Sociology Test 2: Ch. 4-6

Which of the following crimes is not legally considered a felony? a) rape b) homicide c) aggravated assault d) public intoxication

d) public intoxication

The research conducted by Stanley Milgram and his colleagues provides evidence that obedience to authority __________.

may be more common than most people would like to believe

What do most men consider to be their master status?

occupation

juvenile delinquency

refers to a violation of law or the commission of a status offense (such as cutting school or running away from home) by young people.​

discretion

refers to the use of personal judgment by police officers, prosecutors, judges, and other criminal justice system officials regarding whether and how to proceed in a given situation.

Property crimes

robbery, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson. In most of these crimes, the primary motive is to obtain money or some other desired valuable.

Cooley coined the term __________ to refer to a larger, more specialized group in which the members engage in impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

secondary group

Rational choice theory

states that deviant behavior occurs when a person weighs the costs and benefits of deviant behavior and concludes that the benefits outweigh the risks.

A person who is socially devalued for being homeless, having immigrant status, wearing a prison uniform, or having a visible physical disability is most likely experiencing __________.

stigmatization

Dyads are different from triads because:

the active participation of both members is crucial to the survival of dyads.

Social interaction

the process by which people act toward and respond to other people and is the foundation for all relationships and groups in society.

Social control

the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance

Deviance

the term used to refer to any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs.

Role conflict

we may feel pulled in different directions. We may prioritize our roles and first complete the one we consider to be most important. Or we may compartmentalize our lives and "insulate" our various roles.

Identify a true statement about the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS).

It collects information on nonfatal crimes reported and not reported to the police.

Almost 70 years ago, Edwin Sutherland coined the term __________ to refer to what is now called __________, which comprises illegal activities committed by people in the course of their employment or financial affairs.

white-collar crime; occupational crime

Which sociologist believed that deviance is rooted in societal factors such as rapid social change and lack of social integration among people. As social integration (bonding and community involvement) decreased, deviance and crime increased?

Emily Durkheim

Social group

a collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence.

Formal Organizations

a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals

secondary group

a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

Misdemeanor

a minor crime that is typically punishable by less than one year in jail

category

a number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic (such as education level, age, race, or gender).

Role

a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status.

Social Institution

a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs.

Primary group

a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.

Achieved status

a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.

Ascribed status

a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender.

Status

a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying the position.

Occupation is an example of an

achieved status

Public order crimes

an illegal action voluntarily engaged in by the participants, such as prostitution, illegal gambling, the private use of illegal drugs, and illegal pornography.

Which of the following statements is true about crime in the United States? a) Males have higher arrests rates than females in the category of commercialized vice. b) Arrest statistics reflect that the Uniform Crime Report focuses primarily on white-collar crime committed by high-income people. c) African Americans are more likely than people in other racial or ethnic classifications to become crime victims. d) The median age of those arrested for aggravated assault and homicide is generally in the late fifties.

c) African Americans are more likely than people in other racial or ethnic classifications to become crime victims.

Which of the following statements is true about the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)? a) It is compiled by the local police in each state. b) It provides a detailed report of the actual number and kinds of crimes in the United States. c) It is based on information filed by law enforcement agencies throughout the United States. d) It is primarily used to record misdemeanors.

c) It is based on information filed by law enforcement agencies throughout the United States.

Steve, a high school student, is attending a biology class. When the teacher asks each student in the class to recall the function of the sympathetic nervous system, all the students who were asked the question before him incorrectly recall the function. Despite knowing the correct answer, Steve repeats the answer given by other students because of group pressure. This scenario exemplifies the concept of __________.

conformity

Merton described how people adapt to cultural goals and approved ways of achieving them through __________.

conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion