalitarianism
Conflict Theorists: 1. argue Mutually fulfilling relationships due to detraditionalization. 2. Divorce is results of seeking "pure relationships" 3. People generate their own relationship rules.
DOMA (7)
Defense of Marriage Act 1996 - Bill Clinton signed the law that specified that the federal government would not recognize same-sex marriage even if legal in own state.
What is DACA?
Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals - allowed undocumented immigrant children Amnesty and a path to citizenship without fear of deportation, was introduced to Congress in 2001; DACA was designed to help a generation of immigrants known as "DREAMers," after the DREAM Act, a recurring proposal to allow unauthorized immigrants who grew up in the US to gain legal status and eventually apply for citizenship. The DREAM Act has been bouncing around Congress since 2001; many of the immigrants who would have been helped by it then are too old even to be eligible for DACA today, but the most serious attempt to pass it came in December 2010, when it passed the House but failed to get the 60 votes needed to overcome a filibuster in the Senate. In 2012, DACA passed by executive order; Way to citizenship, apply to deferred action against deportation for 2 years; functioned as a categorical order. 2014 - DACA expansion proposed to loosen age restrictions and propose DAPA to include parents. 2016 SCOTUS/Supreme Court Deadlocked and kept expansion on hold.
Asian Americans groups-Analyze social issues that affected inequality and social change with regard to family life among them in the United States. (97-99)
Diverse national origins so you can't generalize them; Common values: Family traditions, higher education, stereotype - ***model minority myth, Teachers have higher expectation on them***; Respect and care for elders; immigrated with family members; lower levels of poverty; lower levels of younger child bearing;
**2020 Census change
Drop Negro as a classification of race;
2005: International Marriage Broker Regulation Act (103) Immigration Impact
Due to abuse of immigrant spouses arranged by brokers, Congress passed this act that potential immigrants be notified if their would be spouse has a criminal history or has filed many immigrant petitions; 2008 it has not been effectively implemented leaving mail order brides at risk of abuse by American sponsors.
MODERN INSTITUTIONAL ARENAS - Analyze the interaction among the family, the state, and the market. (12-13)
Each arena signifies a certain (a) type of social interaction, each is composed of (b) organizational units, and each specifies (c) individual roles. Family - (a) intimacy, child bearing, socialization, and caring work. (b) Families, (c) Family members. State - (a) Law, violence, and welfare; (b) Legislatures and agencies; (c) Citizens Market - (a) Labor, exchange, and wealth accumulation; (b) Companies; (c) workers, owners, and consumers.
Describe the impact of age and generational differences on a family's acculturation. (105)
Each generation has its own experience and fosters a strong self-identity. Those who are removed by a generation from immigration experience show family patterns more similar to the dominant culture. Conflicts arise when children change more rapidly than parents.
MARKET ARENA (12)
Economy; The institutional arena where labor for pay, economic exchange, and wealth accumulation take place.
Outline the process by which social class impacts the life chances of children (134), including the role of family structure (136), social capital and parenting practices (146).
Family Structure affects families class and social mobility. Single mother families face three kinds of scarcity: Money, Time, & Social Capital. Family Practices: Annette Lareau studied social class and parenting. Parenting is not just about love. Concerted parenting: Middle class parents took aggressive approach to develop child's abilities. scheduled activities, stimulated child's cognitive ability & social development, taught children to directly engage with professionals rather than passively submit to authority. Parents navigate institutions for them and creates entitlement and sense of confidence and feeling empowered to stick up for themselves. They argue and back talk. Accomplishment of natural growth: Working Class & poor parents let children develop a natural outcome if protected, comforted and cared for. Children played informally, and wanted children to have fun and enjoy childhood. spending more time in mixed age groups of relatives and friends. Parents were less assertive and tended to defer decisions to professional.
****Democratization of the Family - Article
Family member are more able/likely to make choices in the family arena; should children be considered and parent makes choices on behalf of the children. Parents retain authority. Critics - forgets gendered dimension of parent child relationship; ignores affect relationships have on self identity; democratization principles resonate with white middle class families not lower class or colored; democratization principles ethnocentric; Carribean
*Val Gillies - Family and Intimate relationships: A review of the Sociological research, says what about families? (article/lect)
Family structures are absolutely socially constructed; Public and Private excludes women and they are political and should not be separated; Male dominance is not natural, biological or inevitable; separation of private from public excludes women from the private realm/workforce/public life and conceals domestic violence.
