sociology test chp. 10, sociology test chp. 11, sociology test chp. 12, sociology test chp. 13, sociology test chp. 14

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11. As increasing percentages of women work full time, even those with children under age 6, men have taken on relatively equal amounts of domestic chores. a. True b. False

False: Even when married women work full time, they are still largely responsible for household chores and child care. When men do help, they spend much less time than do their wives working at the same tasks.

9. Studies over the past decade have supported the proposition that couples who cohabit before marriage have a more stable relationship following marriage. a. True b. False

False: In fact, couples who cohabit before marriage are less likely to stay married than couples that do not cohabit before marriage. However, if a couple is engaged before cohabiting, chances for a successful marriage increase, probably due to the greater commitment to marriage among these couples.

6. Sociologists find that men and women are equally likely to express their feelings of love verbally. a. True b. False

False: Men tend to express their feelings through nonverbal actions, such as running an errand for someone or fixing something.

5. Researchers find that married couples construct a shared reality that reflects the perspective of both partners. a. True b. False

False: Research supports Bernard's concept of "his" and "her" marriages. Husbands and wives give very different accounts of the same events, and their perspectives on their shared reality often do not coincide.

4. The most prevalent pattern of power and authority in families is egalitarian—which is a family structure where partners share power and authority a. True b. False

False: The most prevalent pattern of power and authority in families is patriarchy—a family structure where authority is held by the eldest male (usually the father). The male authority figure acts as head of the household and holds power and authority over the women and children, as well as over other males. Across cultures, men are the primary (and often sole) decision makers regarding domestic, economic, and social concerns facing the family.

1. Sexual expression and parent-child relationships are not necessarily part of all family relationships. a. True b. False

True

10. Despite the wide variety of reasons people have for getting married, the choice of who they will marry is fairly predictable. a. True b. False

True

7. Kissing is not a culturally universal demonstration of intimacy and affection. a. True b. False

True

8. Research suggests that those people in sustained relationships such as marriage and cohabitation find sexual activity to be the most satisfying emotionally and physically. a. True b. False

True

100. Adoption is a legal process through which the rights and duties of parenting are transferred from a child's biological parents and/or legal parents to new legal parents. According to the text's discussion of adoption, __________. a. a new birth certificate is issued in most adoptions b. matching adoptable children with prospective adoptive parents is a straightforward process c. more infants are available for adoption today than in the past d. today very few U.S. parents seek to adopt children from developing nations

102. "Women's roles as nurturers and caregivers are even more pronounced in contemporary industrialized societies. This division of family labor ensures that important societal tasks will be fulfilled. It also provides for family members." This statement is consistent with the __________. a. functionalist perspective b. postmodern perspective c. conflict perspective d. symbolic interactionist perspective

102. Research suggests that __________ of American children live in a single-parent household at any given time. a. one-fourth b. almost one-third c. more than half d. only a very few

103. __________ poverty refers to the condition in which people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life. a. Absolute b. Relative c. Official d. Subjective

103. A person who is on the board of a bank also sits on the board of a computer manufacturing company that borrows money from that bank. This is an example of an __________. a. interlocking corporate directorate b. professional conglomeration c. shared directorate d. oligopoly director

104. The famous quote stating that religion is an "opiate of the masses" comes from the work of __________. a. Karl Marx b. Max Weber c. Emile Durkheim d. George Simmel

104. __________ is an economic system characterized by public ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of collective goals, and centralized decision making. a. Socialism b. Capitalism c. Communism d. A mixed economy

105. The work of __________ demonstrated that religion could be a catalyst for social change. a. Karl Marx b. Max Weber c. Emile Durkheim d. George Simmel

105. __________ have the highest rate of people who have never married. a. African Americans b. Hispanic/Latino/a c. Asian American d. white non-Hispanic

105. The perspective of __________ includes the belief that racism is such an ingrained feature of U.S. society that it appears to be ordinary and natural to many people. a. critical race theory b. functionalist theory c. symbolic interactionist theory d. conflict theory

106. According to the human capital model, women as a category earn less money than men because______________________. a. women diminish their earning capacity when they leave the labor market to engage in childbearing and child-care activities b. men have control of and dominance over women and resources c. capitalists reap higher profits by paying women lower wages d. women are shut out of high-pay employment by the segregated labor market

106. Which age group (of all races) has the highest percentage living in poverty? a. 0-18 years b. 18-34 years c. 35-64 years d. over age 65

106. Sweden, Great Britain, and France have economic systems that are forms of __________. a. democratic socialism b. pure socialism c. democratic capitalism d. oligopoly

107. In the late 1970s, sociologist Diana Pearce coined the term __________to refer to the trend in which women are disproportionately represented among individuals living in poverty. a. the feminization of poverty b. matriarchal poverty c. pink‑collar poverty d. gendered poverty

108. A religious organization that is well-integrated in society and has all members of society as its members is termed __________. a. an ecclesia b. a church c. a denomination d. a sect

108. According to Marx and Engels,__________________________. a. monogamous marriage is the creation of the capitalist class b. there is no relationship between gender and class c. male workers needed to organize to protect their economic interests from women d. women's reproductive power made them superior to men

108. Which group has the highest rate of infant mortality, death by exposure, and malnutrition? a. Native Americans b. Asian Americans c. Hispanic Americans d. African Americans

109. Lisa works as a nanny and is paid in cash by the family she works for. She does not declare her earnings to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). She is a part of the_______________. a. underground economy b. legitimate economy c. contingent economy d. marginal economy

110. According to __________, male domination causes all forms of human oppression, including racism and classism. a. radical feminism b. Marxist feminism c. liberal feminism d. postmodern feminism

111. New religious movement is the term that refers to groups that were formerly termed __________. a. a cult b. a church c. a denomination d. a sect

112. In addition to unemployment, structural problems contribute to __________, where people work at jobs that do not pay a living wage and lack security. a. underemployment b. subemployment c. minor employment d. marginal employment

114. From the perspective of __________, social inequality is not only inevitable; it is an essential part of any healthy society. a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionism d. differential association

114. The fastest growing minority group in the United States today is __________. a. Asian Americans b. Native Americans c. new Eastern European immigrants d. Latino/s-Hispanics

21. At one time, health was considered to be simply the absence of disease. However, today the World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as the __________. a. state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being b. absence of infection c. absence of sickness, viruses, and physical pains d. state of equilibrium, with all the parts in balance

21. __________ is the formal organization that has the legal and political authority to regulate the relationships among members of a society and between that society and those outside its borders. a. Government b. Economics c. Politics d. The military

22. Both religion and education___________________________. a. impart values, beliefs, and knowledge considered to the social reproduction of society and the individual b. are provided publically by state and federal governments c. deal with issues of governance and social movements d. are relatively new social institutions

22. Sociologist Max Weber's term __________ refers to the extent to which individuals have access to important societal resources such as food, clothing, shelter, education, and health care. a. life chances b. cultural opportunity c. social stratification d. social prospects

23. Education is the social institution responsible for the systematic transmission of __________ within a formally organized structure. a. knowledge, skills, and cultural values b. cultural values and beliefs c. technical skills and training d. information or knowledge

24. Sociologists emphasize that race____________________________. a. is a socially constructed reality b. has no importance within society c. is important biologically d. is established genetically not socially

25. __________ is a measure of the estimated average lifetime of people born in a specific year. a. Life expectancy b. Life cycle c. Life span d. Life longevity

25. __________ mobility is the social movement experienced by family members from one generation to the next. a. Intergenerational b. Structural c. Intragenerational d. Exchange

26. Early sociologist __________ saw the responsibility of education as teaching a commitment to a shared social morality. In this way, education is crucial for promoting solidarity and stability in society. a. Emile Durkheim b. Robert Merton c. Max Weber d. Karl Marx

26. The __________ is the family into which a person is born and in which early socialization usually takes place. a. family of orientation b. nuclear family c. family of procreation d. extended family

26. The term __________ refers to the process of treating people as if they were things, not human beings. Typically, this occurs when we judge people on the basis of their physical appearance rather than on the basis of their individual qualities or actions. a. objectification b. reification c. mechanization d. rationalization

27. One dimension of the objectification of women is that________________. a. women tend to be responded to as "females," and their personal qualities and accomplishments are of secondary or very little importance b. women are seen as being "all different," with an emphasis on their unique body parts c. women are seen as independent, aloof, and without regard for the needs of others. d. women are seen as difficult to ignore, dismiss, or trivialize

28. __________ refers to the biological and anatomical differences between females and males. a. Sex b. Primary distinctions c. Gender d. Secondary distinctions

30. From kindergarten through college, schools teach students the student role as well as other important information about society. This is one of the manifest functions of education: __________. a. socialization b. transmission of culture c. social placement d. change and innovation

30. Today, most sociologists would consider two gay men and their adopted children, sharing the same household, to be a __________ family. a. nuclear b. extended c. patrilineal d. blended

31. Social epidemiologists investigate_______________. a. the human host b. the social atmosphere c. health coefficients d. microscopic carriers

31. Gender, race, and class are closely intertwined with traditional authority. Political scientist Zillah Eisenstein applied the term __________ to the interplay of race and gender that reinforces traditional structures of power in contemporary societies. a. racialized patriarchy b. patriarchal colonization c. ethnic genderization d. gendered ethnicity

32. Which of these is an example of a chronic disease? a. diabetes b. stroke c. infection d. dysentery or diarrhea

32. Weber applied the term __________ to power legitimized on the basis of a leader's exceptional personal qualities or the demonstration of extraordinary insight and accomplishment that inspire loyalty and obedience from followers. a. charismatic authority b. traditional authority c. coercive authority d. rational-legal authority

33. Caste systems and slavery are both __________. a. systems where status is determined at birth b. systems where persons are considered property c. open systems of stratification d. based on achieved, not ascribed, status

34. An example of a primary sex characteristics in men is____________________. a. the penis b. a more muscular build c. a deeper voice d. more body and facial hair

34. Sociologists use the term __________ for a group whose members are disadvantaged by physical or cultural characteristics, are subjected to unequal treatment by the controlling group, and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination. a. subordinate group b. dominant group c. multilateral group d. majority group

34. Vestiges of a caste system exist today in __________. a. India and South Africa b. Australia c. Southeast Asia and the Philippines d. many countries in South America

35. __________ refers to family units composed of one or two parents and their dependent children, all of whom live apart from other relatives. a. Nuclear family b. Conventional family c. Extended family d. Blended family

35. Rational-legal authority is also known as __________ authority, which is based on an organizational structure that includes a clearly defined division of labor, hierarchy of authority, formal rules, and impersonality a. bureaucratic b. routinized c. democratic d. capitalistic

36. Early in the twentieth century, all states passed mandatory education laws that require children to_______________________________. a. attend school until they reach a certain age or complete a minimum level of education b. pass a number of proficiency exams before leaving the eighth and twelfth grades c. spend at least nine months of the year in school d. learn a foreign language and basic mathematic skills

37. __________ refers to the tendency to regard one's own culture and group as the standard, and thus superior, whereas all other groups are seen as inferior. a. Ethnocentrism b. Discrimination c. Stereotyping d. Prejudice

37. Education keeps students off the street and out of the full-time job market for a number of years, keeping levels of unemployment within reasonable bounds. This is an example of a latent function of education the text terms __________. a. restricting some activities b. matchmaking and production of social networks c. creation of a generation gap d. social placement

38. In a caste system, people are allowed to marry only within their own group. This is termed __________. a. endogamous b. exogamous c. polygamous d. homogamous

39. Hijra, xanith, and berdache are all examples of a __________. a. "third sex" b. transvestite c. homosexual d. intersexed person

39. __________ is a legally recognized and/or socially approved arrangement between two or more individuals that carries certain rights and obligations and usually involves sexual activity. a. Marriage b. Cohabitation c. Trial separation d. Monogamous experimentation

40. In a class system_____________________________. a. status is based on access to and ownership of resources b. the boundaries are more distinct than in a caste system c. one's status is entirely ascribed d. mobility is as closed as a caste system

40. The text uses the term __________ for men or women who do not alter their genitalia but who live as members of the opposite sex. a. cross-dresser b. transsexual c. transgender d. homosexual

41. __________ occurs when people experience a gain or loss in position and/or income that does not produce a change in their place in the class structure. a. Horizontal mobility b. Situational mobility c. Vertical mobility d. Structural mobility

41. __________ use occurs when a person takes a drug for no purpose other than for achieving a pleasurable feeling or an altered psychological state. a. Recreational b. Chronic c. Therapeutic d. Acute

42. How does a city-state differ from a nation-state? a. A city-state is made up of a central city exercising control over the surrounding area. b. Nation-states are older, having been around hundreds of years before city-states. c. A city-state has geographical borders; a nation-state does not. d. There is no difference between a city-state and a nation-state.

