Sociology Of Sport Chapter 15 study guide
Each league's drug policy must be negotiated with its players union. What are some of the key factors that are negotiated?
-type of testing -random player testing -number of times per year -drug testing times -substances covered -penalties for failed tests
Modern athletes use what three distinct types of drugs?
1. Prescription and over the counter medications 2. stimulants 3.anabolic steroids
The use of anabolic steroids was reported first at the:
1960 Rome olympics and at the 1964 Tokyo games
In soccer, Europol, the European Union's criminal intelligence division, announced in 2013 that it has uncovered:
680 suspicious soccer games playing during the three years ending in 2011
Who is Mary Cain?
A USA middle distance runner who was forced into a strict eating program where she got anorexia
What is BALCO? Who is Victor Conte?
Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative, Conte was the founder
Why did the chapter mention Lance Armstrong, Myles Garrett, Domingo German, and Addison Russell?
Each portrays deviant behavior manifested in different ways that has gained public notoriety and tarnished the sport
The ________ continues to lead the world in drug testing and can be relatively nimble in adjusting its policies because:
IOC; it does not have to secure approval from a player union before taking action
In 2014, a group of retired players filed a lawsuit against the NFL. The players alleged that the league had:
Illegally provided them with risky narcotics and other painkillers that that numbed their in juries and led to medical complications and drug addiction
For its part, ________ seems to have moved beyond its "steroid era," which extended from the mid-1990s through the mid-2000s, when the sport finally instituted:
MLB; steroid testing
Who is more likely to develop eating disorders: athletes or nonathletes?
athletes
One of the significant contributions of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is to:
compile and publish a summary report of its activity annually and tally of the specific rule violations
Among avid fans, aggressive behavior is often:
directed at fans of the visiting team just because they root for the other side
Professional sports in the U.S. are also stepping up their efforts to:
eliminate the use of banned substances
Taking their cues from professional and college athletes, high school athletes have:
embraced hazing with sometimes tragic results
Although there have been fewer reported domestic assaults by _________________, some have occurred.
female athletes
Research shows that as many as one-third of __________________ have an eating disorder.
female athletes
Who is Dr. Don Catlin?
found the first anti doping lab at UCLA
Most student-athletes believe that sports betting is a:
harmless pastime
It is often a short leap from ________ to the more reprehensible and dangerous behavior of _________.
hazing; bullying
In the modern era, the 1952 Oslo Olympics were marred by:
heavy use of stimulants
U.S. professional sports leagues allow each sport to formulate and enforce:
its own policy for drug testing and there is little uniformity between sports
There is an abundance of attention paid to the ____________ of college and professional athletes in the United States.
misconduct
The arrest rate among professional athletes for assault and domestic violence is about ___________ of the rate for all males in the U.S. population.
one third
For decades, U.S. Olympians had been quietly adding:
performance enhancing substances to their own training regimens
Hazing takes the form of a ___________________ that one must endure in order to gain acceptance into a particular group, such as an athletic team.
rite of passage
What did the chapter say about Aaron Hernandez?
the multiple blows to his head from football gave him deviant behavior, where he ended up killing someone
For many fans, what have become synonymous with sport?
the traditional pregame cocktail party, tailgating, and consumption of alcohol
Sport has traditionally been associated closely with:
warfare
Longtime NBA referee Tim Donaghy's book described how easy it is for NBA officials to:
wire fraud and transmitting wagering information
_________ NFL players are arrested nearly 10 times as often as _________.
Black; whites
Why was Pete Rose banned from baseball and the Hall of Fame?
because he bet on baseball during his career
____________ on sport activities is nothing new; in fact, reports of the practice go back for centuries.
gambling
The ___________________ experienced through and within sport add flavor to our experience of the world.
human emotions
Use of substances other than alcohol is higher among:
male athletes
What is overerconformity? For example:
over doing the expectations of high performance sport i.e. using supplements to improve strength, or altering food intake to gain or lose weight
Drug testing now involves year-round:
random testing that can. be conducted at any time, day or night, including when athletes least expect it
Among women, hazing tends to include more acceptable initiation rites, such as:
taking oaths, doing volunteer work, dressing u for team functions, or participating in things that build the team
In 2004, at the Athens Olympic Games, the world finally insisted on:
tougher drug testing
Virtually every sport organization has clarified its position on:
using performance enhancers; put the policies in writing; educated coaches, trainers, and athletes; and initiated some type of testing program
___________ pervades some sports because of their nature and the athletes they attract.
violence
Other performance-enhancing substances athletes use and abuse include:
vitamins, health foods, human growth hormones, amino acids, and natural herbs
The NCAA opposes all forms of legal and illegal:
wagering at any level on sports in which it conducts championships
What are some examples of good aggression and bad aggression in sport?
when a basketball player goes hard after a loose ball or a tennis player charges the net in order to seize the point with a winning shot
What is currently generally accepted as the most thorough and complete drug-testing program among professional sports in the United States?
