sociology final

discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages for each of the different research methoods

*experiment*: advantage- gets quantitative data to support research limitation- there may be errors or mistakes in the experiment *survey*: advantage- gets quantitative/qualitative data limitation- may not be truthful or give enough detail *participant obs.*: advantage- gets qualitative data to support research limitation-humans are very complex and may act differently in different situations *existing sources*: advantage- it supports research and you can use for comparing results/data limitation- it may be outdated or not relevant

what are the limitations of the scientific study of our social world

1) human behavior is too complex for sociologists to predict any individuals actions precisely 2) because humans respond to their surrounding, the mere presence of a researcher may affect the behavior being studied 3) social patterns change; what is true in one time or place may not hold true in another 4) because sociologists are part of the social world they study, being value-free when conducting social research is difficult

identify and describe each of the ten steps in carrying out a research project using sociological investigation

1.what is your topic 2. what have others already learned 3. what, exactly are your questions 4. what will you need to carry out research 5.are there any ethical concerns 6. what methods will you use 7. how will you record the data 8. what do the data tell you 9. what are your conclusions 10. how can you share what you learned

how is nonverbal communication an example of role playing

A person who is sad can smile nevertheless

which parents are more likely to teach their children emotion intelligent regulation

Authoritative

understand Gilligans view on gender and moral development

Claims that boys have a justice perspective and girls have a care and responsibility perspective.

what are the major contribution of early sociologists such as Compte, Spencer, Durkheim, Mark, and Weber?

Durkheim helped establish sociology, Marx pushed for sociology to be an agent of change, and Weber emphasized the need to understand society from the point of view of the people living in it, a more subjective approach.

how might Lenski, Marx, Weber, and Durkheim comprehend societal changes wrought by the information revolution

Durkheim would think that new information technology is pushing specialization further, and that using computers threatens the problem of anomie. Weber would ask if bureaucracy is important in the 21st century. Marx would be concerned about the emergence of a new symbolic elite.

what is the theoretical analysis of sexuality

Gives us a better understanding of human sexuality. The structural-functional: society uses the incest taboo and other norms to control sexuality in order to maintain social order. Symbolic-interaction : sexual practices vary among the many cultures of the world. Social-conflict: Sexuality is linked to social inequality

descirbe Emile Durkheims functional view of society, including his analyses of the influence of social facts and the role of the division of labor in society

He thought that society has an objective existence from individuals. Division of labor is seen in more modern societies.

explain the model of society based on conflict an change developed by Karl Marx

Ideas and values are at the top, social institutions at the bottom, with the economy as its base.

understand Kohlbergs view of our moral development

Identified three stages of moral development: preconventional, conventional, post conventional

in the us, where is suicide most prevalent? why?

In small towns and rural areas. Social isolation, lack of mental health care, and an easy availability of guns.

what part does sexuality play in social inequality

Inequality between women and men. Defining women in sexual terms amounts to devaluing them from full human beings into objects of men's interest and attention

what does it mean to have a sociological imagination

It consists of bringing people together to create change by transforming personal problems into public issues.

why do societies control people sexual behavior

Maintain social order: incest taboo leads to confusion

what are the 4 visions of society

Marx thinks that societies are defined by their economic systems, Weber emphasizes the power of ideas, and Durkheim explains that society has an objective existence apart from individuals.

As C. Wright Mills sees it, how are personal troubles different from public issues?

Personal troubles are a person's personal failings, Public Issues are society's failings.

what are some fields that use social science research?

Police officers, doctors, and technicians.

What is sociology and what do sociologists do?

Sociology is the systematic study of human society. Sociologists study the aspects and functions of human society.

what is the looking glass self and how does Cooley explain its importance in human development

The looking glass self refers to how our self image depends on what others think of us

how was sociology influenced by industrial revoltution

The rise of an industrial economy, the explosive growth of cities, and the emergence of new political ideas made people pay attention to how society operates.

how do we construct our reality

Through interactions with others, surrounding culture

by using the sociological imagination, how do we gain power over our world?

We can create change by seeing what is going on with ourselves and what is going on with the world.

what are the similarities and difference between Cooley and Meads views of human development

What are the similarities and differences between Cooley and Mead's views of human development?

what are the questions of analysis when looking at a society

What issues should we study? and How should we connect the facts?

what is socialization

a lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture

how is personal space relate to roles

a man is more likely to move into a person's personal space, if a woman does it, it is wrong

what forces divide a society or hold it togehter

a shared culture can hold it together, class can divide it

how do statuses and roles define us, shape us

a status defines our identity and roles are the expressions of these statuses

what are the requirements fundamental to using sociological investigation?

apply the sociological perspective, and be curious and ask questions

what are three leadership styles of group leaders

authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-faire

How are the different ways of knowing facts affect what is considered "true"

belief/faith, recognized experts, and based on simple agreement among ordinary people

understand what gives us sexual orientation (biology/or society)

biological, sexual orientation is linked to the brain and genetics influence sexual orientation. in society, people attach meanings to sexual activity. Homosexuality differs in each society. human sexual expression is socially constructed.

what are the drawbacks of buraucracies

bureaucratic alienation, inefficiency and ritualism, inertia,

understand the cognitive perspective on human deveopment

development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

who are the agents of socialization and how do they each impact us

family, school, peer groups, mass media

how does the self fulfilling prophecy affect us

if a situation is defined as real, it is more likely to become real

assess the impact of the information revolution on peoples lives on the discipline of society

if there is new information and technology, the people then need to be able to know how to use it, causing problems for jobs.