Slavery's Legacy
Female dominated households; families were broken up and were unable to raise boys; common law marriage; kids living with extended family. Whats the problem? Functionalist say weakened nuclear family; slavery & discrimination. Problem to fix is diminishing family structure. Moynihan Report - victim blaming reinforced; minority groups are responsible for their poverty because they don't chose normal family structure. This report ignores structural inequality, racism, and the root cause of poverty;
***DEFINE RACE (page 75) Illustrate the concept using examples from U.S. culture.
Is a social construct; A group of people believed to share common descent, based on perceived innate physical similarities. Racial identities reflect perceptions about "biological" traits; a matter of perception, not biological certainty. People Self Identify; white colorblindness indicates privilege EX: Black, White, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander.
Interpret the phenomenon of social class using functionalism. (115)
Functionalism/Consensus Theorists assumes that inequality serves an essential function; some jobs are more important and more difficult than others. Society needs a way to find and train the most talented people for these jobs and motivate them to perform well. (doctors and airplane pilots) The system that fulfills this need is a pattern of unequal rewards that creates incentives for people to strive for the best jobs they can get. Unequal rewards are necessary to entice people to seek the extensive training required for difficult and important work. Social class is a continuum from lower to higher funds on the economic ladder, with the different levels of reward determined by the kinds of jobs people have. And the inequality between those lower and those higher on the ladder is not only beneficial but necessary to the functioning of society.
2 Perspectives on Social Class (115 table)
Functionalist - inequality exists because it is useful and functional for society. why is inequality useful? Incentivizes poor and rich people; we need someone to sweep streets and we need CEOs to run our companies. Conflict theory - categories relatively stable and difficult to move from one to the other.
Modernity Perspective: Breakdown & Demoralization
Functionalist train of thoughts: 1. interpreting devolving of family breaks down society and weakens kinship ties. 2. erosion of traditional social roles leads to anomie/lack of the usual social or ethical standards in an individual or group. 3. Divorce is a results of self seeking values.
Analyze the relationship between gender segregation and status of women and men.
Gender Pay Gap - Women are less likely to negotiate for better salaries and less likely to be promoted than men; Gender roles of masculinity are much more rigid for guys then women.
Immigrant Generations Table (105)
Generation; Age at Immigration; Family Issues. A. point-five generation - retirement age, may feel isolated and dependent on their children. They provide a connection to their homeland for their grandchildren. B. 1st Generation - working age adult; classic immigrant, brings family for employment or better future; may never feel fully integrated into the new society. C. 1.5 generation - Childhood 6-12 yrs old; often most acculturated members of family. D. 2nd - born and raised in US of immigrant parents; transitional generation, easier acculturation; may lead to conflict with parents. E. 3rd - Grandchildren of immigrants; retain identity as part of immigrant family, but see their ethnicity as family history rather than their own experience.
FAMILIES (4)
Groups of related people, bound by connections that are "biological, legal, or emotional." Families are social constructs. some theorist think families are inevitable; biological to exist. it is a social construct not inevitable or not just biological
GENDER PRESENTATION
How the world sees you
Why care about Social class? (lect)
It's professional - virtually every field needs to know something about social class, whether you influence others thru policy or interacting with others directly. It's personal - variety of social class all around you so it is important to understand their experiences.
Problematization - the act of problematizing something
Its vital to recognize and criticize problematization; Criticize assumptions first!
Latinos/Latinax groups - Analyze social issues that affected inequality and social change with regard to family life among them in the United States. (93, 96)
Largest and fastest growing minority group 50+mil; Culture & Diversity: who makes it up? Who was already here? When annexed during Mexican American War; Puerto Rico annexed 1898; Cuba in 1959; Familism - puts family first over individualism; Intergenerational ties; Characteristics: younger, more children, live in extended family households; it helps them maintain their culture; 75% of households speak Spanish at home.
**INDEPTH INTERVIEWS & OBSERVATIONS (27)
More detail, nuances and gain deeper understanding; drawback generates more questions then answers; more variation in answers, not generalizable; less people; Opened ended questions - What does family mean to you?
