Social Psychology Exam 2

Cognitive dissonance is stronger when we have ______ reasons for engaging in attitude-discrepant behavior.

Few

According to the theory of planned behavior, what type of process precedes the decision to engage in a particular behavior?

A rational process

Which of the following is usually TRUE of a persuasive communicator?

An attractive communicator is more persuasive than an unattractive communicator

When it comes to attitude certainty, ________ is more predictive of our private behavior, whereas ___________ is more predictive of our public behavior.

Clarity; correctness

We form attitudes via classical conditioning by

Developing associations

The diminished capacity to exert self-control after previously doing so is known as ______________.

Ego depletion

One result of tokenism is that it

Helps to maintain the perception that the existing system is fair

When personal identity is salient we are likely to engage in _________ comparison, whereas when social identity is salient we are likely to engage in ____________ comparison.

Intragroup; intergroup

What is the most common way of measuring self-esteem?

Rosenberg Scale

When we attempt to present our positive characteristics to other people, we are engaging in _____________.

Self-promotion

When is introspection more likely to be accurate?

When the behavior is a result of conscious decision-making

According to Kahneman and Tversky's (1984) prospect theory, White and Black people tend to perceive racial inequality differently because

White people perceive equality as a loss for their group, but Black people perceive it as a gain.

Powell, Branscombe, and Schmitt (2005) found that encouraging majority members to think about the advantages they have enjoyed as a result of their majority status ______ their collective guilt, which in turn ______ racism.

increases, reduces

Which of the following is NOT a way that we resist persuasion attempts?

Ego depletion

Comparing yourself to someone less competent than you is called ________, whereas comparing yourself to someone more competent than you is called _________.

Downward social comparison; upward social comparison

Which attitudinal factor describes how strongly an individual feels about an issue?

Extremity

On average, men have ____________ self-esteem compared to women.

Higher

What is meant by the term "self-construal"?

How we think about ourselves depends on the context

The contact hypothesis is based on the idea that

Increased contact between members of different social groups can help to reduce the prejudice between groups

In a study concerning social comparison, Schmitt, Silvia, and Branscombe (2000) demonstrated that people liked a _____________ target when making interpersonal comparisons and liked a ______________ target when making intergroup comparisons.

Low-performing; high-performing

Cognitive dissonance arises when we notice a discrepancy between our attitudes and our behaviors. One way we can reduce the dissonance is by

Modifying either the attitude or behavior to be more consistent with each other

In a study, participants were told an African American student had been discriminated against in the grading of a paper, and the student had either complained about it or dealt with it by accepting responsibility. Participants evaluated the student _________ in the complaint condition compared to the responsibility condition.

More negatively

Which of the following is TRUE about self-talk?

Positive self-talk can remind people with low self-esteem that they may not measure up

Which of the following best defines instrumental conditioning?

Reward and punishment strengthen and weaken a response, respectively

Training individuals to refute their own stereotypes is known as _________ training and has the effect of __________ stereotype activation.

Stereotype negation; decreasing

When we meet someone who doesn't fit the stereotype associated with their group membership, we tend to

Subtype the individual into a separate category of people who don't confirm the stereotype, leaving the original stereotype intact.

When are women most likely to gain access to high-status positions?

When companies are in a time of crisis

According to the elaboration-likelihood model of persuasion, the two key factors that will determine whether we engage in effortful or effortless processing of information are one's

Capacity to process information and level of motivation

One approach to reducing prejudice and bias is to encourage individuals to recategorize outgroup members and ingroup members as both being part of a larger single social entity. This approach is known as the ________ model.

Common ingroup identity

According to the text, how do prejudiced people come to perceive themselves as unprejudiced?

They compare themselves to extreme bigots and feel that they don't match up