43. The __________ states that people who are disappointed in their efforts to achieve a highly desired goal will respond with a pattern of assertiveness toward others. a. frustration-aggression hypothesis b. social convergence hypothesis c. authoritarian personality principle d. social learning theory

44. A __________ has specific geographic territories and borders within which a citizenry shares language and culture, as well as rights and obligations. a. nation-state b. commonwealth c. metropolis d. city-state

44. Becky's mother is an architect and her father is a college professor. Becky left home at age 16 to live with her boyfriend. When their relationship ended, Becky no longer communicated with her parents and did not return to high school. After working briefly at a fast food restaurant, Becky resorted to asking passersby at a local shopping area for money. Becky's story illustrates the concept of __________. a. vertical mobility b. horizontal mobility c. structural mobility d. collateral mobility

45. What is the term for extreme prejudice directed at gays? a. homophobia b. heterophobia c. sexism d. transgenderism

45. Which of these is the single most preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States? a. tobacco use b. alcohol use c. automobile use d. sun tanning and tanning booth use

46. French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu used the term __________ to refer to a person's social assets, including knowledge of how to dress, language competency, and knowledge of art and music. a. cultural capital b. social wealth c. etiquette d. cultural toolkit

46. __________ is a political system in which power resides in one person or family and is passed from generation to generation through lines of inheritance. a. Monarchy b. Totalitarianism c. Communism d. Democracy

47. __________ is very rare. When it does occur, it is typically found in societies where men greatly outnumber women because of high rates of female infanticide. a. Polyandry b. Homogamy c. Endogamy d. Polygyny

47. __________ refer(s) to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with "femininity" and "masculinity." a. Gender b. Primary sexual identifiers c. Sex d. Secondary sexual identifiers

47. Marx used the term __________ to refer to those who must sell their labor to the owners in order to earn enough money to survive. a. proletariat b. rentiers c. bourgeoisie d. entrepreneurs

47. The term __________ is used for people and groups that are blamed for societal problems (such as unemployment or an economic recession) over which they have no control. a. scapegoat b. mascot c. minority d. stereotype

48. socially approved dress and manners, and knowledge about books, art, music, and other forms of high and popular culture; some people have more of these attitudes and knowledge than others. a. Cultural capital b. Social wealth c. Etiquette d. Cultural toolkit

48. The explanation for racist and prejudice that comes from the symbolic interactionist perspective is __________. a. social learning theory b. an authoritarian personality c. the frustration-aggression hypothesis d. social convergence theory

49. According to some critics, the standardized tests that are used to group students by ability often measure students' __________ rather than their "natural" intelligence or aptitude. a. cultural capital b. social wealth c. prestige d. cultural toolkit

49. __________ systems are set up in such a manner that a legitimate son inherits his father's property and sometimes his position upon the father's death. a. Patrilineal b. Patrilocal c. Patricentric d. Patriarchal

50. When attempting to treat gonorrhea and syphilis, penicillin __________. a. can cure most cases of both STDs if the disease has not spread b. cannot cure most cases of either STD c. is ineffective in treating gonorrhea, but effective in treating syphilis d. is ineffective in treating syphilis, but effective in treating gonorrhea

50. In __________ monarchies, the royalty serve as symbolic rulers or heads of state whereas actual authority is held by elected officials in the national parliaments. a. constitutional b. limited c. absolute d. total

50. Marx described workers as alienated for a variety of reasons, including that __________. a. workers are alienated from the goods they produce because they use their creativity and labor to produce them but do not own them b. workers are alienated from their work because they are forced to do it for survival c. workers are alienated from other workers because they live in different areas of the city d. workers are alienated from God because they do not have time to worship

52. __________ is a political system controlled by rulers who deny popular participation in government. a. Authoritarianism b. Totalitarianism c. Monarchy d. Democracy

53. __________ descent is used in the United States for the purpose of determining kinship and inheritance rights; however, children typically take the father's last name. a. Bilateral b. Duo-lateral c. Matrilineal d. Neolateral

53. __________ is a person's perception of the self as female or male. Typically established between eighteen months and three years of age, it is a powerful aspect of our self-concept. a. Gender identity b. Sexual identity c. Gender role d. Body consciousness

53. Workers have not overthrown capitalism as Marx had predicted because __________. a. many workers have experienced a rising standard of living b. workers have lost legal protections in the form of rights and benefits c. individual capitalists still own and control factories and other means of production d. fewer people are engaged in the economy

54. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ are not personally prejudiced and do not discriminate against others. a. unprejudiced nondiscriminators b. unprejudiced discriminators c. prejudiced nondiscriminators d. prejudiced discriminators

54. A(n) __________ family is a family structure in which authority is held by the eldest male (usually the father). a. patriarchal b. matriarchal c. egalitarian d. homogamous

54. Marx's theory had important insights into capitalist societies; for example,________________. a. the economic basis of class systems b. despite economic differences, classes share values and beliefs c. different classes work together for the well-being of a society d. values and beliefs are more important than the material wealth one holds

55. Schools with more low-income students have curricula that emphasize __________. a. procedures and rote memorization b. decision making and choice c. theoretical explanations d. critical reasoning

55. The text points out that a macrolevel analysis of gender examines structural features, external to the individual, that perpetuate gender inequality. These structures have been referred to as __________, meaning that gender is one of the major ways by which social life is organized in all sectors of society. a. gendered institutions b. gendered structures c. gendered correlates d. gendered determinants

55. Two players on a professional sports team are best friends; it so happens that one player is white and the other is African American. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, these players are __________. a. unprejudiced nondiscriminators b. prejudiced nondiscriminators c. prejudiced discriminators d. unprejudiced discriminators

57. One example of a(n) __________ regime was the National Socialist (Nazi) party in Germany during World War II; military leaders there sought to control all aspects of national life, not just government operations. a. totalitarian b. democratic c. monarchy d. coalition

58. __________ is a process in which academic qualifications are necessary in order to attain class advantage and higher social status. a. Credentialism b. Tracking c. The hidden curriculum d. Ability grouping

58. __________ is the term for the subordination of one sex, usually female, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex. a. Sexism b. Homophobia c. Patriliny d. Sexual orientation

59. An umpire dislikes African Americans and, with deliberate intent, often makes official calls incorrectly when black players are at bat. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, this umpire is a/an __________. a. prejudiced discriminator b. prejudiced nondiscriminator c. unprejudiced discriminator d. unprejudiced nondiscriminator

59. Pushing women into nontraditional occupations and sports activities is an aspect of_______________________. a. sexism b. homophobia c. patriliny d. sexual orientation

59. Throughout its history in the United States, payment for medical care has been __________. a. on a fee-for-service basis b. through a third-party provider c. taken care of by health maintenance organizations d. through the federal government

59. Sociologist Max Weber placed categories of people who have a similar level of wealth and income in the same class. He referred to the privileged commercial class of wealthy bankers, ship owners, professionals, and merchants who possess similar financial resources as __________. a. entrepreneurs b. rentiers c. independents d. consumers

61. Morgan Stanley, a Wall Street bank, allegedly hired females less frequently than males and often passed over females for promotion. These practices are examples of __________. a. institutional discrimination b. institutional prejudice c. individual discrimination d. individual prejudice

62. Sexism is interwoven with __________, which is a hierarchical system of social organization where cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by men. a. patriarchy b. polyarchy c. matriarchy d. monoarchy

62. In industrialized nations such as the United States, most couples hope to live in a/an __________, which is the custom of a married couple living in their own residence apart from both the husband's and the wife's parents. a. neolocal residence b. multilocal residence c. patrilocal residence d. matrilocal residence

63. A landlord refuses to rent to someone of a different race. This is an example of __________ discrimination. a. individual b. standard c. uniform d. institutional

64. According to the text, three factors are important in determining the gendered division of labor in a society, including ________________________. a. the type of subsistence base b. the percentage of governance that is female c. the product being produced by society d. the presence of a second shift

64. Sherona is very good at standardized tests and frequently scores very high. She has poor work habits and often turns in her assignments late. Teachers overlook her late assignments because they view her as a "good" student. This is an example of __________. a. labeling b. the hidden curriculum c. tracking d. educational dysfunction

65. Luis has a bad day and scores poorly on an exam. The teacher views him as lazy and unintelligent and pays only negative attention to him, if any. Luis loses interest in school and stops reading and doing homework. He ultimately fails. Symbolic interactionists would term this situation __________. a. a self-fulfilling prophecy b. the hidden curriculum c. tracking or ability testing d. a dysfunction of the educational system

65. The cultural practice of marrying outside of one's own group is termed __________. a. exogamy b. homogamy c. heterogamy d. endogamy

66. In a __________ model, the needs and interests of widely divergent groups are met by the government through a process of accommodation and negotiation. Power in political systems is widely dispersed and shared among many competing interest groups. a. pluralist b. elite c. distributive d. ruling class

67. In which of these types of societies do women have relative equality with men? a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural c. agrarian d. industrial

67. __________ are most likely to view grades, written comments on assignments, and evaluations of behavior in classes as contributing to labeling. a. Symbolic interactionists b. Postmodernists c. Functionalists d. Conflict theorists

67. According to the social class model developed by Gilbert and Kahl, and based on the theory of Weber, the upper (capitalist) class of the United States includes about __________ of the population. a. 1 percent b. 3 percent c. 8 percent d. 12 percent

68. Citizen groups such as the American Conservative Union and Zero Population Growth are examples of __________. a. special interest groups b. power elites c. ruling class d. political action committees

68. __________ is a nationwide public health insurance program that is a jointly funded federal-state-local program established to make health care more available to the poor. a. Medicaid b. Medicare c. Social Security d. Social Supplementary Income

69. The term __________ refers to an unsubstantiated belief or prediction resulting in behavior that makes the originally false belief come true. a. self-fulfilling prophecy b. learning disability c. defeating perception d. fallacy of reasoning

69. __________ are organizations of special interest groups that solicit contributions from donors and fund campaigns to help elect (or defeat) candidates who share their stances on specific issues. a. Political action committees b. Pressure groups c. Lobby groups d. Power elites

70. In __________ societies, a steady source of food becomes available. People grow their own food using simple hand tools, such as the digging stick and the hoe. a. horticultural b. agrarian c. industrial d. pastoral

71. The __________ perspective places important emphasis on the role of parents and other relatives of teaching children the necessary knowledge and skills to survive in society. a. functionalist b. symbolic interactionist c. conflict d. postmodern

72. Occupations such as medical technicians, teachers, and nurses pertain to the __________, which makes up an estimated 30 percent of the U.S. population. a. middle class b. upper class c. upper-upper class d. upper-middle class

73. Functionalist theorists recognize that the function of the family is sometimes different in preindustrial and industrial societies. In preindustrial societies, families are units for__________; in industrial societies, families provide economic security through the workplace and the larger economic system. a. economic production b. emotional support c. financial security d. dysfunctions

73. The __________ make(s) up the middle level of C. Wright Mill's pyramidal model of the power elite. a. legislative branch, special interest groups, and local opinion leaders b. corporate rich c. unorganized masses of the citizenry d. executive branch of government

74. Ethnic and class differences are significant in dropout rates. For example, with a dropout rate of 13 percent, __________ have the highest dropout rate of any racial/ethnic group in U.S. schools. a. Latinos/as (Hispanics) b. African Americans c. Native Americans d. non-Hispanic Whites

74. The term pink-collar refers to_____________________________. a. women workers, regardless of their type of profession or occupation b. women in working-class positions, including machine operators and factory workers c. semiskilled positions that are low paying, are not manual labor, and are primarily held by women d. any type of occupation or position in which emotional labor is the dominant feature

74. __________ in the United States created a gap between the nonpaid work performed by women at home and the paid work that was increasingly performed by men and unmarried girls. a. Industrialization b. Agriculturalism c. Postmodernism d. Horticulturalism

76. Canada has a(n) __________ system, which is a health care system in which all citizens receive medical services paid for by tax revenues. In Canada, these revenues are supplemented by insurance premiums paid by all taxpaying citizens. a. universal health care b. health maintenance organization c. fee-for-service medical care d. managed care

76. Conflict theory explains family problems, such as divorce and overall family instability, by pointing out_____________________________. a. how exploitation of the lower classes by the upper classes contributes tofamily problems b. the relationship between family troubles and changes in other social institutions, such as the economy, religion, and law c. that definitions of the family are socially constructed and impact family life d. the diversity and fragmentation of families

76. The corporate rich influence the political system by______________. a. helping to finance campaigns and grant favors to political candidates b. working with grassroots community groups to end voter apathy c. widening participation on special commissions and advisory committees d. employing people to reduce social unrest

78. __________ is a process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture. a. Assimilation b. Colonialism c. Pluralism d. Participation

79. Political __________ is the process by which people learn political attitudes, values, and behavior. a. socialization b. participation c. conformity d. persuasion

80. A __________ is a document stating the person's wishes regarding the medical circumstances under which his or her life should be terminated. a. living will b. medical contract c. personal pact d. living covenant

80. Parents are involved in gender socialization through______________________. a. the purchase of children's toys that reflect the parents' gender expectation b. responding more quickly to the cries of male babies c. interacting with boy and girl children in the same ways d. giving more gentle treatment to boy babies

80. The term __________ refers to the everyday, secular, or "worldly" aspects of life. Secular beliefs have their foundation in scientific knowledge or everyday explanations. a. profane b. anti-spiritual c. sacred d. mundane

80. __________ assimilation occurs when members of subordinate racial or ethnic groups gain acceptance in everyday social interaction with members of the dominant group, but do not necessarily make close friends or intermarry. a. Structural (integration) b. Psychological c. Cultural (acculturation) d. Biological (amalgamation)

81. David Elkind describes the postmodern family as __________, meaning capable of being diffused or invaded in such a manner that its original purpose is modified or changed. a. permeable b. disappearing c. becoming weaker d. becoming less autonomous

82. In discussing peers and gender socialization, the text points out that_____________________. a. male peer groups place more pressure on boys to do "masculine" things than female peer groups place on girls to do "feminine" things b. female peer groups place more pressure on girls to do "feminine" things than male peer groups place on boys to do "masculine" things c. today peer groups of both sexes tend not to promote gender roles d. peer groups actually have little influence on adolescent development

82. __________ assimilation occurs when members of one group marry those of other social or ethnic groups. a. Biological (amalgamation) b. Cultural (acculturation) c. Psychological d. Structural (integration)

84. In their investigation of the role of peer groups for college women, anthropologists Holland and Eisenhart found that _________________________. a. the peer system propelled women into a world of romance in which their attractiveness to men counted most b. the women's peers influenced everything from their choices of majors and careers to their final courses of action in making plans for the future c. there was little peer influence of any kind d. peer influence had no role in choice of major or adherence to goals

84. In very simple preindustrial societies, religions often take the form of __________, which is the belief in impersonal supernatural forces affect people's lives either positively or negatively. a. simple supernaturalism b. animism c. theism d. transcendent idealism

84. Of the richest 20 people in the world, how many are women? a. 3 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8

85. The Iron Triangle is also called the __________. a. military-industrial complex b. ruling class c. power elite d. Communist Party

86. In the Marxian model of Erik Wright, business owners and craftspeople that may hire a small number of employees but largely do their own work would be considered __________ class. a. small-business b. capitalist c. working d. managerial

86. Switzerland has been described as a model of __________ pluralism; more than 6 million people with French, German, and Italian cultural heritages peacefully coexist there. a. accommodation b. compatibility c. segregation d. miscegenation

87. Inequalitarian pluralism describes a situation in which specific ethnic groups are set apart from the dominant group and have unequal access to power and privilege. This pattern is also referred to as __________. a. segregation b. miscegenation c. incompatibility d. accommodation

88. Skilled blue-collar workers, which include electricians, plumbers, and carpenters, and unskilled blue-collar workers which include janitors and gardeners, are all members of the __________, according to the Marxian model of class. a. working b. managerial c. small-business d. capitalist

89. Portions of contemporary sub-Saharan Africa have relatively high foreign direct investment in mineral extraction, which is an example of __________ production. a. primary sector b. secondary sector c. tertiary sector d. quartiary sector

90. __________ theorists are most likely to be concerned with unequal access to health care, power relationships in the health care system, and the role of profit in maintaining human health. a. Conflict b. Symbolic interactionist c. Functionalist d. Postmodernist

91. General support for same-sex marriage in the United States is __________ a. increasing overall b. decreasing overall c. increasing on the East Coast d. decreasing in the South

91. In 2012, the poorest 20 percent of households in the United States received approximately __________ of the total income pie. a. 3 percent b. 9 percent c. 12 percent d. 17 percent

92. __________ analyze power and economic differentials between the dominant groups and subordinate groups in society. a. Conflict theorists b. Postmodern theorists c. Functionalists d. Symbolic interactionists

92. __________ focuses on principles such as truth, justice, affirmation of life, and tolerance for others, and its adherents seek an elevated state of consciousness in which they can fulfill their true potential. a. Transcendent idealism b. Simple supernaturalism c. Animism d. Theism

