Social Psychology Exam 2
Cognitive dissonance is stronger when we have ______ reasons for engaging in attitude-discrepant behavior.
Few
According to the theory of planned behavior, what type of process precedes the decision to engage in a particular behavior?
A rational process
Which of the following is usually TRUE of a persuasive communicator?
An attractive communicator is more persuasive than an unattractive communicator
When it comes to attitude certainty, ________ is more predictive of our private behavior, whereas ___________ is more predictive of our public behavior.
Clarity; correctness
We form attitudes via classical conditioning by
Developing associations
The diminished capacity to exert self-control after previously doing so is known as ______________.
Ego depletion
One result of tokenism is that it
Helps to maintain the perception that the existing system is fair
When personal identity is salient we are likely to engage in _________ comparison, whereas when social identity is salient we are likely to engage in ____________ comparison.
Intragroup; intergroup
What is the most common way of measuring self-esteem?
Rosenberg Scale
When we attempt to present our positive characteristics to other people, we are engaging in _____________.
Self-promotion
When is introspection more likely to be accurate?
When the behavior is a result of conscious decision-making
According to Kahneman and Tversky's (1984) prospect theory, White and Black people tend to perceive racial inequality differently because
White people perceive equality as a loss for their group, but Black people perceive it as a gain.
Powell, Branscombe, and Schmitt (2005) found that encouraging majority members to think about the advantages they have enjoyed as a result of their majority status ______ their collective guilt, which in turn ______ racism.
increases, reduces
Which of the following is NOT a way that we resist persuasion attempts?
Ego depletion
Comparing yourself to someone less competent than you is called ________, whereas comparing yourself to someone more competent than you is called _________.
Downward social comparison; upward social comparison
Which attitudinal factor describes how strongly an individual feels about an issue?
Extremity
On average, men have ____________ self-esteem compared to women.
Higher
What is meant by the term "self-construal"?
How we think about ourselves depends on the context
The contact hypothesis is based on the idea that
Increased contact between members of different social groups can help to reduce the prejudice between groups
In a study concerning social comparison, Schmitt, Silvia, and Branscombe (2000) demonstrated that people liked a _____________ target when making interpersonal comparisons and liked a ______________ target when making intergroup comparisons.
Low-performing; high-performing
Cognitive dissonance arises when we notice a discrepancy between our attitudes and our behaviors. One way we can reduce the dissonance is by
Modifying either the attitude or behavior to be more consistent with each other
In a study, participants were told an African American student had been discriminated against in the grading of a paper, and the student had either complained about it or dealt with it by accepting responsibility. Participants evaluated the student _________ in the complaint condition compared to the responsibility condition.
More negatively
Which of the following is TRUE about self-talk?
Positive self-talk can remind people with low self-esteem that they may not measure up
Which of the following best defines instrumental conditioning?
Reward and punishment strengthen and weaken a response, respectively
Training individuals to refute their own stereotypes is known as _________ training and has the effect of __________ stereotype activation.
Stereotype negation; decreasing
When we meet someone who doesn't fit the stereotype associated with their group membership, we tend to
Subtype the individual into a separate category of people who don't confirm the stereotype, leaving the original stereotype intact.
When are women most likely to gain access to high-status positions?
When companies are in a time of crisis
According to the elaboration-likelihood model of persuasion, the two key factors that will determine whether we engage in effortful or effortless processing of information are one's
Capacity to process information and level of motivation
One approach to reducing prejudice and bias is to encourage individuals to recategorize outgroup members and ingroup members as both being part of a larger single social entity. This approach is known as the ________ model.
Common ingroup identity
According to the text, how do prejudiced people come to perceive themselves as unprejudiced?
They compare themselves to extreme bigots and feel that they don't match up