Soci 336 Final

The ideological movement that resisted cultural and social assimilation with whites and instead championed self-determination, race pride, and separatism is called a. the segregated community. b. ethnic nationalism. c. fraternal organizations. d. identity politics.

b

The majority of religious congregations in the United States are a. racially and ethnically integrated. b. racially and ethnically segregated. c. white dominated. d. led by people of color.

b

Underground Economy

"The combined forms of enterprise classified as criminal under current law" -4 out of 5 Americans buy something through the UE each year -largest contributor to the UE is illegal drugs-->%8 of worldwide trade -references war on drugs and a way for impoverished ghettos to make money

Contrary to popular belief, Americans' political attitudes and interests are not becoming more polarized. a. true b. false

a

If the white aesthetic seeks to normalize whiteness, the racist aesthetic a. normalizes the experiences of people of color. b. seeks to demonize whiteness. c. seeks to depict people of color in a negative light. d. ignores people of color completely.

c

What does the "Florida Effect" tell us about race relations in America? a. America has become more racially segregated and suburbanized. b. Our associations remain homophilous andhighly segregated. c. People are less likely to support public programs that benefit other racial groups than those that do not. d. Integrated associations may be proliferating.

c

_______student activists played a key role in forming the Third World Liberation Front. African American Asian American Native American Arab American

this powerpoint says c but i think its b

Patriarchy

Society is male dominated, male centered, and male controlled. Women are seen as worth less than men. -established during slavery, masters controlled female slaves bodies, made them bear children EX: women are expected to fill domestic roles in the home and can't question them. EX: women's wages were often paid to their husbands EX: the right to vote was only passed for white women (intersectionality) EX: forced sterilization of black women, could have just given dudes vasectomies EX: after world war II the creation of the nuclear family- once the men came back, women assumed role in the house again and men took office jobs

Symbolic Violence

Refers to the process of people of color unknowingly accepting and supporting the terms of their own domination. Also known as internalized oppression. Often found among non-whites who learn from an early age that non-whiteness is devalued. EX: white beauty vs. black ugliness, this idea grew out of slavery (some women tried to straighten or dye their hair, or attempted to lighten their. EX: KKK isn't a hate group but black lives matter is EX: American culture is a culture of immigrants (blame them for brining racism here because they are different)

Which of the following statements is representative of the white aesthetic? a. People of color are depicted in negative ways. b. The white experience is seen as "normal." c. It is subversive art made for racial justice. d. It reduces racial domination to interpersonal domination.

b

Which of the following was a leader in the black nationalist movement? a. Martin Luther King, Jr. b. Marcus Garvey c. Frederick Douglass d. Toni Morrison

b

Who utilized the campaign tactic that came to be know as the "Southern Strategy," which helped to polarize the electorate around racial politics and to recruit masses of southern whites into the Republican Party? John F. Kennedy Richard Nixon George Wallace Ronald Reagan

b

__________ occurs when members of one ethnic or racial group adopt a cultural product associated with another group. a. Racial appropriation b. Cultural appropriation c. The racist aesthetic d. Lowbrow culture

b

Which of the following statements is true of minstrel shows? a. They showcased the experiences of black Americans in the pre-Civil War era for white audiences. b. They were a platform for the African American community to show the artistic talents that had been stifled during slavery. c. They made a mockery of black Americans for the enjoyment of white audiences. d. They were performed by white actors for largely black audiences and designed to reinforce black Americans' inferior social position.

c

Who founded the United Farm Workers of America (UFW)? Martin Luther King, Jr. Wilma Mankiller Cesar Chavez Ella Baker

c

Interpersonal Racism

Racism that is manifested in everyday interactions and practices. Can be overt or covert, but mainly covert. -attitudes and habitual actions EX: white personal calling a black person "boy" EX: walking on the street and avoiding a Mexican person walking towards you