94. Occupational segregation contributes to the __________, which refers to the disparity between women's and men's earnings. a. pay gap b. sexual wage differentiation c. comparable worth distinction d. domestic divide

94. __________ theorists focus on the socially constructed nature of "health" and "illness" and how both should be treated. a. Symbolic interactionist b. Functionalist c. Postmodernist d. Conflict

94. __________ is an economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production, from which personal profits can be derived through market competition and without government intervention. a. Capitalism b. Socialism c. Imperialism d. Authoritarianism

95. Sociologist Arlie Hochschild coined the term __________ to refer to the work that many employed women perform after they complete their workday on the job. a. second shift b. maintenance shift c. household shift d. domestic shift

95. The term __________ refers to the process through which nonmedical problems become defined and treated as illnesses or disorders. a. medicalization b. demedicalization c. nonmedicalization d. remedicalization

95. __________ emphasizes the way that religious beliefs and rituals work to bind people together in society. a. Functionalism b. Symbolic interactionism c. Conflict theory d. Postmodernism

95. Large-scale organizations that have their own legal powers as an organization separate from the individual owners, such as the ability to enter into contracts and buy and sell property, are termed __________. a. corporations b. economic concentrations c. conglomerates d. interlocking directorates

96. The Census Bureau defines the term __________ as two people who live together, and think of themselves as a couple, without being legally married. a. cohabitation b. assimilation c. accommodation d. matrimony

96. __________, one of the first sociologists to emphasize that religion is essential to the maintenance of society, suggested that religion is a cultural universal found in all societies because it meets basic human needs and serves important societal functions. a. Emile Durkheim b. Max Weber c. Talcott Parsons d. Robert Merton

97. The Department of Agriculture uses the term __________ for people whose access to adequate food is limited by lack of money and other resources. a. food insecure b. hunger c. malnutrition d. impoverished

98. Sometimes a corporation has virtually no competitors; this is termed a(n) __________. A(n) __________ exists when just a few companies have virtual control of an entire industry. a. monopoly; oligopoly b. oligopoly; monopoly c. oligarchy; monopology d. monarchy; oligopoly

99. Determinations of pay equity should take into consideration __________. a. the type of work being done b. the race or age of the employees c. the religious affiliation of the employee d. the attitude of the employee

99. In the United States, adults with mental illness are most likely to receive treatment __________. a. from primary care health providers b. in psychiatric hospitals c. from licensed therapists and psychiatrists d. in total institutions

99. __________ theorists stress that schools are agencies for perpetuating social inequality because parents with limited income are not able to provide the same educational opportunities for their children as are families with greater financial resources. a. Conflict b. Symbolic interactionist c. Postmodern d. Functionalist

100. From the __________ perspective, disability is viewed as a form of deviance. a. conflict b. functionalist c. symbolic interactionist d. postmodern

100. The informal relationship between religion and the state that takes the form of rituals and beliefs that create a feeling of sacredness around society or a nation is termed __________. a. the spiritualization of politics b. civil religion c. political religion d. affirmational politics

100. Today, great disparities exist in the distribution of educational resources. Because funding for education comes primarily from __________, school districts in wealthy suburban areas generally pay higher teachers' salaries, have newer buildings, and provide state-of-the-art equipment. a. federal government taxes b. local property taxes c. state taxes d. a combination of state and federal taxes

100. Corporations with control both within and across industries are formed by a series of mergers and acquisitions across industries. These corporations are referred to as __________; they combine businesses in different commercial areas, all of which are owned by one holding company. a. monopolies b. conglomerates c. shared monopolies d. interlocking corporate directorates

101. July Fourth (Independence Day), Memorial Day, the Lincoln Memorial, and the Pledge of Allegiance would all be considered examples that correspond to __________. a. the spiritualization of politics in America b. American civil religion c. political religion in America d. American denominational politics

101. Some analysts refer to today's middle-aged women as the sandwich generation because they are caught between the needs of their young children and __________. a. their employment b. their elderly parents c. their husbands or partners d. their community commitments

101. The U.S. Social Security Administration has established an official poverty line. The poverty line is computed by _______________________________. a. correlating wealth and the cost-of-living index b. determining the cost of a minimally nutritious diet (short-term) and multiplying this figure by 3 to allow for nonfood costs. c. estimating the annual cost of living and dividing by 12. d. surveys to determine how much people spend on housing, food, and other necessities.

101. __________ refers to the division of the economy into two areas of employment: a primary sector or upper tier, composed of higher-paid (usually dominant-group) workers in more secure jobs, and a secondary sector or lower tier, composed of lower-paid (often subordinate-group) workers in jobs with little security and hazardous working conditions. a. Racial formation b. Split labor market c. Internal colonialism d. Institutional discrimination

105. According to __________, human capital acquired by education and job training is the source of a person's productivity so that what a person earns is a reflection of his or her individual choices. a. conflict theorists b. functionalists c. symbolic interactionists d. postmodern theorists

105. __________ poverty exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living. a. Absolute b. Relative c. Official d. Objective

105. The term __________ refers to the process of converting resources from state ownership to private ownership. a. monopolization b. privatization c. centralized decision making d. the pursuit of collective goals

106. The term __________ refers to any intentional act or actions by one or both partners in an intimate relationship that causes injury to either person. a. child abuse b. domestic violence c. wife abuse d. family violence

107. According to the conflict perspective on gender stratification,______________________. a. women diminish their earning capacity when they leave the labor market to engage in childbearing and child-care activities b. the gendered division of labor within families and in the workplace results from male control of and dominance over women and resources c. women are naturally attracted to service positions that require less training and pay less d. gender stratification can be explained using the human capital model

108. Which of these racial/ethnic groups has the highest rate of poverty? a. Whites b. African Americans c. Asian Americans d. Hispanics

108. One of the factors that increases the risk of divorce is________________________. a. earning less than $50,000 annually b. graduating from college c. having a baby prior to marriage d. getting married young (before 25)

109. A large bureaucratic organization that seeks accommodation with the larger society and also attempts to influence it is termed __________. a. an ecclesia b. a church c. a denomination d. a sect

109. Which of these racial/ethnic groups has been the most privileged group in the United States? a. Irish Americans b. White Anglo-Saxon Protestants c. Japanese Americans d. Italian Americans

110. Corporations have been disinvesting in the United States, displacing millions of people from their jobs. Economists refer to this displacement as the __________ of America. a. deinstitutionalization b. deindustrialization c. disengagement d. abandonment

110. The unemployment rate takes into account ________________________. a. all people who do not work for pay b. only people who are actively looking for a job c. all people between the ages of 18 and 65 d. only males with a high school degree or higher level of education

112. __________ is the term for policies or procedures designed to promote equal opportunity for categories of people who have previously been excluded from equality in education, employment, and other fields on the basis of characteristics such as race or ethnicity. a. Civil disobedience b. Affirmative action c. Reverse discrimination d. Deregulation

112. __________ work toward changing male control over the basic Islamic worldview. a. Religious feminists b. Islamic feminists c. Western feminists d. Christian feminists

116. The terms Latino and Latina are used interchangeably with the label______________. a. Spanish b. Hispanic c. Mexican d. minority

116. When __________ behavior occurs between nonequals, it confirms the inequality of the relationship. a. front-stage b. deference c. stratification d. meritocracy

117. The United States is currently experiencing the greatest economic setback since_______________. a. the Revolutionary War b. the Great Depression c. World War II d. the 1980s savings and loan scandals

118. Personal beliefs that reflect larger societal mythologies, even when they are inaccurate, re __________. a. believed truths b. sincere fictions c. common values d. actual realities

22. What constitutes a "family" has been widely debated. For many years, the standard sociological definition of family was __________. a. a social network of people based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption b. a group of people who are related to one another by bonds of blood, marriage, or adoption and who live together, form an economic unit, and bear and raise children c. a group of people that consists of a husband and wife, children from previous marriages, and children (if any) from the new marriage d. a social network of people into which a person is born, composed of relatives, parents, and children who live in the same household

22. In contemporary societies the government is called __________ and is the political entity that possesses a legitimate monopoly over the use of force within its territory. a. autocracy b. state c. bureaucracy d. executive branch

22. __________ is the term for a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively selected attributes. a. Culture b. Race c. Tribal group d. Ethnic group

24. __________ is the term for an institutional system concerned with the scientific diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness. a. Health care b. Medicine c. Scientific medicine d. Holistic medicine

24. __________ is the ability of persons or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others. Through the use of persuasion, authority, or force, some people are able to get others to submit to their demands. a. Authority b. Power c. Control d. Leverage

25. The sociological term for a group of people distinguished by others or by themselves, primarily on the basis of cultural characteristics or national origin, is __________. a. race b. ethnic group c. tribal group d. folk group

25. According to William Domhoff, what is the role of the media in politics? a. The media are neutral in news coverage of events and candidates. b. Media tend to reflect the biases of those with the greatest ability to access the media. c. The media are more powerful than government officials. d. Journalists are more powerful than corporate leaders.

27. The __________ is equal to the number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year. a. child mortality rate b. infant mortality rate c. first year of life rate d. baby mortality

28. A(n) __________ function in education includes teaching specific subjects, such as science, mathematics, reading, history, and English. a. extrinsic b. manifest c. intrinsic d. latent

28. An important factor in the increase in life expectancy in low-income nations has been __________. a. improved medical technologies b. a safer water supply c. healthier diets d. increased exercise programs

28. One of the most important characteristics of systems of stratification is their degree of flexibility. In a closed system of stratification __________. a. people's positions are set by achieved statuses b. there is little or no social mobility c. the boundaries between levels in the hierarchies of social stratification are relatively fluid d. many opportunities exist for people who are willing to work hard

29. At the core of the differences between gender and sex is the chromosomal information transmitted at the moment a child is conceived. An "XY" chromosome generally means __________. a. a heterosexual embryo b. a male embryo c. a hermaphrodite embryo d. a female embryo

29. Education serves five major manifest functions in society, including __________. a. providing childcare b. transmitting culture c. matchmaking and social networking d. organizing athletic events

29. Rachael lives with her mother and her mother's parents, all in the same household. Sociologists would say that Rachael lives in a(n) __________ family. a. nuclear b. extended c. patrilineal d. blended

29. __________ is the study of the causes and distribution of health, disease, and impairment throughout a population. a. Sociology of medicine b. Social epidemiology c. Social health d. Social medicine

29. Weber used the term __________ authority for power that is legitimized on the basis of long-standing custom. a. charismatic b. traditional c. coercive d. rational-legal

30. __________ is an extreme form of stratification in which some people are owned by others. It is a closed system in which people are treated as property and have little or no control over their lives. a. League b. Slavery c. Class d. Caste

31. At birth, male and female infants are distinguished by __________, the genitalia used in the reproductive process. a. tertiary sex characteristics b. primary sex characteristics c. cultural tendencies d. secondary sex characteristics

31. Schools play an active part in the process of assimilation, whereby recent immigrants learn dominant values, attitudes, and behavior of society. This is an aspect of the manifest function of education referred to as __________. a. social placement b. transmission of culture c. social control d. change and innovation

32. __________ often include grandparents, uncles, aunts, or other relatives who live close to the parents and children, making it possible for family members to share resources. a. Blended families b. Extended families c. Conventional families d. Nuclear families

32. Sociologists use the term __________ for a group that is advantaged by greater power and access to resources in a society a. multilateral group b. dominant group c. minority group d. subordinate group

33. Sociologists would term whites in the United States with Northern European ancestry (often referred to as Euro-Americans, white Anglo-Saxon Protestants, or WASPs) the __________. a. subordinate group b. dominant group c. minority group d. multilateral group

34. With the advent of industrialization and urbanization, maintaining the __________ family pattern becomes more difficult. Increasingly, young people move from rural to urban areas in search of employment in the industrializing sector of the economy. At that time, the __________ family typically becomes the predominant family pattern in the society. a. blended; extended b. extended; nuclear c. nuclear; conventional d. nuclear; extended

35. According to the functionalist perspective, all social institutions, including education, have functions that are hidden, unstated, and sometimes unintended consequences of their activities. These are termed __________. a. intrinsic functions b. latent functions c. extrinsic functions d. manifest functions

35. Sex is not always clear-cut. Occasionally, a hormone imbalance before birth produces a person who is __________, in whom sexual differentiation is ambiguous or incomplete. a. transsexual b. intersexed c. transvestite d. homosexual

36. A difference between the caste system in India and the caste system in South Africa is that in South Africa caste was based largely on __________. a. religious identification b. racial classification c. occupation d. wealth

36. In a system of rational-legal authority, the authority is invested in the __________. a. person holding the office b. office c. political party the person in office belongs to d. administrative personnel working for the office-holder

37. Some people may be genetically of one sex but have a gender identity of the other. These people are termed __________, in which the sex-related structure of the brain that defines gender identity is opposite from the physical sex organs of the person's body. a. hermaphrodite b. transgendered c. transvestite d. homosexual

37. Until the 1990s, white South Africans controlled the government, the police, and the military by enforcing __________, the term used in South Africa for "the separation of the races." a. alienation b. apartheid c. stratification d. classification

38. Although the U.S. Constitution grants __________ authority to the office of the presidency, a president who fails to uphold the public trust may be removed from office. a. traditional b. rational-legal c. charismatic d. coercive

39. Studies reveal that nearly __________ of U.S. students admit to bullying others with some frequency. a. one-tenth b. one-fifth c. one-fourth d. one-third

39. When a drug is taken for a specific purpose or remedial affect, this is termed __________ use. a. standard b. therapeutic c. chronic d. recreational

39. __________ is a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group. a. Discrimination b. Racism c. Stereotyping d. Profiling

39. Weber believed that __________ authority was the only means to attain efficient, flexible, and competent regulation under a rule of law. a. traditional b. rational-legal c. charismatic d. coercive

40. Individuals such as Hitler and Martin Luther King, Jr. are examples of __________ leaders. a. traditional b. charismatic c. rational-legal d. coercive

41. In sports, calling a player of color a derogatory name, participating in racist chanting during a sporting event, and writing racist graffiti in a team's locker room are examples of __________ racism. a. open b. overt c. closed d. subtle

41. Bubba married his high school sweetheart, and they have been faithful to each other for 30 years. Their marriage is considered to be __________. a. polygamous b. monogamous c. homogamous d. polyandrous

42. Through a pattern of marriage, divorce, and remarriage, some people practice __________—a succession of marriages in which a person has several spouses over a lifetime but is legally married to only one person at a time. a. sequential coupling b. serial monogamy c. marriage seriation d. polygamy

43. In a definitive study of sexuality in the mid-1990s, researchers at the University of Chicago established three criteria for identifying people as homosexual or bisexual. Which of the following is not one of the criteria they identified? a. sexual attraction to persons of one's own gender b. having engaged in a homosexual encounter at a young age c. sexual involvement with one or more persons of one's own gender d. self-identification as a gay, lesbian, or bisexual