discuss the mcdonalization of society, what are the 3 principles

impersonal organizations concerned with efficiency, uniformity, and control are becoming more and more popular

what is impression management and how does this play out in our lives

impression management is a persons efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others. We use this in our everyday life which includes: the way we dress, the objects we carry, and our tone of voice and gestures, in addition, we vary our performances according to where we are at

how do societies differ

in terms of changing technology and productivity

explain the difference between voluntary and involuntary resocialization

involuntary resocialization is when someone goes to prison, voluntary resocialization when someone commits themselves to a psychiatric hospital.

how can sociology help us understand ourselves and others?

it allows us to view the world as someone else in their particular circumstances, and understand what they are going through

what are the functions of nonverbal communication

it communicates without saying a word

how does social structure shape our social interactions

it provides guidelines for behavior, making everyday life understandable and predictable

what is the dramaturgical perspective and how does it play out in out lives

it views life as a theatrical performance

how is social diversity: race, class, and gender affected by groups, small and large

large groups turn inward, heterogeneous groups turn outward, physical boundaries create social boundaries

what are the macro and micro levels of analyzing social structure

macro= a broad focus micro= a close up focus

why does some form of incest taboo exist everywhere

part of the reason is biology: reproduction between close relatives of any species raises the odds of producing offspring with mental or physical problems. 2nd is because family define peoples rights and obligations toward one another, reproduction between close relative would hopelessly confuse relationships.

give examples of a primary and secondary sex characteristics

primary- penis/ vagina secondary- wider hips on women, lower voice for men

discuss sexual issues and controversies(date rape, prostitution, pornography, prostitution, and teen pregnancy)

prostitution is against the law in many regions and is very dangerous. rape is a violent act that uses sex to hurt, humiliate, or control another person. About 67% of rapes involve people who know each other. teen pregnancy raises the risk of young women to drop out of school and women may be biologically ready, but not emotionally ready to face the consequences. pornography causes violence and causes rape

what are the 3 challenges of formal organizations through the years and how has it been dealt with

race and gender, the japanese work organization, the changing nature of work

what can occur when many roles conflict

role exit

relate theory and method

scientific sociology corresponds to the structural functional approach, interpretive sociology is related to the symbolic interaction approach, and the critical sociology is linked to the social conflict approach.

discuss the recent symbolic interactionist perspectives

sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals

understand why sex is not the same thing as gender

sex is the biological distinction between m/f and gender is the element of culture that refers to the personal traits and patterns of behavior that a culture attaches to being a m/f

what is mechanical solidarity

social bonds based on common sentiments and shared moral values

organic solidarity

social bonds based on specialization and interdependence

what are the basic elements of science and how they are used in sociological investigation, namely concepts, variables, measurement and relationships between variables

society is a *concept*, as are the structural parts of society such as "the family" and "the economy". a *variable* we use to determine social class to identify people as "upper class" "middle class" "working class" or "lower class". *measurement* is measuring sociological variables, almost any variable can be measured in more than one way, sociologists have to decide which factors to consider

what are the ethical considerations involved when studying people

sociologists make sure that the subjects taking part are not harmed. If the experiment threatens any participants, investigators must stop their work immediately. Researchers must also protect the privacy of anyone involved in a research project.

how is modesty different in various countries

some countries are more permissive on sexuality

what are the main components of social structure

status, role, the social construction of reality

what are subcultures and countercultures

subculture= cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population counterculture= cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society

how does socialization take place and what are the results of a difficult start in an institution

takes place in the form of nurture, a difficult start in an institution can result in isolated children (like Genie)

what is groupthink, and how can it affect important decisions. what is the remedy

the tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue

discuss what the term hermaphrodite is referring to and how are they regarded in different countries

they are intersexuals and are viewed differently in each society. The navajo look at intersexual people with awe seeing them as having full potential of both f/m

why are feeling rules important

they help dictate our behavior

discuss each of the examples of sociological research provided in the text, including research design used, variables identified and studies, findings, and interpretations

three ways to do sociology-scientific sociology, interpretive sociology, and critical socioloogy

how and why to societies change

through technical innovation, the struggle between classes, the expanding division of labor, or ideas

what are the sociological views of human development

to Mead the self comes from social experience and is partly self-directed. Cooley uses the term looking glass to explain that we see ourselves as we imagine others to see us. Erikson identified challenges that people face at each stage of life.

explin the sociocultural evoltution from hunting and gathering societies to industrial societies, as developed by Gerhard Lenski

until 12,oo0 years ago, primitive weapons, 25-40 people, nomadic, family centered, specialization limited to age and sex, little social inequality. from 1750, advanced sources of energy and mechanized production, millions of people, cities contain most of the population, distinct religious, political, economic, educational, and family systems, highly specialized, marked social inequality persists lessening somewhat over time

what are the types of formal organization

utilitarian organizations, normative organizations, coercive organizations

what does stouffers research tell us about reference groups and their importance

we form a subjunctive sense of our wellbeing by looking at ourselves in relation to specific reference groups

how do gender and age roles affect us and what are the issues that may arise from the role conflict

women are socialized to respond to others, they tend to be more sensitive than men to nonverbal communication. Gender is a central element in personal performances. conflicts that may arise from role conflict is: job occupation, use of space, physical contact