Over the entire span of U.S. history, _______ percent of people elected to the Senate have been nonwhite. 1 10 20 50

a

Robert Putnam argues that members of the current generation are __________ than members of the previous generation. a. less engaged in civil society b. more likely to volunteer c. more likely to join racially integrated associations d. less satisfied with their life

a

The example in the text of the "discovery" of the Gee's Bend quilts is indicative of a. the white gaze. b. the antiracist aesthetic. c. highbrow culture. d. lowbrow culture.

a

Which Civil Rights Movement organization focused mainly on fighting racism in the courts? NAACP SCLC SNCC CORE

a

Which of the following groups is most likely to experience religious discrimination in the United States? a. Muslims b. Christians c. Jews d. Mormons

a

The paintings of Norman Rockwell and the the TV show The Brady Bunch are examples of the a. white aesthetic. b. racist aesthetic. c. antiracist aesthetic. d. rise of multiculturalism.

a pretty much only painted pictures of the "american way" from the perspective of a white person.

Capitalism

A political economic system that values greed over people. It has a history of dividing people based: on race, class gender, ability, religion, and nationality because it justifies its greed for more profit at the expense of a multi-ethnic working class. -need lots of money to be successful

How does associations stifle American's Promise for democracy for all? How does it reproduce white supremacy?

N?A

How is the "Underground Art" likened to resistance?

-Art was associated with a white, educated, leisure class where nonwhites were socially and economically denied access to fine art EX: denied admittance to art institutes, higher knowledge -Under oppressive conditions from the Eurocentric art world, dominated groups used UE forms to resist white domination: -ghost dances (Native Americans: forbidden by white colonizers but performed anyways) -spirituals (sang by African Americans in the fields to express their anguish and bring hope) -Blues and jazz (African Americans, came from the south, sang about oppression, jazz was more sophisticated) EX: whites culturally appropriated jazz out of fear of creating a multicultural aesthetic world

Who joins hate groups?

-Many members from middle class homes -people with steady jobs and salaries -there are websites for groups that attract young men an women -the size of the groups are relatively small **They're politically active people drawn in by the fear and rage over what they perceive as white losses, as other racial groups make advances in the country and the world race relations are a Zero sum game- if they have no power, nonwhites will have all the power, gay people getting married is an infringement on their rights, Catholic church

What is Putnam's thesis of social decapitalization?

-There has been a decrease in social capital over the past 50 years -minorities are less likely to express their views public -to vote -to attend public meetings -or to engage in politics Racial Domination contributes to this decline through suburbanization (white dominated, private), increased racial diversity, which declines social trust -nonwhites still typically live in poorer areas of cities, still have no say because they're in the lowest tier EX: Florida Effect

How does income and citizenship effect civic participation?

-There is more white participation than nonwhites -leads to decreased rates of social trust -economic inequality -further decreases participation EX: its hard to participate in voting when you have a lower income because you can't get to the polling places b/c you don't have a car or the ability to get off work, white people can afford this -non-citizens can't vote, process to become a citizen is hard so it limits you from voting EX: Immigrants might not speak English, can't become a part of the community they moved into that supposed to give them a new start

Please explain the demographics of the Senate over the span of U.S. History? What is the effects on policy?

1% of the senate has been nonwhite throughout history -1 native american -4 hispanics -4 asian americans -3 african americans -white politicians did a poor job of representing the interests of nonwhite people -while colored legislators did a better job at representing the nonwhite population because whites do not face the same hardships as them

What were the differences amongst Civil Rights Organizations?

100 years after the Emancipation Proclamation- AA still had no freedom -Jim Crow (social separation) -sharecropping (debt, informal slavery) -Disenfranchisement (poll taxes, literacy tests, terrorism) 1. NAACP -black and white intellectuals -battled racial domination in the courts -produced press releases, pamphlets, speeches -MLK *March on Washington and I Have a Dream Speech EX: non-violent resistance like the Montgomery Bus Boycott 3. Southern Christian Leadership Council -black preachers and congregants, and military veterans -mass demonstrations, boycotts, rallies, marches 4. Student non-violent coordinating committee -sit-ins -freedom rides *CORE tested desegregated buses and people were beaten and buses were set on fire, Kennedy sent federal marshals for protection -Freedom Summer *increase voter registration and freedom schools to bring education to poorer areas -predominantly led by youth

Please explain the different rights afforded by the 13th, 14th, 15th amendment and the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act? How did these acts help define Black citizenship and why were they necessary?