Milwaukee, Wisc 2010 (89)
Most segregated city in USA. Great migration after WW1 1950 urban industrialization; after factories shut down - poverty ensued; segregation is a result of poverty; segregation and social isolation can exacerbate poverty; Poverty trap means no social capital, no jobs.
ANDROGYNOUS (162) Illustrate the concept using examples from U.S. culture.
Neither exclusively masculine nor exclusively feminine.
According to the film, Life on the Line, Why can't Kimberly's father get a job in Negales, Mexico?
Not a Mexican Citizen
INEQUALITY (124)
Not having the same access to opportunities or reverse because of characteristics; That characteristic could be one that you are born with like sex or it could be that is socially determined. Ex: Socially determined - type of schooling/education on micro level; my ability advocate for yourself.
What is the relationship between Inequality and stratification? (lect)
One causes the other Inequality causes stratification because you don't have access to opportunities; Stratification causes inequality because of how social class is categorized; Stratification is bureaucratized inequality Inequality is institutionalized and the institutionalization causes stratification.
DEFINE SEX (151) and Differentiate sex from gender.
One's biological category, male or female, based on anatomy and physiology. (lect) genitals, sex organs, chromosomes, hormones, secondary sex characteristics/puberty; sex vs. sex assigned at birth - biological - cisgender
GENDER EXPRESSION (151) Illustrate the concept using examples from U.S. culture.
One's pattern of outward behavior in relation to common standards of a gender category. How you present yourself to others
Native Americans groups -Analyze social issues that affected inequality and social change with regard to family life among them in the United States. (83-85)
Population growth in the last 50-100 years; Social welfare authorities "forced relocation and family disruption" Indian children into boarding schools or White foster families, severing ties with family and culture. Forced off their homelands into reservations with other tribes resulted in "mixed" ancestry. This mixed ancestry allowed them to be more successful in modern American society. Self identifying as Am Ind & another race improves life; they have higher rates of education, lower rates of poverty and fewer children born to unmarried women. However, both groups are much poor, less educated & show higher rates of single parenthood than US average. Only 22% Am Ind were living on reservations/tribal lands. There, social and economic conditions are desparate; rural areas far away from the centers of economic opportunity. **Health problems: high incident of obesity and diabetes, alcoholism, high rates of accidental and violent deaths including suicide, young men suicide rates are 3 times higher than national average. ***Consequences of forced relocation and family disruption***
Define poverty and assess its social causes. (128-9)
Poverty line - the level of income below which the federal govt defines a family or individual as poor; In 2012 gif combined income was less than $23,283.
***List the methods sociologists use to gather data. (28)
Quantitative: Sample surveys, longitudinal surveys, Qualitative: in-depth interviews and observations & time use studies.
According to the film, Life on the Line, Kimberly's situation is not unique, every day thousands of kids cross the US/Mexico border to attend school. True or False
True
Illustrate the importance of how we measure race in the United States. (75-78)
Racial identities reflect perceptions about biological traits. A group of people believed to share common descent, based on perceived innate physical similarities; a matter of perception not biological certainty. Classifications make sense for two reasons: 1. Many aspects of family and social life still reflect persistent separation between people along racial-ethnic group lines; most people still live, marry, reproduce and raise children within their own racial-ethnic group. 2. Enforcement of these divisions in the past has stamped contemporary American society with long lasting inequalities between racial-ethnic groups. People still discriminate and hold preconceptions about the nature and human qualities of members of other groups. As long as people mistreat others based on their racial-ethnic identities, these group definitions continue to matter.
STRATIFICATION (lect)
Refers to how individuals or groups are ranked in society according to characteristics we value: Persistence; resistance to change/social mobility; Supported by legitimating rationale; EX: A system like sexism that explains why women are lesser than men.
Class identity (120)
Self Identity; Cohen: The awareness of, and sense of belonging to, a specific social class. Barriers between classes are strong, class identity tends to be stronger as well because it is reinforced by close contact among people in a given class.
**Michael Kimmel Ted Talk Why Gender equality is Good for Everyone
Sense of entitlement leads to a lot of violence
***Immigration Impact (102) - 1924 Immigration Act
Severely limited immigration; permitting only a few immigrants per year according to a quota system; completely shutting off immigration from Asia. Immigrant communities were not replenished and integration into mainstream society accelerated.