43. __________ occurs when people experience movement either up or down the class structure. a. Lateral mobility b. Vertical mobility c. Situational mobility d. Horizontal mobility

45. A(n) __________ is a person or group that becomes an object of aggression and is incapable of offering resistance to the hostility or aggression of others. a. ethnocentric b. scapegoat c. minority d. stereotype

45. Both Karl Marx and Max Weber identified ___________ as an important determinant of social inequality and social change. a. religion b. class c. gender d. race

45. Today, the U.S. State Department recognizes ___________ independent nation-states throughout the world. a. 150 b. 195 c. 250 d. 295

46. One study found that as the economic conditions worsened in the South, whites aimed their anger toward African Americans, who then became a scapegoat. As a result, there was an increase in the lynching of African Americans. This illustrates __________ theory. a. authoritarian-personality b. frustration-aggression c. conflict d. symbolic interactionist

46. Various organizations of gays, lesbians, and transgendered persons have been unified in their desire to reduce hate crimes and other forms of __________—the extreme prejudice directed at gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and others who are perceived as not being heterosexual. a. homosexism b. homophobia c. heterophobia d. misogyny

46. __________ is the concurrent marriage of one woman with two or more men. a. Endogamy b. Polyandry c. Homogamy d. Polygyny

47. According to sociologist __________, students from diverse class backgrounds come to school with different amounts of cultural capital, which refers to social assets that include values, beliefs, attitudes, and competencies in language and culture. a. Karl Marx b. Pierre Bourdieu c. Emile Durkheim d. Max Weber

47. __________ is the most extensively used illegal drug in the United States. a. Tobacco b. Marijuana c. Heroin d. Alcohol

48. In preindustrial societies, kinship is usually traced through one parent (unilineally). The most common pattern of unilineal descent is __________, which is a system of tracing descent through the father's side of the family. a. patriarchal descent b. patrilineal descent c. patrilocal descent d. patricentric descent

48. Sociologist Karl Marx believed that the workers are exploited as capitalists maximize their profit by paying the workers less than the resale values of what they produce. Marx believed that this resulted in a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement that he called __________. a. anomie b. alienation c. stratification d. verstehen

49. In __________ monarchies, rulers depend on powerful members of the nobility to help them retain their thrones and are not considered to be above the law. a. constitutional b. limited c. absolute d. total

51. AIDS is caused by __________ and is among the most significant health problems that this nation and the world face today. a. human immunity virus b. human immunodeficiency virus c. high-level immunity virus d. acquired human virus

51. Tracking or ability grouping is based on the assumption that it is easier to teach a group whose members have similar abilities. __________ theorists are critics of the practice of tracking, arguing that it negatively affects learning and achievement for many students. a. Functionalist b. Conflict c. Symbolic interactionist d. Postmodern

51. According to Marx, the capitalist class maintains its position at the top of the class structure by control of the society's __________, which is composed of the government, schools, churches, and other social institutions. a. substructure b. superstructure c. ecostructure d. infrastructure

52. In the United States, males are traditionally expected to demonstrate aggressiveness and toughness, whereas females have been expected to be passive and nurturing. This illustrates the concept of __________. a. sexual identity b. gender role c. sexual role d. gender identity

52. Kinship in industrial societies is usually traced through both parents (bilineally). The most common form is __________, which is a system of tracing descent through both the mother's and father's sides of the family. a. lateral descent b. bilateral descent c. matrilocal descent d. neolocal descent

52. What is the world's leading infectious killer? a. cancer b. HIV c. Ebola d. SARS

53. A restaurant owner in the 1950s does not feel negatively toward African Americans but refuses to serve them in his restaurant because he fears that doing so would offend customers. According to Robert Merton's typology, the restaurant owner is a(n) _____. a. prejudiced discriminator b. unprejudiced discriminator c. unprejudiced nondiscriminatory d. prejudiced nondiscriminator

53. In addition to teaching subject content and skills, school routines and regulations train students to respect cultural value; routines and regulations also and shape attitudes and values such as conformity and obedience to authority. Sociologists term this the __________. a. tracking system b. hidden curriculum c. manifest function of education d. resocialization

54. Researchers predict that over the next few decades in the United States,________________. a. obesity will be in decline among the population b. obesity will reduce life expectancy by two to five years c. obesity will cease to be a problem d. obesity will be curable using medications

54. Through the __________, schools make working-class and poverty-level students aware that they will be expected to take orders from others, arrive at work punctually, follow bureaucratic rules, and experience high levels of boredom without complaining. a. tracking system b. hidden curriculum c. manifest function of education d. resocialization process

54. __________ result when military officers seize power from the government, as has happened in recent decades in Argentina, Chile, and Haiti. a. Absolute monarchies b. Military juntas c. Dictatorships d. Direct participatory democracies

55. In a __________ political system, the state seeks to regulate all aspects of people's public and private lives. a. democracy b. totalitarianism c. monarchy d. authoritarianism

56. A(n) __________ family is a family structure in which authority is held by the eldest female (usually the mother). a. patriarchal b. matriarchal c. egalitarian d. homogamous

56. Schools with more middle-class students have curricula that emphasize __________. a. procedures and rote memorization b. decision making and choice c. creative self-expression d. critical reasoning

56. The term __________ refers to all the ideas regarding masculine and feminine attributes that are held to be valid in a society. a. sexual norms b. gender belief system c. gender identity d. body consciousness

56. Whereas Marx defined class in purely economic terms, Max Weber developed a multidimensional approach to social stratification that reflects the interplay among wealth, prestige, and __________. a. income b. power c. occupation d. race/ethnicity

57. __________ is the value of all of a person's or family's economic assets, including income, personal property, and income-producing property. a. Power b. Wealth c. Prestige d. Class

58. According to the text, with professionalization, __________ gained control over the entire medical establishment in the United States. a. the American Medical Association b. licensed medical doctors c. insurance companies d. medical schools

59. Residential patterns are interrelated with the authority structure and method of tracing descent in families. __________ residence refers to the custom of a married couple living in the same household (or community) as the husband's family. a. Matrilocal b. Patrilocal c. Multilocal d. Neolocall

59. __________ is a political system in which the people hold the ruling power either directly or through elected representatives. a. Totalitarianism b. Democracy c. Monarchy d. Authoritarianism

60. When sexual harassment is reported to supervisors,_____________________. a. immediate legal action usually follows b. the problem is often ignored c. the status of women in the workplace rises d. the federal government must get involved

60. __________ means that patients are billed separately for each service that they receive, including treatment by doctors, laboratory work, hospital visits, prescriptions, and other health-related expenses. a. Third-party provider b. Fee-for-service c. Health maintenance organization d. Managed care

60. Weber used the term __________ for the category of wealthy individuals who live off their investments and do not have to work. a. entrepreneurs b. rentiers c. independents d. consumers

61. Few societies have residential patterns known as __________ residence, which refers to the custom of a married couple living in the same household (or community) as the wife's parents. a. neolocal b. matrilocal c. patrilocal d. multilocal

61. In the United States, the political system is a __________ in which people have a voice in the government elected representatives who serve as bridges between themselves and the government. a. direct participatory democracy b. representative democracy c. symbolic democracy d. independent involvement democracy

62. After a lengthy political battle, a health care reform bill was signed into law in the United States in 2010. The name of the bill is __________. a. Obama Health Care Reform Bill of 2010 b. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 c. U.S. Health Maintenance Act of 2010 d. The Patient Right to Health Care Bill of 2010

62. Weber called the class consisting of skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled workers the __________. a. entrepreneurial class b. working class c. upper class d. middle class

64. In a __________, patients pay premiums into a fund that in turn pays doctors and hospitals for each treatment that patient receives. a. fee-for-service program b. third-party provider program c. health maintenance organization program d. managed care program

64. According to sociologist Max Weber's system of stratification, __________ is the ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others. a. wealth b. power c. status d. prestige

64. According to sociologist __________, the purpose of government is to socialize people to be good citizens, to regulate the economy so that it operates effectively, and to provide necessary services for citizens. a. Karl Marx b. Emile Durkheim c. Robert Merton d. Herbert Spencer

65. Sociologists often use the term __________ to refer to a classification that reflects a combination of factors such as income, occupation, and education. a. power status b. socioeconomic status c. prestige status d. wealth status

66. Sociologist Joe Feagin distinguishes four different categories of discrimination. He uses the term __________ for harmful action intentionally taken by a dominant-group memberagainst a member of a subordinate group, with or without the support of other members of the dominant group in the same social context. a. indirect institutionalized discrimination b. isolate discrimination c. small-group discrimination d. direct institutionalized discrimination

68. A small group of white students, without the support of other students or faculty members, defaces a professor's office with racial epithets. Joe Feagin would label the behavior of these students __________ discrimination. a. isolate b. small-group c. direct institutionalized d. indirect institutionalized

69. In a stereotypically conventional family, the wife/mother runs the household, cares for children, and meets the emotional needs of family members. Talcott Parsons termed this the __________. a. authoritarian role b. expressive role c. instrumental role d. egalitarian role

69. When discriminatory behavior is routinely carried out by a number of dominant-group members and is supported by the norms of the immediate organization or community, these actions are termed __________. a. isolate discrimination b. direct institutionalized discrimination c. indirect institutionalized discrimination d. small-group discrimination

71. Based on the results of an IQ test, a teacher believes that some students of color are less capable of learning and treats them accordingly. This may contribute to __________. a. the iron law of oligarchy b. the labeling process c. tracking d. the hidden curriculum

72. In regards to unequal funding as a source of unequal education, the text notes that____________________. a. an influx of federal funds has largely ended the problem by equalizing funding b. most educational funds are derived from state and local taxes c. the property tax base for central city schools has continued to grow in most regions d. recent redistribution of funds has made many schools' resources more equitable than in the past

73. A(n) __________ is one in which factory or mechanized production has replaced agriculture as the major form of economic activity. a. commerce society b. industrial society c. pastoral society d. agrarian society

73. An estimated 30 percent of the U.S. population is __________, which includes occupations such as semiskilled machine operators in factories and people in the service sector, such as clerks and salespeople. a. upper-middle class b. working class c. middle class d. working poor

73. __________ examine how microlevel contacts between people may produce either greater racial tolerance or increased levels of hostility. a. Postmodern theorists b. Symbolic interactionists c. Functionalists d. Conflict theorists

74. Although their perspectives are very different, functionalists and conflict theorists would likely agree that___________________________. a. the family is the source of emotional support b. a person's social status, particularly ascribed status, is determined by the family c. families socialize children to be productive members of society d. most families are extremely dysfunctional

74. The __________ make(s) up the top level of C. Wright Mill's pyramidal model of the power elite. a. legislative branch, special interest groups, and local opinion leaders b. corporate rich c. unorganized masses of the citizenry d. executive branch of government

75. According to the contact hypothesis, contact between members of divergent or opposing groups will lead to more favorable attitudes under certain conditions. Which of these is not one of the necessary conditions? a. Members of each group have equal status. b. Members are severely reprimanded for negative behavior and comments. c. Members of each group are pursuing the same goal. d. Members of the different groups are required to cooperate with each other to achieve their goal.

75. William Domhoff used the term __________ to refer to a small, fixed, privileged group of people with the power to constrain the political system and serve the interests of capitalism. a. power elite b. ruling class c. special interest group d. political action committee

76. In __________, the division of labor in paid employment is increasingly based on whether people provide or apply information or are employed in service jobs such as fast food restaurant counter help or health care work. a. industrial societies b. postindustrial societies c. agricultural societies d. preindustrial societies

76. What happens when individuals meet someone who does not conform to their preexisting stereotypes? a. They ignore the person completely. b. They ignore any behavior that contradicts the stereotype. c. They abandon the stereotypes and accept the person for who he or she is. d. They change their ideas about the stereotypes they held.

77. Working single mothers and their children and African Americans are overrepresented among the __________. a. middle class b. working poor c. upper class d. working class

78. Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead provided insight into the family roles, and these are modified or adapted to the expectations of others—especially significant others such as parents, grandparents, and siblings. This is the foundation of the__________ perspective on the family. a. postmodern b. symbolic interactionist c. conflict theory d. functionalist

78. Emile Durkheim used the term __________ to refer to things that inspire reverence and a deep sense of awe and respect that beyond the ordinary. a. profane b. sacred c. spiritual d. magical

78. The minimum wage_____________________________. a. is determined by the federal government for all states b. is set by the federal government, but individual states may adopt a higher rate c. is suggested by the federal government, but individual states are free to adopt one that is higher or lower d. is set on a state-by-state basis with no involvement of the federal government

79. The term __________ refers to those who are poor, are seldom employed, and experience long-term deprivation. a. working class b. underclass c. middle class d. working poor

80. About __________ of the U.S. population is included in the underclass. a. 1 to 2 percent b. 3 to 5 percent c. 8 to 10 percent d. 15 percent

80. What percentage of the U.S. voting-age population is involved in the political process beyond simply voting? a. 2 percent b. 10 percent c. 25 percent d. 50 percent

81. Stem cells are important medically because_____________________. a. they are the foundation of in vitro fertilization b. they can be used to generate any specialized cell in the human body c. they are essential to various types of preventive medical approaches d. they are the only area of research that all sides can agree on politically

81. Even in Presidential election years, voter turnout can be low. For example, in the 2012 presidential election, approximately __________ of eligible voters cast ballots. a. 30 percent b. 60 percent c. 75 percent d. 90 percent

82. When did the scope of government influence in people's daily lives in the United States expand considerably for the first time? a. during the Civil War b. during Depression in the 1930s c. during World War II d. during the 1960s Vietnam War

83. According to Forbes magazine, the richest people in the world are Mexican entrepreneur Carlos Slim Helu, Bill Gates (co-founder of Microsoft Corporation), and investor Warren Buffet. In Wright's Marxian model these men would be members of the __________ class. a. managerial b. capitalist c. small-business d. working

83. __________ assimilation involves a change in racial or ethnic self-identification on the part of an individual. a. Structural (integration) b. Psychological c. Cultural (acculturation) d. Biological (amalgamation)

83. In the postmodern family, the boundaries between the public and private spheres are fairly open and flexible. In fact, family life may be negatively affected by the decreasing distinction between what is work time and what is family time. This characteristic of the family is termed __________. a. homogamy b. urbanity c. endogamy d. polyandry

84. In the United States, there is a strong cultural belief that __________ should be the basis of an intimate relationship. a. tradition b. romantic love c. economic security d. convenience

85. Equalitarian pluralism describes a situation in which ethnic groups coexist in equality with one another. This pattern is also referred to as __________. a. miscegenation b. accommodation c. segregation d. compatibility

86. __________ is the belief that plants, animals, or other elements of the natural world are endowed with spirits or life forces that have an impact on events in society. a. Theism b. Animism c. Simple supernaturalism d. Transcendent idealism