13th- abolished slavery 14th- citizenship for African Americans 15th- Black male Suffrage Civil Rights act of 1964 -most important legislative effort to eradicate discrimination based on race, religion, or national origin in all public places -applies to all ethnic groups and women -Still have Legalistic Fallacy Voting Rights Act -prohibited voter discrimination -banned literacy tests -abolished poll taxes -appointed federal examiners and observers

Please explain the promise and pitfalls of Hip Hop?

AKA Rap- it is a dependent of jazz, black rhetoric, african drumming, and black humor -was a voice of protest, cry of desperation, and celebration of the black underclass PITFALLS: hip hop is a negative force NOW because it supports racial, masculine, heterosexual domination EX: NWA- to kill a hooker Biggie- big booty hoes -depicts black men as violent killers and black women as sexual objects PROMISES: hip hop is an out spoken, defiant, powerful racial voice for racial justice in the aesthetic world EX: Fight the Power by Public Enemy (fight white domination)

In the early 1990s, the Supreme Court ruled that "political" gerrymandering was unconstitutional. true false

Answer:Feedback b : The Supreme Court ruled that race-based gerrymandering was illegal, but it allowed political gerrymandering.

What are some ways that art can embrace an anti-racist approach?

Art must acknowledge the suffering caused by racial domination. Anti-racist artists must "acknowledge the suffering caused by racial domination" in their artwork in order to accurately depict the hardships nonwhite groups have endured. Some artists, white or nonwhite, depict their art in this way to authentically portray a culture and use money made off of their art to give back to nonwhite communities.

How can art be transformed to a more egalitarian depiction for different groups? What would it take?

Art must be used for racial justice. -art must be used to confront American racial history and challenge the racist aesthetic by correcting the distorted view of nonwhites -increase nonwhite social media presence and decrease white social media presence (goes for film too) must give up some privilege to increase the privilege of nonwhites EX: proliferation of white dominated sitcoms (The middle, Mike and Molly versus Blackish)

What is "Black Twitter" and how is it a source of empowerment?

Coalition of black people on twitter that talk about relevant issues by using trending hashtags such as -blacklivesmatter -justicefortrayvon They use black twitter to spread info quickly and to educate people on issues enhances media coverage of their issues can reach people of all ethnicities EX: can encourage people to watch films starring black characters Hidden Figures, Get Out

What are the differences between the American ideals of assimilation, hyphenation, and multiculturalism?

Assimilation- melting pot, cultural groups loose their distinctive identities to blend into the american Identity EX: Native American boarding, Bureau of Indian Affairs was created to organize the assimilation Hyphenation- tolerates distinctive cultures of individuals, but still puts stigmas on foreigners EX: asian american, tolerated as asians but stigmatized as stealing jobs from blacks Multiculturalism: tolerates and accepts outsiders and understanding of culture EX: offering kosher food options EX: respecting no christian holidays EX: respecting muslims afternoon prayer EX: immigrants can be nignag lookin headass citizens and open up dem ethnic shops

Why must we be aware of the tokenistic fallacy when discussing political representation by nonwhite politicians?

Because there have only been 19 nonwhite political representatives in elected official history. Processes such as gerrymandering show the efforts people go to to ensure biased votes there is a fine line bc nonwhite officials do not always support policies of equality or think one minded towards helping their particular race or ethnicity EX: Superficial representation -Process of appointing to political positions nonwhites who are disconnected from the needs and problems of most nonwhite citizens Substantive representation -Correspondence between the goals of nonwhite representatives and those of nonwhite citizens

What are the barriers to voting today? How is it relative to historical disenfranchisement?