Major league baseball
The majority of sports wagering by college student-athletes is focused on just a few sports, with ___________ being the top wagering target for both men and women, followed closely by:
NFL; college basketball, NBA, and college football
88% of Americans view gambling as an:
acceptable form of entertainment
The place of violence in sport becomes even less clear when it involves:Examples of such borderline violence include:
acts prohibited by the rules but accepted by the competing athletes; fistfight between players, hard body blocks in basketball
According to the NCAA, in 2016, about 24% of male athletes and 5% of female athletes:
admitted wagering on sporting events within the past year
The percentage is high among females who compete in:
aesthetic or judged sports
The label deviant might be applied to unrestrained:
aggression during competition
For both the NFL and MLB, arrests for ____________________ far exceed arrests of any other type.
alcohol abuse
The problem of violence can be exacerbated by _______________________, and studies show that male and female athletes are more likely than nonathletes to:
alcohol consumption; binge
The NCAA has no rules about _________________ that apply to sporting events hosted by universities.
alcohol sales
While some athlete behavior is overlooked or even covered up, social media in today's world:
almost immediately broadcasts such news and demands accountability
Coaches and athletic directors should work with team leaders and captains to develop:
alternatives to hazing that can positively build a team up
______________ are a fact of life in professional baseball, football, and basketball, and high-performance athletes feel pressured to use them just to stay competitive.
amphetamines
What is blood doping?
an athlete is injected with oxygen carrying red blood cells derived from blood previously withdrawn from the athlete
In the textbook, doping means:
an illegal substance or technique used by athletes to enhance performance in their respective sport
_____________________ are faster and more effective than any physical training program in increasing size, strength, and speed.
anabolic steroids
_____________________ increase muscle size, decrease fat, and produce secondary male sex characteristics.
anabolic steroids and related substances
What are the three most common eating disorders found in athletes?
anorexia nervosa bulimia nervosa compulsive exercise
What is hazing?
any humiliating or dangerous activity expected of a student to belong to a group regardless of their willingness to participate
At the Olympic Games, athletes can be tested at any time, without prior notice, and all medal winners are:
automatically tested immediately after their events
The steroid era changed the sport's history books. For example:
babe Ruths record 60 home runs in a single season was beat easily
In the heat of the moment, why might an athlete commit an egregious foul, let loose a stream of profanities, or even become violent?
because emotions overcome us to the point where we stop thinking clearly
In 2008, there were fewer than 10 big-time college football universities permitting:By 2018, more than 50 or nearly half of Division I (FBS) schools:
beer sales in their stadiums; sold beer
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has increased the number of drug tests conducted both:
before and during the games
What is underconformity? For example:
behavior that does not conform to the generally accepted rules of sport i.e. breaking team rules, school rules, or rules of competition
Many sports involve little or no violence. These sports tend to be favored by participants who have:
better education and financial resources and whose attitudes towards violence differ substantially from those of many working class athletes
The discipline of sport psychology has become increasingly popular as a field of study for athletes and coaches to:
better understand the elusive goal of producing the best competitive performance and withstand the pressure of competition
Such corruption is made relatively easy because:
betting on sport is legal in other countries
The public became keenly aware of illegal sport gambling when the infamous:
black sox scandal hit the headlines
Athletes are learning what competitive psychological skills to regulate their emotions and feelings?
breathing regulation, muscle relaxation, positive self talk, goal setting, attention focus, positive imagery, and arousal control
The problem with gambling on sport is that it:
calls into question the integrity of the performances of players, officials, coaches, and others deliver
Since 2010, collegiate women's teams have _______________________________ due to hazing incidents that violated institutional rules.
cancelled or suspended seasons
Female ___________ was second only to football both at the high school and college levels with the highest number of reported catastrophic injuries from 1982 to 2018.