86. Sociologists note that women and men in the United States may have very different ideas about and perceptions of love. One of the differences is that men, more than women,______________. a. express their feelings verbally b. tend to express their love through nonverbal actions c. fall in love very quickly d. are very nurturing and emotionally supportive of loved ones

87. Gender socialization in sports generally results in______________________. a. both boys and girls being socialized to participate in highly competitive, rule-oriented games with a large number of participants b. children spending more than half of their nonschool time in play and games c. girls expressing more favorable attitudes toward exercise than boys do d. children's play and games tending to be gender-neutral

87. __________ is the social institution that ensures the maintenance of society through the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. a. Education b. The economy c. Politics d. The mass media

89. According to the text, __________societies were among the first to practice monotheism, the belief in a single, supreme being or god who is responsible for significant events such as the creation of the world. a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural c. agricultural d. industrial

89. The __________ theory emphasizes the political, economic, and social forces that affect health and the health care delivery system. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interactionist d. postmodernist

90. In 2009, the wealthiest 20 percent of households in the United States received approximately __________ percent of the total income pie. a. 25 b. 50 c. 75 d. 90

90. In regard to gender-segregated work in the United States, the text notes that_________________. a. jobs like secretaries that were once segregated are much less so today b. almost all women and half of all male workers would have to change jobs in order to eliminate gender-segregated work c. the only place women have gained equity with men is at the top of U.S. corporations d. unlike the family, the workplace tends not to be a gendered institution

90. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) is __________. a. constitutional b. unconstitutional c. to be phased out within 10 years d. inconsistent with the First Amendment

90. In industrial economies, __________ refers to the processing of raw materials into finished goods. a. primary sector production b. secondary sector production c. tertiary sector production d. quartiary sector production

92. Conflict theorists use the term __________ for the system of local physicians and hospitals as well as global health-related industries such as insurance companies and pharmaceutical and medical supply companies. a. health care-organizational complex b. medical-industrial complex c. organizational-medical complex d. medical-corporate complex

92. In 2012, the top 5 percent of households in the United States received more than 20 percent of all income—an amount greater than that received by the bottom __________ of all households. a. 25 percent b. 40 percent c. 65 percent d. 75 percent

93. __________ is the process by which religious beliefs, practices, and institutions lose their significance within different sectors of society and culture. a. Sacreligion b. Secularization c. Detheification d. Religious reductionism

94. An important contribution of the caste perspective is_________________________. a. the role of social interaction in sustaining racial and ethnic inequality b. acknowledging the seemingly permanent nature of racism due to structural elements in society c. the recognition that race and class discrimination are strongly correlated d. recognition of the function of assimilation in bringing order and stability to society

97. Homosexuality has been removed from the list of mental disorders compiled by the American Psychiatric Association. This is an example of __________. a. medicalization b. demedicalization c. nonmedicalization d. remedicalization

97. The pay gap between men and women is the smallest for __________. a. Hispanic and Latinos/as b. African Americans c. Native Americans d. white and Asian Americans

98. According to functionalists, religion_____________________. a. provides a sense of false consciousness b. promotes social cohesion and a sense of belonging c. provides a mechanism for racial/ethnic integration d. prevents anarchy while relieving the individual of responsibility

98. __________ occurs when members of a racial or ethnic group are conquered and forcibly placed under the economic and political control of the dominant group in a particular society. a. Structural segregation b. Internal colonialism c. Racial discrimination d. Classic colonialism

99. In the United States, indigenous groups lost property, political rights, aspects of their culture, and often their lives. The effects of past __________ are reflected today in the number of Native Americans who live on government reservations. a. racial accommodation b. internal colonialism c. structural assimilation d. ethnic pluralism

100. The text observes that although most married women now share responsibility for the breadwinner role, many men do not accept their share of domestic responsibilities. Hochschild terms this disparity the __________. a. "double-whammy" b. "two-tiered job" c. "double day or second shift" d. "unbearable burden"

101. From a labeling perspective, three different factors play a role in how people with disabilities are labeled. Which of these is not one of those three factors? a. the degree to which the individual is responsible for the impairment b. the apparent seriousness of the condition c. the recentness of the impairment d. the perceived legitimacy of the condition

101. Which of these would not be considered a microlevel reason for high rates of teenage pregnancy? a. Many sexually active teenagers do not use contraceptives. b. Some teenage males (due to a double standard) believe that females should be responsible for contraception. c. Lack of education and employment opportunities in urban and rural areas discourage aspirations in teenagers. d. Many teenagers do not receive accurate information about contraception use.

102. According to the text's discussion of civil religion,_____________________. a. civil religion is tied to the most popular religious group in a society b. because of the separation of church and state, all civil ceremonies in the United States lack any religious quality c. the United States flag is a sacred object within the nation's civil religion d. there is public consensus about the importance of civil religion

102. The major criticism of split-labor-market theory is that it_________________________. a. does not explain how members of racial/ethnic minorities become concentrated in low-paying jobs b. ignores the hostility that white workers sometimes feel toward workers with minority group status c. fails to address the interactive effects of gender, race, and class in the workplace d. does not answer the question of who benefits from the exploitation of people of color

103. According to sociologist Talcott Parsons, the husband performs the __________ tasks of providing economic support and making decisions. This division ensures that important societal tasks will be fulfilled and it also provides stability for family members. a. operational b. expressive c. instrumental d. situational

103. From the perspective of __________, religious ideologies serve to support the status quo and inhibit social change. a. functionalism b. symbolic interactionism c. conflict theory d. postmodernism

104. According to some marriage and family analysts, individuals who prefer to remain single typically_________________________. a. value work and professional growth b. hold less individualistic values c. are less family oriented d. do not like children

104. __________ is the most likely to have life-threatening consequences, such as when a homeless person freezes to death on a park bench. a. Subjective poverty b. Relative poverty c. Absolute poverty d. Official poverty

106. The "Trail of Tears" was an intentional act of __________. a. pluralism b. assimilation c. forced migration d. genocide

107. In terms of income, employment, housing, nutrition, and health, which of the following is the most disadvantaged racial or ethnic group in the United States? a. Asian Americans b. African Americans c. Native Americans d. Hispanic Americans

107. How do professions differ from occupations? a. Occupations have greater autonomy than professions. b. Professions are only found in the primary sector, unlike occupations, which span all sectors of employment. c. Professions are characterized as having more self-regulation than occupations. d. There is no difference between professions and occupations.

108. A contract worker, or someone working temporarily, is doing__________________. a. occupational labor b. marginal work c. contingent work d. blue collar labor

109. In the perspective of __________, gender equality is equated with equality of opportunity. a. radical feminism b. Marxist feminism c. liberal feminism d. postmodern feminism

109. Social inequality and poverty have both economic and structural sources. According to your text, in the United States a great deal of poverty is due to __________. a. people's unwillingness to work b. governmental programs, such as welfare, that have kept families dependent over several generations c. high unemployment and the low wages paid for many jobs d. people's desire for immediate gratification and overuse of credit cards

109. A(n) __________ family has a family structure in which both partners share power and authority equally. a. matriarchal b. homogeneous c. egalitarian d. patriarchal

110. In the United States, a great many different religious organizations that appeal to a wide variety of different people coexist together. This is termed religious __________. a. ecclesiasticism b. gnosticism c. pluralism d. fundamentalism

111. Islamic feminists believe that the rise of Islam_______________________. a. will lead to further discrimination against women b. will lead to more negative attitudes toward women c. might lead to greater equality for women d. will have no impact in how women are viewed or treated

111. __________ is the term for a killing carried out by a group of vigilantes seeking revenge for an actual or imagined crime by the victim. a. Execution b. Genocide c. Lynching d. Capital punishment

112. __________ are people of whatever religious faith who are most fearful about secularization and who believe that sacred traditions must be revitalized in the face of modernity. a. Gnostics b. Ecclesiastics c. Fundamentalists d. Cosmopolitanists

113. Davis and Moore, two functionalists, believe that stratification results in __________. a. a capitalist system b. socialism c. a meritocracy d. worker revolution

113. In the United States today, African Americans make up about __________ of the population. a. 28.9 percent b. .7 percent c. 12.6 percent d. 3.6 percent

113. Over the five-year period from 2007 to 2012, the number of people who consider themselves religiously unaffiliated in the United States_______________. a. declined to less than 10 percent b. rose from 1 percent to nearly 12 percent c. rose to about 20 percent d. stayed the same

115. Meredith studies how waiters are treated by diners at a country club in order to learn about the daily structure of inequality and how these patterns are enacted and replicated. Meredith is a __________. a. functionalist b. conflict theorist c. symbolic interactionist d. feminist

117. The primary vehicle driving the increase of the Mexican American population in the United States is____________________. a. higher birth rate b. lowered child mortality c. immigration d. increased intermarriage

20. __________ is the social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by various groups and individuals. a. Government b. Economics c. Politics d. Religion

21. __________ is the sociological term for the hierarchical arrangement of large social groups based on the control of basic resources. a. Bureaucracy b. Ethnocentrism c. Social stratification d. Social layering

22. Sociologists use the term __________ for socially defined and culturally variable states of interference with health. a. disease b. disorder c. illness d. addiction

23. Sociologists sometimes put the term "race" in quotation marks because_________________. a. it is not a word used within sociology b. they want to highlight the importance of race sociologically c. they recognize that the term "race" has little meaning in a biological sense d. the word "race" has foreign origins

23. To more accurately reflect the changes in family life, the text provides a more encompassing definition of what constitutes a family. This definition is:__________________________. a. a social network of people into which a person is born, composed of relatives, parents, and children who live in the same household b. a group of people that consists of a husband and wife, children from previous marriages, and children (if any) from the new marriage c. a relationship in which people live together with commitment, form an economic unit and care for any young, and consider their identity to be significantly attached to the group d. a social network of people based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption

23. According to the text, one of the most important characteristics of systems of stratification is their degree of __________. a. authenticity b. fairness c. flexibility d. visibility

23. The subfield within sociology that focuses on the social circumstances of politics and explores how the political arena and its actors are intertwined with social institutions is called __________. a. governmental sociology b. institutional sociology c. political sociology d. cultural sociology

24. In preindustrial societies, __________ provides the primary basis for social organization. a. subsistence b. lineage c. kinship d. heritage

24. The sociological term for the movement of individuals or groups from one level in a stratification system to another is __________. a. life chances b. stratification c. social mobility d. meritocracy

25. The term __________ refers to a network of people based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption. a. subsistence b. lineage c. kinship d. heritage

26. When Carlos's grandfather migrated to the United States, he had completed six years of schooling and was an agricultural worker in California. Carlos's father completed high school and worked for twenty years as a clerk in a large state agency. Through the efforts of his father and grandfather, Carlos was able to graduate from college and medical school, and he now has a thriving medical practice in southern California. Carlos's family exemplifies __________ mobility. a. intragenerational b. exchange c. intergenerational d. structural

26. Although the most basic form of power is physical violence or force, most political leaders prefer to legitimize their power and then have what sociologists call __________. a. control b. leverage c. authority d. political influence

26. The term ethnicity refers to __________. a. feelings of ethnocentrism b. people who share a racial identity c. a person's cultural background or national origin d. a group of people who were all born in the same location

28. According to sociologist Judy Root Aulette, "families we choose" include blood ties and legal ties, but they also include __________, persons who are not actually related by blood but who are accepted as family members. a. informal kin b. secondary kin c. fictive kin d. generalized kin

28. In 1947, __________ broke the "color line" to become the first African American in Major League Baseball. a. Henry Aaron b. Willie Mays c. Jackie Robinson d. Satchel Paige

28. The ideal types of authority identified by Max Weber includes___________. a. charismatic authority b. familial authority c. coercive authority d. relational authority

29. The definition of races as distinct biological categories first emerged in __________. a. the eighteenth century around the time of the American Revolution b. the early twentieth century beginning with Jim Crow laws c. the nineteenth century, in efforts to justify slavery d. the Middle Ages

29. __________ mobility refers to the social movement of individuals within their own lifetime. a. Intergenerational b. Structural c. Intragenerational d. Exchange

30. In the United States, in __________, for the first time individuals were able to identify themselves on the Census as being of more than one race. a. 1965 b. 1790 c. 2000 d. 1880

30. Social epidemiologists use the term __________ for biological, nutritional, chemical, and physical factors that cause disease. a. hosts b. environmental factors c. disease agents d. health coefficients

31. The __________ refers to family units that are composed of various relatives, in addition to parents and children, who live in the same household. a. blended family b. conventional family c. extended family d. nuclear family

31. Slavery in the United States ___________. a. was not defined by law and custom prior to the Revolutionary War b. was a temporary status for most slaves c. was challenged by some slaves through acts of resistance and sabotage d. is a thing of the past and no longer an issue

32. An important function of education is __________, which involves teaching students values such as discipline, respect, obedience, and punctuality. a. social placement b. transmission of culture c. social control d. change and innovation

32. At puberty, an increased production of hormones results in the development of __________, the physical traits (other than reproductive organs) that identify an individual's sex. a. primary sex characteristics b. hormonal correlates c. secondary sex characteristics d. tertiary sex characteristics

33. Older people (over age 65) are more likely to have __________ diseases. a. acute b. epidemic c. chronic d. infectious

33. The __________ of charisma occurs when charismatic authority is succeeded by a bureaucracy controlled by a rationally established authority or by a combination of traditional and bureaucratic authority. a. traditionalization b. bureaucratization c. routinization d. modernization

34. Over time, new educational programs are introduced to meet societal needs. Programs such as sex education, drug education, and multicultural studies have been implemented to teach students about pressing social issues. These examples illustrate the manifest function of education called __________. a. socialization b. transmission of culture c. change and innovation d. social placement

35. A difference between the caste system in India and the caste system in South Africa is that in India caste was based in part on __________. a. religious identification b. racial classification c. occupation d. wealth

36. A chromosomally normal (XY) male was born with a penis just one centimeter long and a small opening similar to that of a female vagina. This individual would be referred to as __________. a. transsexual b. bisexual c. intersexed d. transvestite

36. Researchers have identified several reasons why neighborhoods make a difference in relation to health and mortality. Which of the following reasons was not cited as a reason why neighborhoods make a difference in relation to health and mortality? a. access to transportation, education, and good jobs b. availability of safe areas to exercise c. relative number of traffic accidents d. availability of grocery stores with nutritious foods

36. Within sports, team mascots that depict Native Americans in beads and paint, wearing headdresses, and doing the "tomahawk" chop are examples of __________. a. discrimination b. profiling c. stereotyping d. prejudice

36. A comparison of Census Bureau data from 1970 to 2012 shows that there has been __________ in the percentage of U.S. households comprised of a married couple with their own children under eighteen years of age. a. a significant increase b. a very minor increase c. a significant decline d. basically no change