Both whites and nonwhites rush to polls in larger numbers if the ticket is racially mixed. • White voters are more mobilized in racially integrated communities than in homogenous ones. What explains this trend? • In the post-Civil Rights Era, class-based voting has decreased, whereas race-based voting has increased. • Whites disapprove of policies aimed at improving nonwhites' quality of life. Felon disenfranchisement • Laws adopted after ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment • 1 adult in every 40 citizens denied the right to vote (most are ex-felons) • One in seven black men disenfranchised • Election 2000: Had former felons been allowed to vote in Florida, Al Gore would have carried Florida and thus clinched the presidency.

Collective Action

Bringing about transformative and effective social change thorough united forms of action/social movements EX: public protests, strikes, sustained boycotts, public demonstrations, civil disobedience, racial uprisings

Why were black churches so central to the organization of the Civil Rights Movement?

Churches served as meeting hubs because they were isolated from the white power structure. They were a place where people could voice their needs, opinions and problems in a safe place and had a large black audience. They also had financial safety as preachers were not in danger of losing jobs

Civil Rights Movement

Collection of organizations and people who carried out political acts aimed at abolishing racial segregation, nonwhite disenfranchisement, and economic exploitation. -known for large scale movements -drew inspiration form the "black organizing tradition" which ran from slave revolts through reconstructions and the 1960s -blacks demanded their freedom -NAACP dominant black protest organization that preceded the modern civil rights movement -military veterans, black preachers and congregants energized the CRV -black church was a hub of the movement -Montgomery Bus Boycott was one of the first demonstrations -sit-ins represented the power of student led public protests 9black and white students) -also based in local organizing, long-term investment in community leaders, and very specific practical goals -Voting Rights Act of 1965 was one of the most significant victories, signed in by Johnson

Multiculturalism

Envisions a society in which racial diversity is fully taken into account and valued for its own sake -all persons inherent dignity as human beings is recognized -sometimes called cosmopolitanism 1. civic responsibility to all people 2. respect one another's differences -not to dwell on our differences, but rather to acknowledge and respect those differences as potential sources of wisdom and good.

How do we sociologically study Art? How does art imitate social conditions?

Even if the art isn't purposefully political, it is product of whatever the artist is exposed to; what shapes their thoughts. Therefore, when sociologically studying art, one has to look at it from a historical and social context to completely understand it. Does it support white, racist, or antiracist aesthetics and how does it affect racial domination?

How does organized hate groups incite anti-immigrant sentiments?

Hate groups are organized by a philosophy that demonizes enemies EX: KKK EX: Westboro Baptist Church White Nationalist Groups feed off of the recent influx in hispanic immigration and advocate violence, use the internet to covertly recruit and communicate with a large amount of people (kind of covert because its not super public) EX: in the US Hispanics were targets in 17% of hate crimes, but 30% in 2012

Please explain the "Indian" movement and Termination Policies?

History of rebellion and resistance form the Ghost Dances AI activism was reenergized during the 1950s in response to the Indian Termination Policies which denied tribal sovereignty and federal recognition to tribes after Vietnam -fish-ins -property seizures -occupation of Alcatraz Island -cultural revival Indian Termination Policies -were used to assimilate Indians -ended federal recognition of tribes -made them susceptible to state and federal laws -denied them federal aid and services -withdrew land form protected status -land was sold to non indians -increased poverty on reservations BACKLASH: -led to a rise in Southern Strategy and the republican party in the south -rise in coded language and racial cues EX: "states rights" -Ronal Reagan

How do high incarceration rates affect nonwhite communities?