*My favorite song
Sexual Harassment Prevention Song by Lauren Mayer - message: Hire and promote more women, vote and elect more women.
Define "family" sociologically.
Social construct - not tangible - mutual understanding of what a family is; family has a level of intimacy; a level of expectations; social interaction; obligations we rely on each other; contractual provide for children; degrees of power & authority - like punishment
**US vs. Windsor (7)
Supreme Court ruled in 2013 that the federal government must recognize all marriages that are legally valid in the states, granting same-sex couples access to all federal benefits, from health care coverage, Soc Sec pensions, to right to be buried in Veteran's cemeteries with spouses, gain citizenship for immigrant spouse.
***TIME USE STUDIES (28)
Surveys that collect data on how people spend their time during a sample period, such as a single day or week. Ask someone to keep a diary of how they use their time.
How does immigration affect families?
Tears families apart; deportation and not allowing family reunification;
According to the film, Life on the Line, The founder of Kimberly's school expressed concerns over the division caused by immigration struggles. His concern was primarily that children would be so used to an oppressive system that they wouldn't challenge or question it. True or False
True
At the end of the film, Life on the Line, Kimberly informed her friends at school that she would be moving Phoenix, AZ. True or False
True
ASSIMILATION (page 104) Illustrate the concept using examples from U.S. culture.
The gradual reduction of ethnic distinction between immigrants and the mainstream society.
GENDER IDENTITY (151) Illustrate the concept using examples from U.S. culture.
The identification with the social category boy/man or girl/woman. How you feel on the inside; how you categorize yourself
FAMILY ARENA (11)
The institutional arena where people practice intimacy, childbearing and socialization, and caring work; where family matters take place.
STATE ARENA (12)
The institutional arena where, through political means, behavior is legally regulated, violence is controlled, and resources are redistributed.
SOCIAL DISTANCE (page 108) Illustrate the concept using examples from U.S. culture.
The level of acceptance that members of one group have toward members of another group.
Poverty Line (128)
The level of income below which the federal government defines a family or individual as poor. Poverty line is increasing - increasing inequality; the level of income below which the Fed Govt defines family or individual as poor. Criticism: Poverty and Policy - 1. poverty line in 1960 is based on food costs; Now we pay more in healthcare and housing than food; 2. doesn't include benefits, tax credit, welfare - inflates our perception of poverty; 3. Doesn't account for cost of living differences in different cities.
***Social mobility (134)
The movement, up or down, between social classes. Generational. Being in a different class than parents. It is very difficult to move out of the social class of your parents. Moving in & out of poverty is not social mobility
PERSONAL FAMILY (6)
The people to whom we feel related and who we expect to define us as members of their family as well.
2002: Homeland Security Act - Immigration Impact (103)
To control illegal immigration, Dept of Homeland Security took over immigration enforcement. Thru building fences and patrolling along the border, the government has made illegal crossing more difficult and dangerous; As a result, male undocumented immigrants bring families to live here.
Social Classes in America (lect)
Upper class - 1% & Affluent Middle class - Upper Middle & Working class Lower class - Poor & Very Poor 1% have the power over others including how the Big Engine runs. Power makes a difference; Social Capital - who you know, your family, where you come from; Presentation of self - judgements are made based on what others see, not necessarily what they know.
Summarize the theoretical perspectives for studying sociology of the family. (15-16)
Using a range of theories and perspectives offer different kinds of explanations for patterns that we might use to predict the future. Theory is a way to apply logic to a pattern of facts to structure the way we think about our subject matter, and to help us generate ideas for research to enrich the understanding.
**The Great Set-up
We set up men for failure: we tell men all feminine behavior is bad; Dont show emotions; don't cry; don't be a sissy; leads to why they don't respect women.
BIOLOGICAL SEX
What the doctor assigned you at birth
Intersectionality (lect)
When gender roles are different for different race groups; it makes those minority groups bigger targets.
Why does a white person not identify themselves as white when they look in the mirror? (lect)
Whiteness is socially constructed as other racial category. Whiteness goes unrecognized by white people because it was socially constructed by whites as the norm.