37. Comparing 1970 data with 2012 data, the Census Bureau identified a noticeable decline in the number of married-couple households with their own children living with them. This type of household decreased from about 40 percent in 1970 to about __________ in 2011. a. 5 percent b. 10 percent c. 20 percent d. 35 percent

37. __________ authority is held by elected or appointed government officials, but authority is invested in the office, not in the person who holds the office. a. Charismatic b. Traditional c. Rational-legal d. Coercive

38. Although character education has been suggested for reducing bullying, an alternative approach is to focus on __________. a. affirmative action programs b. cultural diversity c. the social environment of the school d. stronger penalties for bullies

38. What is a drug? a. any substance that may be ingested and has no nutritional value b. a substance that is habit forming or addictive c. any substance other than food and water that, when taken into the body, alters its function in some way d. a pharmaceutical substance that is manufactured in a laboratory

40. Because schools bring together people of similar ages, social class, and race/ethnicity, young people often meet future marriage partners. This latent function of education results in __________. a. the creation of a generation gap b. the transmission of culture c. matchmaking and the production of social networks d. restricting some activities

40. In the United States, the only legally sanctioned form of marriage is __________, which refers to a marriage between two partners, usually a woman and a man. a. homogamy b. polygamy c. monogamy d. polyandry

40. The term __________ refers to blatant behavior and may take the form of public statements about the "inferiority" of members of a racial or ethnic group. a. closed racism b. open racism c. overt racism d. subtle racism

41. Political institutions first emerged in __________ societies as they acquired surpluses and developed greater social inequality. Elites took control of politics and used custom or traditional authority to justify their position. a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural and pastoral c. agrarian d. industrialized

42. Some argue that U.S. education is not promoting the high-level skills in reading, writing, science, and mathematics that are needed in the workplace and the global economy. From the functionalist perspective this is considered a __________. a. latent function b. manifest function c. dysfunction d. instrumental function

42. A factory worker is promoted to the position of foreman in the factory. She receives a small increase in pay. This person has experienced __________ mobility. a. situational b. vertical c. horizontal d. structural

43. Many see lagging test scores as a sign that problems exist in the nation's educational system. From a __________ perspective, improved teacher training and more stringent academic requirements for students are the best way to address these problems. a. conflict b. postmodern c. functionalist d. symbolic interactionist

43. Which of these is not a condition that has been attributed to long-term chronic heavy drinking or alcoholism? a. nutritional deficiencies b. cardiovascular problems c. hearing impairment d. alcoholic cirrhosis

44. The most prevalent form of polygamy is __________. a. polyandry b. homogamy c. polygyny d. endogamy

44. __________ theorists do not believe that public schools reduce social inequality in society; rather, they believe that schools perpetuate class, racial/ethnic, and gender inequalities by reinforcing the privileged position of some at the expense of others. a. Functionalist b. Symbolic interactionist c. Conflict d. Postmodern

46. Researchers have found that environmental tobacco smoke (the smoke in the air inhaled by nonsmokers as a result of other people's tobacco smoking) __________. a. affects smokers more so than nonsmokers b. affects female smokers more than it does male smokers c. is especially hazardous for nonsmokers who carpool or work with heavy smokers d. is not as dangerous as once assumed

47. Monarchies are most commonly associated with __________ societies, and are associated with __________ authority. a. agrarian; rational-legal b. industrial; charismatic c. agrarian; traditional d. postindustrial; rational-legal

48. Both ascribed and achieved characteristics are correlated with various health risks. Which of these is an achieved characteristic related to health status? a. age b. sex c. drug use d. race/ethnicity

48. __________ in the social world is/are gendered. a. Virtually everything b. Nothing c. Only institutions d. Only families

48. In __________ monarchies, a powerful figure claims a hereditary right to rule based on membership in a noble family or a divine right to rule considered God-given and therefore legitimate. a. constitutional b. limited c. absolute d. total

49. Children are not "naturally" prejudiced. Prejudice and discrimination are reinforced when relatives and friends reward children with smiles and laughs for telling derogatory jokes or making negative comments about outgroup members. This is the basic framework of the __________. a. frustration-aggression hypothesis b. unprejudiced discrimination theory c. social learning theory d. authoritarian-personality thesis

49. Which of these would be the subject of a microlevel analysis of gender? a. the way gender is embedded in language b. policies for gender roles in social institutions such as the military c. the messages a mother or father gives to his or her child about "being a man" d. religious doctrine that addresses gender

50. Psychologist Theodor W. Adorno and his colleagues concluded that highly prejudiced individuals tend to have a(n) __________, characterized by excessive conformity, submissiveness to authority, intolerance, insecurity, a high level of superstition, and rigid, stereotypic thinking. a. scapegoat obsession b. frustrated-aggressive demeanor c. authoritarian personality d. ethnocentric persona

50. __________ refers to the practice of assigning students to specific curriculum groups and courses on the basis of their test scores, previous grades, or other criteria. a. Age grading b. Intelligence grouping c. Tracking d. Ability segregation

51. In __________ systems, inheritance of property and position is usually traced from the maternal uncle (mother's brother) to his nephew (mother's son). In some cases, mothers may pass on their property to daughters. a. matricentric b. matrilocal c. matrilineal d. matriarchal

51. __________ refers to the attitudes, behavior, and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex and are learned through the socialization process. a. Sexual role b. Gender identity c. Gender role d. Sexual identity

51. The royal families in the United Kingdom, Sweden, Spain, and the Netherlands are present-day examples of __________. a. absolute monarchies b. limited monarchies c. constitutional monarchies d. total monarchies

52. Marx predicted that when workers realized that capitalists were the source of their oppression, they would overthrow the capitalists and take over the government, creating a(n) __________ society. a. class b. caste c. egalitarian d. stratified

53. The largest percentage of people with HIV/AIDS live in __________. a. the United States b. Europe c. sub-Saharan Africa d. South America

53. Authoritarian governments_______________________. a. are monarchies b. are pure dictatorships c. can be a military junta with a joint civilian-military government d. that are pure dictatorships are rare

54. __________ is how a person perceives and feels about his or her body; it also includes an awareness of social conditions in society that contribute to this self-knowledge. a. Sexual identity b. Gender identity c. Body consciousness d. Gender role

55. During the nineteenth century in the United States, people became medical doctors by_________________. a. going to medical school b. taking medical licensure exams c. being an apprentice, graduating high school, and attending lectures d. attending medical colleges and completing hospital residencies

55. In a(n) __________, the male authority figure acts as head of the household and holds power and authority over the women and children, as well as over other males. a. matriarchal family b. homogamous family c. patriarchal family d. egalitarian family

56. __________ relies on modern technology to monitor and control people; mass propaganda and electronic surveillance are widely used to influence people's thinking and control their actions. a. Monarchy b. Authoritarianism c. Totalitarianism d. Democracy

57. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ hold personal prejudice but do not discriminate due to peer pressure, legal demands, or a desire for profits. a. unprejudiced nondiscriminators b. unprejudiced discriminators c. prejudiced nondiscriminators d. prejudiced discriminators

57. Although there has been a great deal of discussion about __________, scholars have found no historical evidence to indicate that true types of this familial power and authority ever existed. a. patriarchal families b. egalitarian families c. matriarchal families d. homogamous families

57. The social significance of gender stereotypes is illustrated by eating disorders such as __________, which refers to a person binge-eating followed by purging the food by induced vomiting, excessive exercise, laxatives, or fasting. a. anorexia b. obesity c. bulimia d. gestation

58. In a __________ system, governments enforce conformity, deny citizens the right to assemble for political purposes, restrict access to information, and employ secret police to create an environment of fear and suspicion. a. authoritarian b. monarchy c. totalitarian d. democratic

59. The term __________ refers to a social system in which status is assumed to be acquired through individual ability and effort. a. tracking b. credentialism c. meritocracy d. educational bureaucracy

60. According to conflict theorists, credentialism, the hidden curriculum, and a belief in __________ ensure that the best education and job opportunities will go to members of the middle- and upper classes. a. tracking b. equal opportunity c. meritocracy d. bureaucracy

60. __________ requires that citizens be able to meet together regularly to debate and decide the issues of the day. a. Representative democracy b. Symbolic democracy c. Direct participatory democracy d. Independent involvement democracy

61. Until recently, the only high-income nation without some form of universal health coverage for all citizens was __________. a. New Zealand b. Sweden c. the United States d. Japan

61. With regard to gender in education,_____________________________. a. there is ample evidence that girls' increased educational achievement has come at the expense of boys b. there is a growing concern about gender bias in schools disadvantaging female students and hurting their self-esteem c. women today are enrolling in and graduating from college in higher numbers than men d. boys and girls are now equal across all subjects in exam scores

62. The __________ perspective focuses on how classroom communication and educational practices affect students' self-concept and aspirations. a. conflict b. functionalist c. symbolic interactionist d. postmodern

62. __________ discrimination consists of one-on-one acts by members of the dominant group that harm members of the subordinate group or their property. a. Institutional b. Standard c. Individual d. Uniform

63. A central tenet of the 2010 health care reform bill in the United States is __________. a. deregulation of medical doctors and services provided b. fee-for-service payments c. affordable insurance through a new insurance marketplace d. a single-payer nationalized health care system

63. The cultural practice of marrying within one's own group is called __________. a. exogamy b. homogamy c. endogamy d. heterogamy

63. The pluralist model is rooted in a __________ perspective, which assumes that people in a nation share a consensus on central concerns and that the government provides services that no other institution can fulfill. a. conflict b. symbolic interactionist c. functionalist d. postmodernist

64. __________ discrimination consists of the day-to-day practices of organizations and institutions that have a harmful impact on members of subordinate groups a. Uniform b. Individual c. Institutional d. Marginal

65. A bank consistently denies loans to people of color. This is an example of __________ discrimination. a. individual b. marginal c. institutional d. uniform

65. Critics argue that __________ is the main reason for medical inflation because it gives doctors and hospitals an incentive to provide increased medical services. a. health maintenance organization b. managed care c. third-party fee-for-service d. Medicare

65. __________ refers to the means by which a society gains the basic necessities of life, including food, shelter, and clothing. a. Technoeconomic base b. Division of labor c. Subsistence d. Pastoralism

66. According to symbolic interactionists, the process of labeling is directly related to_______________. a. the innate or natural ability of students b. the role of the education system is creating stability in society c. the relative power and status of those who do the labeling and those being labeled d. the need for social control in society

66. The __________ is the level of technology and the organization of the economy in a given society. a. subsistence b. division of labor c. technoeconomic base d. adaptive strategy

66. __________ theorists emphasize the importance of the family in maintaining the stability of society and the well-being of individuals. a. Symbolic interactionist b. Conflict c. Functionalist d. Postmodern

66. The model of the American class system based on the work of __________ is based on three elements: education, occupation of family head, and family income. a. C. Wright Mills b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. George Simmel

67. A prejudiced judge gives harsher sentences to all African American defendants, even though he is not supported by the judicial system in his actions. According to sociologist Joe Feagin, this illustrates __________discrimination. a. indirect institutionalized b. direct institutionalized c. isolate d. small-group

67. Emile Durkheim saw the family as a microcosm of society. He argued that, much like in society generally,____________________________. a. marriage life is a shared reality created through the interaction of marital partners b. females are socialized to be passive and males are socialized to be aggressive c. a division of labor contributes to greater efficiency in marriages and families d. men's domination over women existed long before private ownership of property and capitalism

67. __________ are political coalitions made up of individuals or groups that share a specific interest they wish to protect or advance within the political system. a. Political action committees b. Power elites c. Special interest groups d. Classes

67. __________ is a nationwide public health insurance program for persons age 65 or older who are covered by Social Security or who are eligible and "buy into" the program by paying a monthly premium. a. Medicaid b. AARP c. Medicare d. Social Supplementary Income

68. Symbolic interactionists are most likely to view grades, written comments on assignments, and evaluations of behavior in classes as contributing to __________. a. the smooth functioning of the classroom b. the perpetuation of the system of social class in society c. labeling individual students d. the dysfunctions of education

68. In the model of American social classes based on Weber's theory, the __________ is made up of prominent families that have held great wealth for several generations. a. lower-upper b. new money c. upper-upper d. upper-middle

69. In 2010, public health insurance accounted for __________ of the federal budget. a. 5 percent b. 14 percent c. 21 percent d. 35 percent

69. In most hunting and gathering societies,___________________________. a. men dominate because they have the ability to provide all of the food necessary for survival b. women are subordinate economic partners with men c. relationships between women and men tend to be cooperative and relatively egalitarian d. women control the food surplus in these societies

70. Although __________ theorists acknowledge that there are many purposes of government, they also believe that government primarily works in the interests of the wealthy or politically powerful elites in society. a. postmodern b. symbolic interactionist c. conflict d. functionalist

70. Families are expected to regulate the sexual activity of their members and thus ensure that reproduction takes place within specific boundaries. Incest taboos are an example of this type of regulation that takes place at the __________. a. mesolevel b. microlevel c. macrolevel d. metalevel

70. The upper-middle class is comprised of highly educated professionals, such as physicians, attorneys, stockbrokers, and corporate managers, which make up about __________ of the population. a. 3 percent b. 8 percent c. 14 percent d. 30 percent

71. Special education classes were originally intended to provide extra educational opportunities for children with various types of disabilities. However, critics claim that these programs have amounted to racial segregation in many school districts. Using the categories created by Feagin, these policies illustrate __________ discrimination. a. direct institutionalized b. isolate c. indirect institutionalized d. small-group

71. __________ refers to the domestication of large animals as the primary means of subsistence. a. Agrarianism b. Horticulture c. Pastoralism d. Industrialization

71. Within the conflict perspective, the __________ model highlights how power in political systems is concentrated in the hands of a small group and the masses are relatively powerless. a. pluralist b. ruling class c. elite d. dominant group

72. A preferred provider organization is a form of __________ . a. fee-for-service b. health maintenance organizations c. managed care d. third-party provider

72. Indirect institutionalized discrimination occurs when__________________________. a. a landlord refuses to rent to a person of a different race b. a group of young men vandalizes the car of a man they believe is gay c. the school system has a program for gifted and talented students in which all of the students are from high-income families d. under Jim Crow laws, the local library has separate reading areas for whites and people of color

73. In 2012, __________ of all full-time workers in the United States lacked health insurance. a. 2 percent b. 9 percent c. 15 percent d. one-half

73. Status dropout rates are a measure of __________. a. the number of students enrolled in school at any given time b. the percent of people in the general population who have earned a high school degree or its equivalent c. the percentage of people in an age group who are not enrolled in school and have not earned a high school degree or its equivalent d. the percentage of the local population that is currently enrolled in and attending school

74. In the United States, the age group with the highest rate of uninsurance in 2012 was __________. a. children under 5 b. children under 18 c. young adults ages 19 to 25 d. older middle-age adults ages 45 to 65