Incarceration rates affect nonwhite communities particularly negatively because they are targeted by stop and frisk and other police behaviors which profile them. Therefore, these communities, often urban communities, are devoid of black males and are mainly populated by black females and their children. However, since there is often only one parent to watch over any number of children, the children are often left unsupervised while the parent is working extra hours to make money. Therefore, the child is more likely to become sucked into the life of the street and involved in drugs and violent crime, eventually following in their father's footsteps and perpetuating the cycle of poverty and disenfranchisement.

What is the connection between integration and the rise in ethnic nationalism?

It led to the rise in integrated associations EX: NAACP and the VFW (veterans of Foreign Wars) -Some non whites fought against racial integration which led to more oppression rather than liberalization -Through ethnic nationalism, its ambassadors resist cultural and social assimilation and instead champion self-determination, race pride, separatism, and, in some cases, the formation of an independent nation based on racial identity. Malcolm X and black Nationalism

How can the historic changes of the YWCA inform the current women's movement?

It was once segregated and then in 1920 they pushed for integration and fighting racism -became anti racist and fully integrated and focused on eliminating racism while also empowering women EX: Women's Movement including Black women intersectionality. leadership of the movement was rights, middle and upperclass women's priorities, socioeconomic status

Why do so many Americans fear an "immigrant invasion"? What are the basic misunderstandings about immigration and crime rates?

Many Americans fear an immigrant invasion because of not only the fact that immigrant populations from countries around the world, such as Syria, are seeking asylum in the U.S., but also because these immigrants have been portrayed in the popular media as thieves, killers, and out to steal all of our jobs. However, as a study by Ramino Martinez states, immigrant youth living in urban city centers are actually less violent than white and black, non-immigrant youths, even though they are usually suffering from extreme poverty.

What marked the Birth of Mass incarceration? What was it in response to?

Mass incarceration was born out of the end of the Jim Crow era and in response to the Civil Rights Movement. The push for more equal rights for blacks led to a institutional backlash which strived to paint a rise in crime rate as a result of the CRM and therefore due to the actions of blacks. The "law and order" agenda and the "war on drugs" that grew out of Nixon's presidency served to disproportionately target young, men of color and incarcerate them so as to "make America safe"

The authors argue that "cultural appropriation . . . is not simply about who is doing the appropriating but how they are doing it." What does this mean?

Members of one ethnic group or racial group adopt a cultural product associated with another group EX: Afghan Scarves- Keffiyeh EX: White artists like Elvis Presley being called the king of rock n roll even though he became famous playing the songs written by black artists

Please explain the importance of the United Farm Workers of America and the Third World Liberation Front?

Mexican Americans -Cesar Chavez -United Farm Workers of America *organized crop workers in strikes, riots, and boycotts against oppressors EX: Delano Grape Strike was held to gain better wages and national attention to crop pickers Asian Americans -Third World Liberation Front *wanted to challenge Eurocentric Curriculum in college classrooms because it ignored and distorted the histories of people of color -founded at Berkeley and San Fransisco State college were they organized strikes and marches that disrupted classes -many beaten or arrested

What is the demographic make-up of the two dominant political parties and why? How does this color people of various race/class/genders vote against their interests in the past presidential election?

Most white voters have supported the republican party while most nonwhites remain loyal to the Democratic Party -In the 2008 election, 95 percent of black voters, 41 percent of white voters, and 67 percent of Latino voters voted for Obama

Cultural Appropriation

Occurs when members of one ethnic or racial group adopt a cultural product associated with another EX: Asian Fashion has been widely appropriated by non-asians (Chinese character tattoos, kimonos, indian saris) EX: Native American art forms EX: non-black adaption of African American hip-hop culture (tilted caps, baggy clothes, and hip sayings (rooted in a low-income black urban experience)) -Ethnic Theft where insider culture is performed by outsider bodies -not who is doing the appropriation but how (degenerative versus appreciation, racist versus anti-racist) -can rip off another culture and redefine it

What are the pros and cons of Black Nationalism?