SEXUAL ORIENTATION
Who you like; attraction to another person
Why do young poor women have children and then get married?
Willing to delay marriage to add meaning to their lives; they respect marriage and don't want to mess it up; and they are not economic stability.
In Modernity Theory, How does a rise in individuality affect family? Giddens & Beck - Individualization Thesis
Woman wants to work can bring conflict; can threaten family; Selfishness - self before family and others explains and describes divorce; We are not happy this is not good for kids. Thesis states: new risks and opportunities create individualism. Downside: It creates Isolation which makes intimacy more sought after; makes family relationships more conditional and fragile; weakens the bond thru lack of communication; explains divorce differently. Weakens security; Strength: Value each other more; treat them better; more egalitarian relationships; more progressive family structure
Which theory sees people as individuals entering into mutual relationships in order to maximize their own gains? a) exchange theory b) feminist theory c) conflict theory d) symbolic interaction theory
a) exchange theory
The granting of marriage licenses is an example of which institutional arenas interacting? a) state and family b) state and market c) family and market d) religion and family
a) state and family
***CONSENSUS PERSPECTIVE (16)
aka Structural Functionalism; A perspective that projects an image of society as the collective expression of shared norms and values. Society is collective expression of norms and values. Least likely to say normative value/Best. idea that everything is working in harmony and society works better; change is orderly, change is slow, order is good, phenomena only exists because it serves a function; normative is what you should do says its good; objective says its functional; functional for society. when it is no longer functional or its dysfunctional. Social institution that is dysfunctional - Jim Crow laws; coming into office hours due to email or FaceTime;
Family Resilience approach and **Matrifocal
approach not conflict theorists, more adaptive without whitewashing slavery; Overcoming adversity makes families more resilience and more adaptive. **Matrifocal is female focused but not problematized. Slavery, Oppression and Economic hardships kept traditional family structure out of reach. new theoretical approach is Adaptive to inequality, poverty, discrimination, hi mortality, joblessness, lack of opportunities.
Rosa thinks of her mother's best friend, Maria, as her aunt and Maria treats Rosa as her niece. According to your textbook, Rosa and Maria could be labeled a a) legal family. b) personal family. c) nuclear family. d) extended family.
b) personal family.
Redlining (88)
businesses and government policy that denied loans and other services to people living in defined neighborhoods; and preferential home mortgage programs for White families.
According to conflict theories, who benefits from family structures where women stay home and men work for pay? a) women and children b) children and old people c) men and employers d) women and employers
c) men and employers
According to recent feminist family theorists, which statement is true? a) Family types are biologically determined and rarely change. b) What's good for some women is good for all women. c) Men and women have very similar experiences of family life. d) Family types are socially constructed.
d) Family types are socially constructed.
Demography & the Life Course (23)
do not develop theories of family, they are using the situation of families to study other things. Want to understand population of
Illustrate the relationship between gender and social institutions such as religion, the economy, and education.
gender at work - men make $1.19 to women $1 ; Employers see woman are less able to do things and women are taught they are less able to do things. Gender socialization determine the actions of Both employers and employees - Biases - fatalities in mining, oil, coal, construction, trucking; women work 43 hours yet women are less likely to get injured;
***Evaluate the feminism perspective
gender patterns are learned rather than biological; they hurt women and men; Sexual identity is turned into gender identity and gender expression is learned and practiced within the family.
***Understand the socially constructed concept of "masculinity." FILM - The Mask I Live In"
gender roles are more rigidly enforced for men; masks oppress to increased rates of suicide, mental illness, and work place deaths. 4 men to 1 woman commit suicide.
Interpret the existence of social inequality using conflict theory. (116)
inequality is the results of economic exploitation. fundamental class division is not one of skills and expertise, but one of ownership; those who own and control property/capital dominate those who have no capital and must subsist by selling their labor on unfavorable terms. Social classes are distinct categories defined by their ownership or lack of ownership of capital. Classes are defined by their relationship to each other; capitalists and workers exist only in relation to each other.
***Evaluate the biological perspective.
that biological evolution is a useful framework - naturalness of gender roles; women have babies and stay home to take care of; men are stronger and hunt; we've evolved beyond our nature state; if you don't use we can't understand where our social evolution came from.