75. A significant difference between conflict and feminist perspectives on the family and functionalist perspectives on the family is that___________________. a. functionalists do not recognize the role that the family plays in regulating reproduction b. functionalists are much more realistic than the others about the potential for problems in the family c. conflict and feminist theorists view the functionalist perspective as unrealistic in its emphasis on support and harmony within the family d. conflict and feminist theory does not address the family and functionalism does

75. In many areas of the United States, schools remain racially segregated or have become resegregated after earlier attempts at integration failed. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in __________ that "separate but equal" segregated schools are unconstitutional because they are inherently unequal. a. Frager v. the Board of Education of Houston, Texas b. Jordan v. the Board of Education of Montgomery, Alabama c. Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas d. Bollinger v. the Board of Education of Lansing, Michigan

75. __________ are societies in which technology supports a service-based and information-based economy. a. Preindustrial societies b. Agricultural societies c. Postindustrial societies d. Industrial societies

77. For a variety of reasons, more postindustrial society households are headed by women with no adult male present. In 2010, about __________ of African American children lived with their mother only. a. 10 percent b. 23 percent c. 50 percent d. 67 percent

77. Sociologists use the term __________ for a system of sacred or supernatural beliefs, symbols, and rituals that guides human behavior, gives meaning to life, and unites believers into a community. a. secularization b. spirituality c. religion d. liberation theology

77. A __________ is an organization whose purpose is to gain and hold legitimate control of government; it is usually composed of people with similar attitudes, interests, and socioeconomic status. a. ruling class b. political action committee c. political party d. special interest group

78. In Great Britain, the government sets health care policies, raises funds and controls the medical care budget, owns health care facilities, and directly employs physicians and other health care personnel. This is an example of a(n) __________. a. universal health care system b. fee-for-service health care system c. socialized medicine system d. managed care system

78. Political parties create a __________, which is a formal statement of the party's political positions on various social and economic issues. a. policy b. regulation c. platform d. principle

79. Gender-appropriate behavior is __________. a. acquired at birth b. fixed and inalterable by age 5 c. learned through the socialization process d. difficult for some people to learn

79. In the China, the health care system is __________. a. socialized and managed care b. managed care and universal care c. a mix of capitalism, communism, and government-funded care d. universal care and communist funded

80. Symbolic interactionists Berger and Kellner highlight the importance of __________ for a arital relationship. a. joint finances b. children c. constructing a shared reality d. roles of power and authority

81. Clifford Geertz notes that religion is___________________________. a. a set of beliefs that give people moral direction b. doctrine or written text that comes from sources like the Bible or Koran c. a set of cultural symbols that elicit powerful moods and motivations and that give meaning to people's behavior d. the belief in a single, all-powerful, supernatural being that creates and guides human life

81. Contemporary Marxian (or conflict) theorists examine class in terms of __________. a. the ownership or nonownership of the means of production b. wealth inequality c. people's relationships with others in the production process d. a multidimensional approach of wealth, prestige, and power

82. Elkind argues that the postmodern family illustrates the postmodern assumptions of difference and irregularity. He supports his perspective with the example that_______________. a. people are returning to embrace the idea of romantic and forever love b. concern about the future of marriage is resulting in stronger commitments c. men and women have sexual relations with others whom they have no intention of marrying d. single motherhood has strengthened the belief in maternal love

83. The perspective of __________ emphasizes the importance of health-promoting behavior, a healthy lifestyle, and a healthy self-image. a. traditional medicine b. conventional medicine c. holistic medicine d. preventive medicine

84. The central ingredient in the U.S. governmental bureaucracy is __________. a. Congress b. the office of the President c. the federal budget d. the Supreme Court

85. According to the __________ approach, if society is to operate as a stable system, it is important for people to be healthy and to contribute to their society. Consequently, sickness is viewed as a form of deviant behavior that must be controlled by society. a. conflict b. symbolic interactionist c. functionalist d. postmodernist

85. __________ consists of showing favoritism toward one gender over the other. a. Gender preferences b. Sexual harassment c. Gender bias d. Sexual discrimination

85. The idea of the home as a place of love and emotional support, separate from the stresses of work, emerged __________. a. in the Middle Ages b. during the Enlightenment in Europe c. with industrialization d. in the twentieth century

86. The text cites a comprehensive study of gender bias in schools; the study suggests that girls' self-esteem is undermined in school through a number of experiences, including_____________________. a. a relative surplus of attention from teachers b. direct rejection by instructors c. the stereotyping and invisibility of females in science and math texts d. sexual harassment by male teachers

86. Who identified the sick role as a pattern of interaction in modern society? a. Karl Marx b. C. Wright Mills c. Talcott Parsons d. Max Weber

86. The Iron Triangle is also referred to as the __________, which results in the mutual interdependence of the military establishment and private military contractors. a. military economy b. permanent war economy c. military-industrial complex d. arms industry

87. In Wright's Marxian model, the __________ is made up of a number of subgroups, including blue-collar workers, some of whom are highly skilled and well-paid and others of whom are unskilled and poorly paid. a. small-business class b. capitalist class c. working class d. managerial class

87. The National Health and Social Life Survey conducted by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago has replaced the Kinsey Report as the respected source of information on American sexual behavior. Which of these is not a finding of the survey reported in the text? a. Nine percent of the men said they had at least one homosexual encounter resulting in orgasm. b. Only 2.8 percent of the men and 1.4 percent of the women in this investigation identified themselves as gay or lesbian. c. Overall Americans seem to be challenging what were previously considered significant dominant sexual ideologies. d. Persons in sustained relationships such as marriage or cohabitation found sexual activity to be the most satisfying emotionally and physically.

87. The sick role, as identified by Talcott Parsons, suggests that_____________________. a. people who get sick must take responsibility for their condition b. people in the sick role are required to go on with their normal lives c. people who are sick must want to get well d. people who are sick must do everything they can to get well on their own before seeking medical intervention

87. __________ is associated with early hunting and gathering societies and with many Native American societies, in which everyday life was not separated from the elements of the natural world. a. Transcendent idealism b. Theism c. Animism d. Simple supernaturalism

88. According to some analysts, a major weakness of sociologist Talcott Parson's sick-role model is that it __________. a. does not acknowledge the role of physicians in illness b. does not explain society's role in defining sickness c. does not take into account racial/ethnic, class, and gender variations d. is too microlevel and does not provide for a societal explanation of illness-related behavior

88. Most workers in preindustrial economies (such as hunting and gathering, horticultural and pastoral, and agrarian societies) engage in __________ production, which is the extraction of raw materials and natural resources from the environment. a. secondary sector b. tertiary sector c. primary sector d. quartiary sector

89. In contemporary societies, women's child-care responsibilities have __________ on their participation in careers and professions. a. a temporary impact b. no impact c. a great impact d. a similar impact as for men

89. Most people in the United States tend to choose marriage partners who are similar to themselves. __________ refers to the pattern of individuals marrying those who have similar characteristics, such as race/ethnicity, religious background, age, education, or social class. a. Monogamy b. Exogamy c. Homogamy d. Polygamy

90. Despite decades of enforcement of Civil Rights legislation, neighborhoods in the United States still tend to be racially segregated. This is an example of __________. a. miscegenation b. de faccia segregation c. de facto segregation d. de jure segregation

90. The term for the belief in more than one god is __________. a. multitheism b. masstheism c. polytheism d. unitesim

91. According to many __________ theorists, problems in U.S. health care delivery are rooted in the capitalist economy, which views medicine as a commodity that is produced and sold by the medical-industrial complex. a. symbolic interactionist b. functionalist c. conflict d. postmodernist

91. __________ is still prevalent in many U.S. cities, where owners, landlords, real estate agents, and apartment managers often use informal mechanisms to maintain their properties for "whites only." a. De jure segregation b. De face segregation c. De facto segregation d. De hisce segregation

91. Steel workers who process metal ore and autoworkers who then convert the ore into automobiles, trucks, and buses are engaged in __________ production. a. quartiary sector b. tertiary sector c. secondary sector d. primary sector

92. A postindustrial economy is based on __________ production, which is the provision of services rather than goods as a primary source of livelihood for workers and profit for owners and corporate shareholders. a. primary sector b. secondary sector c. tertiary sector d. quartiary sector

92. __________ is the term for the division of jobs into categories with distinct working conditions, which contributes to women having separate and unequal jobs. a. Genderization b. Sexual differentiation c. Labor market segmentation d. Gender fragmentation

93. The caste perspective views racial and ethnic inequality as a permanent feature of U.S. society. The caste system was strengthened by __________ laws, which prohibited sexual intercourse or marriage between persons of different races. a. segregation b. racial cleansing c. antimiscegenation d. ethnic purity

93. The term __________ include(s) property such as buildings, land, farms, houses, factories, and cars, as well as other assets such as bank accounts, corporate stocks, bonds, and insurance policies. a. income b. benefits c. wealth d. endowments

93. Women of color are more likely than white women to be concentrated in which of these types of jobs? a. nursing and secretarial b. private corporations c. public sector employment d. private sector employment

93. __________ of all marriages with children in the United States are dual-earner marriages, in which both spouses are in the labor force. a. Less than 10 percent b. About one-fourth c. Just over half d. Nearly 75 percent

93. __________ includes a wide range of activities, such as fast food service, transportation, communication, education, real estate, advertising, sports, and entertainment. a. Primary sector production b. Secondary sector production c. Tertiary sector production d. Quartiary sector production

94. __________ refers to a decline in the importance of religious ideas, practices, and institutions in everyday life. a. Detheification b. Religious reductionism c. Secularization d. Anti-religiosity

95. Oliver Cox, applying a class perspective on racial inequality, has suggested that African Americans were enslaved because __________. a. they were from less advanced societies and allowed themselves to be dominated b. of prejudice toward black-skinned people c. they were the cheapest and best workers the owners could find for heavy labor in the mines and on plantations d. they were unable to pay debts they had incurred

96. For many of the working poor, medical insurance is out of the question. In 2010, approximately __________ of people in the United States were without health insurance coverage. a. 1 percent b. 7 percent c. 16 percent d. 25 percent

96. There is a subjective component to how some conditions such as childhood obesity, drug addiction, and alcoholism have come to be considered as diseases. This subjective process is called __________. a. blaming the victim b. social symbolism c. medicalization d. professionalization

96. William J. Wilson has argued for the importance of class, in addition to race, in explaining social inequality. Specifically, his analysis has focused on_________________. a. the insignificance of race compared with issues of class b. the internal colonization of African Americans in urban areas c. deindustrialization and the disappearance of jobs in the inner city d. the gendered nature of racism

96. __________ are large companies that are headquartered in one country but produce and goods and services across many different national boundaries. a. Interlocking directorates b. Economic concentrations c. Transnational corporations d. Capitalist intermonopolies

97. Durkheim suggested that religious beliefs and rituals are __________ that express or represent something important about the group itself. a. core beliefs b. universal representations c. collective representations d. standard practices

97. In regard to housework, Hochschild (2003) reports that_____________________. a. domestic work is now shared equally by both husbands and wives b. the different tasks men and women do in the home have the same deadlines c. when husbands share some household responsibilities, they typically spend much less time in these activities than do their wives d. women's income and education level have no impact on the amount of help they get with household tasks

98. Couples with more ________ ideas about women's and men's roles tend to share more equally in food preparation, housework, and child care. a. individualistic b. patriarchal c. egalitarian d. traditional

98. Sociologist __________ applied labeling theory to mental health disorders and argued that mental illnesses are actually traits and behaviors that society finds immoral, deviant, or unacceptable. a. Michel Foucault b. Emile Durkheim c. Thomas Szasz d. Erving Goffman

98. __________ theorists view education as the "elevator" to social mobility. They see education as providing all students with opportunities, and they argue that students' abilities are now more important than their class, race, or gender in determining success. a. Postmodern b. Conflict c. Functionalist d. Symbolic interactionist

99. The difference in the terms "childfree" and "childless" indicate_________________. a. whether or not couples are infertile b. whether infertility was due to problems with the man or the woman c. whether or not a child was desired in the first place d. regional differences in language

99. An example of __________ is the music industry, in which a few giant companies are behind many of the labels and artists known to consumers. a. monopoly b. conglomerate c. oligopoly d. shared monopoly

100. Internal colonialism, the split-labor-market theory, and gendered racism are theories that are rooted in the __________ perspective. a. functionalist b. postmodern c. symbolic interactionist d. conflict

101. Companies such as Time Warner and Viacom have extensive holdings in radio and television stations, cable television companies, book publishing firms, and film production and distribution companies. These companies are referred to as __________. a. oligopolies b. interlocking corporate directorates c. shared monopolies d. conglomerates

102. The U.S. poverty rate in 2012 was __________. a. 2 percent b. 8 percent c. 11 percent d. 15 percent

102. In addition to direct merger, competition is reduced over the long run by __________, where members of the board of directors of one corporation also sit on the board(s) of other corporations. a. monopolies b. shared monopolies c. conglomerates d. interlocking corporate directorates

103. Children in single-parent households are at greater risk of lower standards of living primarily due to_________________________. a. lack of attention from a single parent b. lower moral standards that are held by single parents c. lack of role models and a positive reference group d. having fewer economic resources than two-parent households

103. __________ refers to the interactive effect of racism and sexism on the exploitation of women of color. a. Internal colonialism b. Domestic marginalization c. Split labor market d. Gendered racism

104. According to sociologist Talcott Parsons, the wife assumes the __________ tasks of providing affection and emotional support for the family. This division ensures that important societal tasks will be fulfilled and it also provides stability for family members. a. situational b. instrumental c. operational d. expressive

104. The theory of __________ states that racial and ethnic relations in the United States have been shaped to a large extent by actions and policies of the government. a. split labor market b. domestic marginalization c. internal colonialism d. racial formation

106. Which of these statements illustrates the symbolic interactionist perspective on religion? a. Religion is an "opiate" that soothes distress and prevents social uprising. b. A religious belief system may be more compatible with and help to strengthen capitalism. c. The teachers of many religions are male, as are the leaders of religious institutions. d. Religion provides reference groups that help individuals to define their own identity.