PROS: struck a blow to symbolic violence -increased pride in blackness, black history, and culture CONS: separated the black nation -racial integration was the majority goal

Coded Language

Passive aggressive racist statements are also known as racially coded language. They hide obviously oppressive language by appearing as common vocabulary, good intentions, or seemingly "objective" common sense. They are sneaky. EX: Native American assimilation was seen as giving natives more land, but it was not fertile and was eventually taken back by the state EX: "make America Great Again" EX: federal courts can discriminate against "people" with dreadlocks, even though dreads are common black hairstyle EX: Hyatt group labeled braids as inappropriate in the professional world, even though they are rooted in black culture EX: NBA banning chains and medallions even though they are a part of hip hop culture

How does cyber communities aid racism and empower disenfranchised groups?

Pros: virtual empowerment giver nonwhites a voice -fosters healthy debate -increase political mobilization and participation -reconnects disparate communities -preserved indigenous languages CONS: virtual racism -anonymity allows for prejudice on the wed -promotes racial tourism -can slip into another skin, people who aren't of that race can pretend they are EX: allows people to live a life they know nothing about

How can we tell the difference between racist appropriation and antiracist appropriation?

RA: Reinforces racial divisions in fear of being a cultural bandit 0detaches art form from the racial group which makes them seem like "others" -becomes an accurate reflection (misrecognized as reality) -denies nonwhites the ability to profit or control their representations EX: Dashikis worn by non-blacks EX: Dressing up as a Native American on Halloween EX: Achmed the Dead Terrorist- portrays all muslims as terrorists ARA: does not de-racialize or de-historicize the art form but gives credit where its due -appropriation flows both ways, but power and privilege can only come from the side of the blacks EX: M&M cares about maintaining the integrity of hip hop, respects the art form instead of just profiting himself

Race as Biology

Race is about biological markers such as skin color, hair, and eyes, yet there is no scientific basis to identify natural differences separating racial groups. There is more genetic variation within racial groups than between them. EX: black people are good at basketball, Jewish people were traditionally seen as the best, but the racial composition of basketball changed as the racial composition of inner cities changed. Jews lived in the ghettos originally, but then moved into the suburbs, so blacks who assumed their spots in the city and began playing more. EX: black youth see sports as their only attempt to get into college, whites see it as risky and taking time away from focusing on studies to get into school EX: IQ, blacks have lower IQs because it is genetically based and immutable EX:justified slavery and colonization of the Americas

What are the various reasons why whites have higher rates of civil engagement than nonwhites?

SEE ABove

What is the difference between Cultural Appropriation, Racist Appropriation and Anti-racist Appropriation?

See Above

In what ways is the distinction between highbrow culture and lowbrow culture racialized?

Separated by inclusion and exclusion HB: the collection of art forms associated with an upper-class taste and lifestyle is rich in cultural capital LB: "Pop-culture" or taste and lifestyles of the masses deemed "ordinary" -people develop distaste for things they can't afford -knowledge required to consume high brow art is not equal despite it having universal value -rejecting certain art forms of certain groups without sounding racist is coded language

Disenfranchisement

Series of laws, new constitutions, and practices that deliberately were used to limit black's rights and to prevent black citizens from registering to vote and voting -felon disenfranchisement was conceived as an effective way to diminish nonwhite political power. -U.S. is the only country that disenfranchises felons and ex-felons EX: poll taxes, Jim Crow laws, literacy tests

How is Regan's Approach to "law and order" connected to the "southern strategy" and similar to that of Trump's Administration?