cheerleading
Overconformity is often found in the U.S. in competitive:
cheerleading
Spectators are also affected by the emotional excitement of sport, particularly if they are:
close to the action, part of a large crowd, rooting for the home team, or viewing a game that has special significances
It is critical for registered dieticians to be involved in the education of all:
coaches, athletes, and other support staff to improve their understanding of the importance of sports nutrition, recognize danger signs, and refer athletes for individual counseling
As a result of the seemingly steady increase of sexual assaults on college campuses, the NCAA now requires:
college athletes, coaches, and athletic administrators to complete annual sexual violence prevention educational programs
_________________________ suffered a betting scandal in the early 1950s.
college basketball
______________________________ are over-represented in sex assault cases in spite of the fact that many universities attempt to ignore or cover up these infractions.
college male athletes
In 2012, Campus Safety magazine published sexual assault statistics and stated what in its summary?
college men who participated in aggressive sports in high school. used more sexual coercion in their college dating relationships then men who had not
The prevalence of gambling among ____________________ is about three times higher than it is among the general population.
college students
According to a 2012 NCAA survey of student-athletes, the highest incidence of gambling occurs among:
division 3 male athletes
Overall substance use is higher among athletes in:
division III
No sporting organization accepts ____________ as proper or within the bounds of acceptable behavior.
doping
Perhaps no sport-related issue has received more attention in recent years than:
doping
For decades, sport fans dismissed reports of:
drug use in sport
Cases of _____________ do occur in every sport.
eating disorders
One example of overconformity in sport involves athletes who develop:
eating disorders that are either caused by or related to their sport
Before Title IX opened up athletic opportunities for women in the United States:
eating disorders were relatively rare in sports
Athletes in sports that focus on physical appearance are at high risk for developing:These sports include:
eating disorders; gymnastics, dance, figure skating, diving, and cheerleading
All athletes are at risk for hazing, which can involve:
excessive alcohol consumption, excessive physical punishment, assignment as a personal servant, sleep or food deprivation, actual or stimulated sex acts, etc
By the start of 2020, sports betting began to:
explode across the nation as one state after another began to work through the process to set up its own program and policies
Unlike daily life, in sport we are free to _____________________, as long as we do so within reason.
express emotions
Females who develop an eating disorder are likely candidates for the:
female athlete triad, which includes disordered eating. amenorrhea, and osteoporosis
What has become soccer's biggest problem?
gambling related fraud
Hazing is often popular with professional team sports and unfortunately is:
glamourized in the press as being "all in good fun" when rookies are asked to perform embarrassing acts
Female athletes who are _________________________________ are at particularly high risk for eating disorders.
goal oriented perfectionists
In contact and collision sports such as American football, soccer, ice hockey, lacrosse, boxing, and wrestling, a fine line exists between:
hostile aggression with an intent to harm or injure and the more controlled aggression that is necessary to compete in sports
The new agreement also toughens the league's testing regimen. For example:
increasing the number of in season random urine tests from 1400 to 3200 including at least two for each player
The IOC now forces all international sport governing bodies to:
institute effective drug testing
Those against legalized sports betting argue:
it corrupts youth, allows organized crime to become directly involved in sport, and takes money from people who can't afford to lose it
From the 1960s until the 1980s, the illegal use of doping substances increased substantially due to a:
lack of awareness and failure to detect
Other athletes are also at high risk in sports that reward:
leanness or have specific weight classes for competition
Elite athletes who mask pain to continue competing may be at risk for:
long term disability
About 10% of _______________ have an eating disorder, typically in weight-class sports such as:
male athletes; wrestling, horse racing, and bodybuilding
Prescription drugs and over-the-counter drugs promote healing from sickness or injury or:
mask pain to allow the athlete to return to competition
One of the enduring challenges in competitive sport is for athletes to:
master emotions rather than allowing emotions to control performance and behavior
Division I _________________________ are one of the target groups for education about the risks and consequences of gambling.
mens basketball players
___________ poses a particular problem across all three NCAA divisions because 20% of ___________ report wagering on sport at least monthly.
mens golf, male golfers
In response to the continued pattern of cheating through drugs, the IOC has begun a program of:
more targeted testing by emphasizing testing for certain sports or countries with a high risk of positive tests
Steroids increase an athlete's:
muscle size, speed, and power as well as enhance masculinity, aggressiveness, sense of well being, and sexual prowess
By 2014, ___________ was the only state to offer a full range of sports gambling.
