Cultural Anthropology Final
negative reciprocity
A form of reciprocity in which the giver attempts to get something for nothing, to haggle one's way into a favorable personal outcome.
Appropriation
A legislative grant of money to finance a government program or agency
Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned
American Sign Language
An emic perspective
An anthropologist interested in cultural insider's perspective on that insiders culture is seeking
Secularism
An indifference to religion and a belief that religion should be excluded from civic affairs and public education.
This type of interaction may include playing basketball, cooking, dining, or having coffee with informants
Participant observation
Sidney Mintz oberves that most people around the world usually eat
a common patterned diet of core legume fringe foods
balanced reciprocity
a form of reciprocity in which the giver expects a fair return at some later time
neoclassical economics
a formal attempt to explain the workings of capitalist enterprise, with particular attention to distribution
World Systems Theory would be most suited for research in?
a historical study of indigenous resistance to colonialism.
traditional family
a married couple and their own or adopted children living at home
according to anthropologist sherry ortner's analysis, the american flag is an example of
a summarizing symbol
development anthropologists often thing of themselves as
advocates of poor and marginalized people
A central technique involved in an informal, open-ended interview is to
allow questions to emerge in the course of the interview
What is fortress conservation?
an approach to conservation that assumes that people are threatening to nature
migrants
are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other countries of regions.
in the melanesian conception of time, the future is spacially located
behind the body
A believer in cultural imperialism would explain that people who watch American TV in remote places like a Walpiri camp in the Austrailian outback are
being subjected to alien cultural influences
Brent Berlin and Paul Kay found that if language had only 3 color terms
black (dark), white (light), and red
Cultural anthropologists do research by
building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time
In biological terms, humans are distinct from other primates with respect to their ability to use language because they
can speak using larynx
Multi sited ethnography is an example of which method?
comparative method
Words that came from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called
concrete words
reasons for considering doing anthropology at a distance
conflict or violence in this field.
Financial globalization has allowed for
corporations to move factories from one country to another
Hybridization is about
cultural mixing
Throughout human history, humans have tended to adapt to the land in a way that is supportive of population size, a practice referred to as
cultural relativism
The importance of a phenomenon like "revenge suicide" in Papua New Guinea is that it
demonstrates that the nonpowerful ways of exercising political power
push-pull factors
describes the factors that push people to migrate from their homes and that pull them to host countries
The view that nature and environmental conditions shape the characteristics and lifeways of a group of people is known as environmental ______
determinism
franz boas and his students were____, emphasizing that cultural charactoristics result from a spread of cultural attributes from one society to another.
diffusionists
The human ability to speak about the past, times not present, imaginary worlds is called
displacement
a social movement that addresses the linkages between racial discrimination and injustice, social equity, and environmental quality is
environmental justice
the study of how people classify things in the world is called
ethnoscience
interest within environmental anthrop. concerned with how non-western societies classify natural phenomena is called
ethoscience
language death
example: US gov't prohibits native american children speaking their indigenous languages in indian schools.
Because of the widespread use of mass media today, sociolinguists have found increasing homogeneity in the use of language in the US T/F
false
environmental anthropologists accept the idea that all indigenous people are environmentalists
false
it have been proven that over population will inevitably lead to a global famine
false
which mode of subsistence include the search for edible things?
foraging
One of anthropology's insights about the foraging mode of subsistence is that
foraging people have a cultural view of their environment as giving
Which method would be best when doing a study on genetic propensity for cancer in a given population?
genealogical method
the most comprehensive definition of food security is
gov't subsidies to agriculture to ensure a steady food supply
a cultural relativist would be most likely to emphasize that pastorlists
have developed effective social institutions and knowledge that ensure long-term sustainability of the landscape
according to itzaj and many native american beliefs
humans and nature exist in the same realm
Why do foragers turn to agriculture?
increased population density causes too much competition for resources
Westermarck effect
individuals raised in close proximity to each other develop a sexual aversion
the serpent mound in ohio, and woodhenge in missouri are examples of
information about solar and lunar patterns embedded in art and religion
which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships?
inter subjective
cultural differences are often caused and amplified by
interconnections between societies
Fieldwork
is the defining methodology of the discipline of anthropology
why was meat eating important for human biological development?
it provides high quality protein for human brain development
Mary Douglas compared food's structure in society with ____ and a formal dinner with a____
language, sentence
Ferdinad de saussure asserted that in contrast to the usual ways in which people speak, there are the formal rules of language, which he called
langue
The exercise of political power requires
legitimacy
the recent rise of autonomy movements among hawiian separatists an zapatistas in mexico are examples of
localization
Going native refers to a process wherby the anthropologist
loses the ability to be an engaged observer
What pivotal evolutionary shift happened around 1.8 to 2 million years ago that is closely related to human foodways?
meat consumption increased
The study of meaningful units formed by a combination of phonemes is called
morphology
sheri ortner distinguished 3 kinds of culturally powerful symbols that include all of the following except
narrative symbols
Gift exchange for Marcel Mauss is based in
obligation
a word that best describes participant observation is?
obvious
the human diet is
omnivorous
a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, she or he would probably emphasize the
overarching importance of extending state power into the neighborhood to regularize social relations
when language speakers use slang or metaphor, they are engaging in which concept suggested by french linguist ferdinand de saussure?
parole
a migrant is
people who leave their homes to live or work for a time in another country or region.
the ability to digest mild into adulthood is called lactose
persistance
Animal call systems lack the ability found in human languages to produce an infinite number of word combinations. This ability in human language is called
productivity
Purpose of field notes
provide written records of information that an anthropologist collects
action anthropology
research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people.
which of the following reasons explains why a collaborative approach to conservation can be so challenging?
scientists and conservationists are often skeptical of indegenous knowledge claims
foodways
structured beliefs and behaviors surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food
slash and burn agriculture, also called____agriculture, is the most effective farming technique in tropical areas when population densities are low
swidden
natal family
the family into which a person is born and raised
a key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is
the first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence it from within
Substantivism
the idea that human-economic relationships are embedded in, rather than separate from, the range of other social relationships that exist
phoneme
the individual bits of sound that change meaning
cultural imperialism
the process of promoting one culture over others, through formal policy or less formal means
one of the primary reasons indegenous leaders critisize the dominant model for administering protected environmental areas is
they assume nature must be uninhabited by people
a central feature of cultural convergence theories is that
they explain the apparent decline of cultural diversity
James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists:
to expand state over power
All knowledge systems about nature, including science, are culturally based
true
foragers tend to work less to survive than agriculturalists or pasturalists
true
Using life history interviews, researchers are able to
understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community
The comparative method
uses data from many different societies
globalization is the
widening scale of cross-cultural interaction caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas within nations and across national boundaries.
An anthropologist who practices participatory-action research would most likely use this method in a study of
a low-income neighborhood where toxic waste dump is located.
generalized reciprocity
a mode of exchange in which the value of the gift is not calculated, nor is the time of repayment specified
linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as
a pidgin language