Southern Strategy was used by Nixon- which relied on coded language to appeal to racist whites to somehow blame nonwhites for being the cause of important US problems -"law and order" -"moral failure" Reagan used the war on drugs to target nonwhites by using coded language that appealed to southerns similar to Nixon -it made him look strong and tough even when his policies were harming people of color and even poorer white communities EX: CIA bringing in Crack cocaine to impoverished ghettos and then going in and arresting them Trump -talks about "urban communities" and "inner cities"- meaning black and latino majority communities as extremely crime ridden -uses coded language such as "make America great again" to make whites think that immigrants are ruining their life

Institutional Racism

Sub-category of racial domination: The systematic white domination of people for color embedded and operating in corporations, universities, political bodies, and other social collectives -because it operates outside the scope of individual intent, many people do not recognize it as racism when they experience it -some people are classified as normal or not normal (symbolic power) -withhold basic rights form people of color and use the state to enforce segregation (political) -privileges whites in terms of jobs, advancement and wealth accumulation (economic) EX: the tendency of schools to support curriculum that highlights the accomplishments of european americans and ignoring the accomplishments of non-europeans EX: the prevalence of law enforcement practices that target people of color as criminals of terrorists EX: employers can discriminate against someone with dreadlocks EX: Madame CJ Walker's product chemically changed the state of black women's hair EX: asking to change seats if an Arab-american sits next to you on a plane ((personal but orchestrated by policy/media (institutions)) EX: KKK isn't a hate group but black lives matter is

What is the "Florida Effect" and what does it tell us about race relations in America?

That white people would prefer to support their own racial group rather than those of nonwhites EX:old taxpayers in florida are predominantly white, but thy don't want to support the younger latino generation in public schools

How does the media portrayal of certain groups relate to the literature on art and racist appropriation?

The Last Samurai is Tom Cruise. To make white characters' lives more interesting, the writers pepper their story with stereotypes, aesthetics, and stories from other cultures. hooks also says, "encounters with Otherness are clearly marked as more exciting, more intense, and more threatening" (311), which plays out in movies like westerns. The Native Americans (or "Indians," but never a specific tribe) are a threat to the white characters because the white characters don't understand their way of life or their motivations, nor does the narrative attempt to understand it, but their existence is exciting--and now, white people at music festivals wear manufactured headdresses for fun with no understanding of what the headdress indicates. EX: the missing, Native Americans who kidnap a white girl, natives are portrayed as rapists and savages, military is praised in the end for killing the natives and saving the white girl

Heteronormativity

The belief that people fall into two distinct binary gender categories: Male and Female -assume heterosexuality is the norm

White Priviledge

The collection of unearned cultural political, economic, and social advantages or privileges possessed by people of anglo-european descent or by those who pass as such -whiteness in action EX: non-whites given loans, or given loans at high interest rates EX: Jeffrey Sessions, punishes people for fighting for equal rights based on race EX: Whites less likely to be exposed to toxic chemicals than latinos or Mexicans because white neighborhoods are less likely to be next to areas of pollution -advantages are a result of taking them away from non-whites EX: whites can't be employed unless hispanics are unemployed, take away white privilege to give other advantages

Florida Effect

The concept that supports the idea that white citizens are more willing to put their tax dollars behind public programs that will overwhelmingly benefit members of their own racial group EX:the average tax payer in FL is a white elder and the average student is Latino-->tax payers don't feel the need to support education for latino school children

What are the effects of imprisonment? Does it help to rehabilitate? What may be a better way?

The effects of imprisonment are negative overall. Upon release, offenders are stripped of their right to vote in elections, a basic civic duty and right that many claim is a cornerstone of American identity. Furthermore, ex-convicts are unable to acquire employment as they must explain on their job application whether or not they have been to jail, lowering their chances for economic success. Also, relationships between husbands and their spouses are also broken, leading to divorces, children being raised by a single mother, and who must work multiple jobs to feed the family and pay rent on their own. A better way would be to provide educational and vocational training in prisons so that upon release, prisoners have the tools to succeed in society instead of being left to fend for themselves with only the label of "ex-con" on their back.

How did Clinton's Administration help to contribute to an era of the "New Jim Crow"?

The passing of stricter sentencing laws such as mandatory minimum sentences for drug offenses, even minor ones. Also, the "three strikes and you're out" policy sent felons to jail for life, no matter what the previous three laws that were broken. He also increased government funding for increased construction of prisons to house the increasing criminal rate. He also cut public housing funding so as to provide less opportunities to urban poor minorities looking to live in safer areas where they may enhance their chances of life success.