nevada
Sport gambling is not limited to professional and collegiate sport. For example:
nine youth football coaches were arrested for gambling on Pee wee football
Treatment of the female athlete triad often requires a team approach that includes a:
nutritionist, physician, and psychologist, along withs support from family, friends, teammates, and coaches
Another baseball steroid scandal came to light in 2013, when more than a dozen MLB players were accused of:
obtaining human growth hormone from the Biogenesis health clinic in a Miami suburb of Coral gables
It is not clear whether on-field violent behavior leads to:
off field violence
Young athletes should involve their ___________ in the decision to use restorative drugs rather than rely on their:
parents; coaches
Gambling has also touched professional basketball in the U.S., where it involved not a:
player but an official
46 In 2014, MLB and the players association agreed to toughen the league's drug policy. Under the new rules:
players suspended during a season are ineligible for that seasons playoffs
What sports are less likely to encourage eating disorders?
power sports that rely on body strength or body mass
It seems clear that athletic departments at all levels need to develop:
prevention policies and programs to discourage hazing within their sports teams
Eating disorders may also be caused in part by parents and coaches who:
send. unhealthy messages to young female athletes about bodyweight
The Olympic movement opened its first-ever __________________________ in South Korea at the 2018 Winter Games.
sexual assault centers
As part of this process, players unions have finally accepted:
significant penalties for drug use in their contract agreements with MLB and other leagues
According to a 2012 NCAA survey of student-athletes, men still greatly outnumber women as:
social, frequent, and heavy gambling lets in all three divisions
No _________________________ sanctions unnecessary violence.
sport governing body
In 2018, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down a previous ban on:
sports betting known as the professional and amateur sports protection act
In effect, the Supreme Court ruling allows each:
state to decide whether to allow sports betting in that state
Evidence points to chronic _____________________ for some athletes in virtually every high-performance sport.
steroid
______________ have been used rampantly in professional sport for decades. Players use them to get hyped up before competition and to heighten their arousal levels.
stimulants
What continues to be a concern even if it does not obviously enhance athletic performance?
substance abuse by college athletes
What is one myth about hazing, according to the National Federation of High School Associations?
that it has anything to do with bonding or friendship
Those in favor of legalized sports betting argue:
that regulated sports betting will be fairer to bettors when regulated by states that minimize tax rates and eliminate "handling fees"
Who has taken a strong stand against legalized gambling in order to preserve the integrity of their games? At the heart of their concern is that:
the NCAA; almost all gambling profits have traditionally benefited organized crime
_____________________ receives more negatively publicity relating to players' behavior than any other professional sport.
the NFL
According to the American Gaming Association (AGA):
the times have changed as public opinion has swung in favor of more sports betting and politicians at the state and national level are pressured to lift the restrictions
What does Lisa Wade, a professor of sociology, say in her book about collegiate male football and basketball players, status, rape, and punishment?tey
they are more likely to identify with hyper masculinity, accept myths about rape, and and justify sexual assaults
What did the chapter say about the University of New Mexico women's varsity soccer team?
they hazed incomers and they all got in trouble including the coach
Fans who have been plied with alcohol are more likely than their sober counterparts to engage in a variety of behaviors, some of which can be problematic. For example:
they may perform the wave, cheer their teams good plays, and try to get in front of a tv camera
What did the chapter say about Russian sports and doping violations?
they tampered with the Moscow database
The NCAA believes that sport wagering has become a serious problem that:
threatens the well being of student athletes and the integrity of college sport
There is no convincing evidence that drug use is more prevalent:
today than in the past
Why is fighting on a downward trend over the past decade in professional hockey?
tougher rules against fight instigators and repeat offenders have discouraged random fights
According to a study of college students, which students are most likely to experience hazing?
varsity athletics, and frats and sororities
Another sensitive topic for many athletes is the apparent rise in:
violence against women among male athletes
__________ occurs among female athletes as well. For example:
violence; UNM soccer player was suspended for violent playing
Doping is unethical and illegal, but some athletes are:
willing to take a chance so they can have an edge over their competitors
The problem of doping in sport received intense international attention at the 1988 Seoul Olympics, where Ben Johnson:
winner of the 100 meter run tested positive for steroids and was disqualified
According to the lawsuit, team doctors administered the drugs:
without using prescriptions, keeping medication records, or explaining the potential side affects
Both the NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) and NFHS (National Federation of State High School Associations) have established:
written policies against hazing