Why did the prison population increase significantly in the 1970s? What policies prompted this?

The prison population increased in the 1970s due to the beginning of the War on Drugs during the Nixon administration which led to the rise of the prison industrial complex and a system of mass incarceration. Black men were disproportionately targeted, profiled, and arrested for harsh drug crimes and sentenced to jail.

Color Blindness

The systematic denial of racial subordination and the psychological repression of an individual's recognition of that subordination, thereby, letting it continue. Its impossible to say that a subject (such as skin color) doesn't exist when you mention skin color EX: Rachel's mom on the Bachelor making sure Nick acknowledges that she is a black person and that her identity is impacted more by certain social factors

How is Religious associations a source of empowerment and intolerance for some groups? Give some examples

They promote ethnic identities such as the immigrant identity and the white suburban identity -they are sites of social mobilization EX: Black churches during the civil rights movement EX: Homophony, strengthens your own identity but separates you from everyone else EX: Whiteness and Blackness, boundaries widened because of religious habits

Hyphenation

Tolerates distinctive cultures of individuals, but still puts stigmas on foreigners.

What are some examples of implicit racial appeals used by politicians?

Using implicit appeals to play the "race card" The 1988 election between Dukakis and Bush: Horton murder case (black murderer/raper of white couple) Racial Appeals -Willie Horton ad used by George H. W. Bush against Michael Dukakis -Tennessee's 2006 Senate race -"Dog whistle" politics Overt ways of saying discrimination such as "forced busing, cutting taxes, state's rights" (Lee Atwater)

What is the "white aesthetic" versus "racists aesthetics?" give some examples

WA: Art can reflect racial Domination -the white body and experience was presented as normal -whites had the privilege of pretending race doesn't matter which normalized whiteness EX: The Clark Doll Experiment EX: Norman Rockwell from the Brady Bunch depicting American Life as a white utopia free of black people EX: some companies only want white models in the fashion world RA: Depicts people of color in negative ways -infantilizes and demonizes nonwhites, while the white aesthetic normalizes whiteness -white aesthetic ignores black people, but the racist aesthetic doesn't represent them in their full humanity -replaces nonwhite heroes with white ones EX: Birth of a Nations D.W. Griffiths EX: casting nonwhite characters as stereotypical roles- South park kid named "token" and he is the one black guy in the show ARA: forces audience to confront American racial history honestly -corrects distorted representation of nonwhites EX: diversity of the cast of OITNB EX: Woody Guthry's song called deportee which challenged the exploitation of Mexican Immigrants

What is the power of the "white gaze?"

Whites have power over structures of artistic production -nonwhites are performers but don't hold much power -white gaze can guide critics as they decide what should be considered "folk art" (exoticizes nonwhite artists) EX: sections for black authors, but if its white authors its just others (whiteness) -rewards nonwhite artists for not challenging dominant white representations of the social world EX: Macklemore beat Kendrick for best rap artists even though his albumn could have been the best all time album, Macklemore said he didn't deserve it "Good Kid Mad City" lost to the "Heist"

According to research cited in the text, most whites today explain racial disparities by pointing to structural constraints. interpersonal racism. gerrymandering. individual failings.

d

In what year were black Americans able to fully participate in American democracy? 1865 (Thirteenth Amendment) 1868 (Fourteenth Amendment) 1963 (Civil Rights Act) 1965 (Voting Rights Act)

d

Which of the following groups has the highest rates of civil engagement? a. black Americans b. Asian Americans c. Latinos d. white Americans

d

Which of the following is true about religious affiliation in America? a. America is one of the most religiously diverse countries in the world. b. Approximately one-third of Americans identify as atheist or agnostic. c. America is one of the least religious nations in the world. d. The grand majority of Americans identify as Christians.

d