107. Rational choice theory of religion suggests that_______________________. a. each person has a natural affinity for one particular religion b. older religions are more authentic and have belief systems that are better c. some sets of religious beliefs are more rational than others d. religion is a competitive marketplace in which people shop around for the best fit for them

107. What percentage of new marriages in the United States ends in divorce? a. between 5 and 10 percent b. between 15 and 20 percent c. between 25 and 33 percent d. between 40 and 50 percent

110. Slavery continued in the South until 1863, when the practice was abolished by __________. a. Jim Crow laws b. a decision of the United States Supreme Court c. the Bill of Rights d. the Emancipation Proclamation

111. Computers and other technologies perform a great deal of work today, reducing the need for workers with special expertise. As a result, high-paying positions have been replaced with low-paying positions. This process has been termed __________. a. deinstitutionalization b. deindustrialization c. disengagement d. deskilling

115. Internment camps for Japanese Americans during World War II are an example of __________. a. pluralism b. genocide c. assimilation d. forced migration

21. __________ are responsible primarily for regulating sexual activity, socializing children, and providing affection and companionship for members. a. Preindustrial families b. Agricultural families c. Hunting and gathering families d. Contemporary families

23. __________ is the term for any activity intended to improve health. a. Curing b. Healing c. Medicine d. Health care

24. In the absence of a constitutional amendment, issues relating to the separation of church and state, including religious instruction in public schools, are ultimately constitutional issues that are decided by __________. a. the President of the United States b. state governors c. Congress d. the U.S. Supreme Court

25. __________ theorists believe that education is an important part of society because it contributes to social stability and provides people with an opportunity for selfenhancement and upward social mobility. a. Symbolic interactionist b. Conflict c. Postmodern d. Functionalist

26. Which of these countries has the highest life expectancy? a. Malawi b. United States c. Sweden d. Monaco

27. Camryn started her career as a high-tech factory worker and, through increased experience and taking specialized courses in her field, became an entrepreneur and started her own highly successful business. Camryn's advancement is an example of __________ mobility. a. exchange b. intergenerational c. structural d. intragenerational

27. Some functions of education are ___________, which are open, stated, and intended goals or consequences of activities within an organization or institution. a. latent functions b. intrinsic functions c. extrinsic functions d. manifest functions

27. The __________ is the family that a person forms by having or adopting children of his or her own. a. blended family b. family of orientation c. extended family d. family of procreation

27. People are not likely to accept authority as legitimate__________________________. a. when they are economically dependent on those in power b. when they are politically dependent on those who hold power c. when it reflects their own beliefs and values d. when they are threatened with physical force

27. The identifiers Jewish Americans, Irish Americans, and Italian Americans refer to a person's __________. a. neighborhood b. folkways c. racial identity d. ethnic group

30. At the core of the differences between gender and sex is the chromosomal information transmitted at the moment a child is conceived. An "XX" chromosome pairing is associated with __________. a. a hermaphrodite embryo b. a male embryo c. a heterosexual embryo d. a female embryo

30. British kings and queens historically traced their authority from God. Weber called this __________. a. coercive authority b. rational-legal authority c. charismatic authority d. traditional authority

31. Between 2000 and 2010, the percentage of Americans identifying as more than one race on the Census increased by __________. a. 2 percent b. 18 percent c. 100 percent d. 32 percent

32. The U.S. State Department estimates that about __________ foreigners are brought to the United States and enslaved annually. a. 2,500 b. 9,500 c. 11,500 d. 17,500

33. An example of a primary sex characteristic in women is__________________. a. enlarged breasts b. wider hips c. menstruation d. the vagina

33. Schools help to identify the most qualified people to fill available positions in society by channeling students into programs based on their ability and academic achievement. This is the manifest function of education termed __________. a. change and innovation b. transmission of culture c. social control d. social placement

33. In horticultural and agricultural societies, __________ are extremely important. Having alarge number of family members participate in food production may be essential for survival. a. nuclear families b. blended families c. conventional families d. extended families

34. Which of these is an example of an acute disease? a. diabetes b. lung cancer c. multiple sclerosis d. dysentery or diarrhea

34. In Weber's work on authority, the term ___________ authority refers to power legitimized by law or written rules and regulations. a. charismatic b. traditional c. coercive d. rational-legal

35. Two of the most common sources of chronic disease and premature death are __________. a. stroke and infectious disease b. AIDS and heart disease c. heart disease and accidents d. tobacco use and alcohol abuse

35. Used sociologically, __________ most commonly refers to a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of specific racial, ethnic, or other groups. a. stereotyping b. discrimination c. profiling d. prejudice

37. A child born in the United States in 2013 has a life expectancy of __________. a. 63.5 years b. 69.3 years c. 75.1 years d. 78.7 years

38. Ethnocentrism is maintained and perpetuated by __________, which is/are overgeneralization(s) about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories. a. prejudices b. discrimination c. profiling d. stereotypes

38. In the United States, the only legally sanctioned form of marriage is __________. a. secular b. heterosexual c. polygamous d. monogamous

38. The term __________ refers to individuals whose appearance, behavior, or self-identification does not conform to their assigned sex and identification by others as male or female. a. multigender b. transvestite c. transsexual d. transgender

39. The open stratification system based on the ownership and control of resources, as well as the type of work people do, is termed __________. a. caste b. slavery c. estate d. class

40. Taking an aspirin to reduce a fever is an example of __________ drug use. a. recreational b. chronic c. pleasure d. therapeutic

41. Most cross-dressers are __________. a. lesbian women b. gay men c. heterosexual women d. heterosexual men

41. Students may learn information in school that contradicts beliefs held by their parents or their religion. Debates over the content of textbooks and library books typically center on information that parents deem unacceptable for their children. This illustrates the latent function of education known as __________. a. social placement b. matchmaking and production of social networks c. restricting some activities d. creation of a generation gap

42. Someone smoking cigarettes is an example of __________ drug use. a. therapeutic b. chronic c. acute d. recreational

42. __________ is the term for racist behavior that may be hidden from sight and more difficult to prove. a. Overt racism b. Open racism c. Closed racism d. Subtle racism

42. __________ refer(s) to an individual's preference for emotional-sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homosexuality), or both (bisexuality). a. Sexism b. Gender identity c. Sexual identification d. Sexual orientation

43. A __________ is a unit of political organization that has recognizable national boundaries and whose citizens possess specific legal rights and obligations. a. city-state b. metropolis c. commonwealth d. nation-state

43. __________ is the term for concurrent marriage of a person of one sex with two or more members of the opposite sex. a. Monogamy b. Homogamy c. Endogamy d. Polygamy

44. Chronic heavy drinking has been linked to __________. a. high caloric consumption and high nutritional intake b. low caloric consumption and high nutritional intake c. low caloric consumption and low nutritional intake d. high caloric consumption and low nutritional intake

44. Which of these countries does not have national legislation to permit gays and lesbians to be married? a. Netherlands b. Spain c. Canada d. United States

44. Which of these explanations for racism is most likely to include the concept of a scapegoat? a. social convergence hypothesis b. authoritarian personality principle c. social learning theory d. frustration-aggression hypothesis

45. Although many factors, including intelligence, motivation, and previous achievement, are important in determining how much education a person will attain, __________ argue that access to quality education is largely determined by social class. a. symbolic interactionists b. functionalists c. postmodernist d. conflict theorists

45. __________ is the concurrent marriage of one man with two or more women. a. Endogamy b. Polyandry c. Homogamy d. Polygyny

46. Marx used the term __________ for those who own the means of production—the land and capital necessary for factories and mines. a. entrepreneurs b. proletariat c. rentiers d. bourgeoisie

49. The most commonly reported sexually transmitted disease, in terms of number of cases, listed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is __________. a. gonorrhea b. syphilis c. HIV/AIDS d. chlamydia

49. Marx used the term __________ for the feeling of powerlessness and estrangement from other people and from oneself that he suggested resulted from continually being exploited. a. accommodation b. meritocracy c. assimilation d. alienation

50. Even with the less common pattern of __________, which is a system of tracing descent through the mother's side of the family, women may not control property. a. matriarchal descent b. matricentric descent c. matrilocal descent d. matrilineal descent

50. Which of these would the subject of a macrolevel analysis of gender? a. how two female best friends talk to each other b. the messages a father gives his son about being a man c. how a mother discusses menstruation with her daughter d. how gender is embedded in language

51. According to Adorno, the __________ is most likely to develop in a family environment in which dominating parents who are anxious about status use physical discipline but show very little love in raising their children. a. ethnocentric social learning b. inferiority-superiority complex c. passive-aggressive personality d. authoritarian personality

52. Critics of tracking or ability grouping are often in favor of __________, wherein students are deliberately placed in mixed ability classes. a. regular classes b. mixed-tracking c. untracked d. detracking

52. __________ refers to actions or practices of dominant-group members (or their representatives) that have a harmful impact on members of a subordinate group. a. Racism b. Prejudice c. Stereotyping d. Discrimination

55. Whereas Marx defined class in purely economic terms, sociologist __________ developed a multidimensional approach to social stratification that reflects the interplay among wealth, prestige, and power. a. Karl Marx b. Emile Durkheim c. Herbert Spencer d. Max Weber

56. Based on sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ may have no personal prejudice but still engage in discriminatory behavior because of peer group pressure or economic, political, or social interests. a. prejudiced nondiscriminators b. unprejudiced nondiscriminators c. prejudiced discriminators d. unprejudiced discriminators

56. The __________ is widely considered the catalyst for the emergence of modern medical education. a. Coleman Report b. Landsteiner Report c. Ford Foundation d. Flexner Report

57. All of these were components of Flexner's model medical school except __________. a. medical education should be full-time b. medical colleges should be research facilities c. medical education should be focused on teaching and research d. medical colleges should provide the best medical care

57. Schools for __________ are more likely to emphasize engaging in creative activities, building analytical and critical thinking skills, and applying one's own ideas to solve problems. a. lower-income students b. middle-class students c. developmentally challenged students d. affluent students

58. A football coach dislikes African Americans but still hires black players because he thinks they will enhance the team's ability to win. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, this coach is a(n) __________. a. unprejudiced discriminator b. prejudiced discriminator c. unprejudiced nondiscriminator d. prejudiced nondiscriminato

58. The most prevalent pattern of power and authority in families is __________. Across cultures, men are the primary decision makers regarding domestic, economic, and social concerns facing the family. a. oligarchy b. matriarchy c. egalitarianism d. patriarchy

58. Weber defined social class using ___________ as a major contributor. a. religion b. ethnicity c. race d. power

60. Across cultures, __________ is the most common residential pattern. a. matrilocal residence b. multilocal residence c. neolocal residence d. patrilocal residence

60. The term __________ refers to the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation. a. discrimination b. prejudice c. racism d. genocide

61. The systematic killing of thousands of Native Americans by the U.S. government and the extermination of six million European Jews by Nazi Germany during World War II are examples of __________. a. discrimination b. prejudice c. racism d. genocide

61. Of the two categories of people who work for wages, Weber called the white-collar workers, public officials, managers, and professionals the __________. a. entrepreneurial class b. working class c. upper class d. middle class

62. The U.S. Constitution requires that each state have __________ senators and a minimum of __________ member(s) in the House of Representatives. The current size of the House of Representatives has not changed since the apportionment following the 1910 census. a. four; one b. one; three c. three; two d. two; one

63. The dimension of Weber's system of stratification that helps determine one's class consists of the respect or regard that a person is given by others, and is called __________. a. wealth b. power c. status d. prestige

63. The term __________ refers to a hierarchical system of social organization in which cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by women. Few, if any, societies have been organized in this way. a. oligarchy b. patriarchy c. matriliny d. matriarchy

63. __________ is the process whereby a person is identified by others as possessing a specific characteristic or exhibiting a certain pattern of behavior (such as being deviant). a. Prophecizing b. Stigmatizing c. Stereotyping d. Labeling

64. In the United States, most people practice __________; they marry people who come from the same social class, racial/ethnic group, religious affiliation, and other categories considered important within their own social group. a. exogamy b. polygamy c. heterogamy d. endogamy

65. Which of these is not one of the four main functions of government? a. maintaining law and order b. planning and directing society c. handling international relations, including warfare d. ensuring positive family relationships

66. In regard to a third-party provider system of health care, patients________________. a. have an incentive to limit their visits to doctors, but not to hospitals b. usually seek a second opinion on recommended medical procedures c. usually pay for their own services d. have no incentive to limit doctor or hospital visits

68. In a stereotypically conventional marriage, the husband/father meets the family's economic needs, makes important decisions, and provides leadership. Talcott Parsons termed this the __________. a. egalitarian role b. expressive role c. authoritarian role d. instrumental role

68. The earliest known type of division of labor between women and men is found in __________ societies. a. pastoral b. horticultural c. agrarian d. hunting and gathering

69. Members of the __________ have earned most of their money during their own lifetime. This class includes entrepreneurs, presidents of major corporations, sports or entertainment celebrities, and top-level professionals. a. middle-upper class b. upper-upper class c. upper-middle class d. lower-upper class

70. A classic form of labeling and the self-fulfilling prophecy occurs through the use of __________ tests, which claim to measure a person's inherent intelligence, apart from any family or school influences on the individual. a. personality b. emotional c. developmental d. intelligence

70. In San Jose, California, managers of Denny's restaurants were instructed to implement policies designed to limit or discourage African American patronage. Applying the typology of Joe Feagin, these policies are an example of __________ discrimination a. small-group b. indirect institutionalized c. isolate d. direct institutionalized

70. __________ provide, for a set monthly fee, total care with an emphasis on prevention to avoid costly treatment later. a. Third-party payer programs b. Federally funded programs c. Fee-for-service d. Health maintenance organizations (HMOs)

71. __________ is any system of cost containment that closely monitors and controls health care providers' decisions about medical procedures, diagnostic tests, and other services that should be provided to patients. a. Fee-for-service programs b. Health maintenance organizations c. Third-party providers d. Managed care

71. A combination of three factors qualifies people for the __________ class: university degrees, authority and independence on the job, and high income. a. upper-upper b. middle-middle c. lower-middle d. upper-middle

72. One of the characteristics of agrarian societies that contributes to gender inequality is_________________________. a. public ownership of property b. female control over distribution of food surplus and the kinship system c. women's production of domestic goods d. the need for legitimate heirs for private property

72. Which of these is not considered a function of the family in advanced industrial societies? a. sexual regulation b. economic and psychological support c. provision of social status d. guaranteed reproduction

72. Sociologist __________ applied the term power elite to the most powerful in society, who are those at the top of business, the executive branch of the federal government, and the military. a. Karl Marx b. Robert Merton c. Emile Durkheim d. C. Wright Mills

74. Which theoretical perspective is associated with the contact hypothesis? a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. postmodernism d. symbolic interactionism

75. About 20 percent of the U.S. population lives from just above to just below the poverty line. These people typically hold unskilled jobs, seasonal migrant jobs in agriculture, and lower-paid factory and service jobs and are termed the __________. a. working class b. underclass c. middle class d. working poor

75. Which of these groups has the highest uninsured rate? a. white non-Hispanic b. Asian American c. African American d. Hispanic/Latino/a

76. Social critic and journalist Barbara Ehrenreich demonstrated that people in the __________ use strategies like help from relatives and continually changing residences in order to survive. a. working class b. underclass c. middle class d. working poor

76. Today, about __________ of U.S. undergraduates are educated in community colleges. a. 5 percent b. 10 percent c. 25 percent d. 50 percent

77. Feminist explanations of family problems, such as high rates of divorce and overall family instability, focus on __________. a. how exploitation of the lower classes by the upper classes contributes to family problems b. the relationship between family troubles and changes in other social institutions, such as the economy, religion, and law c. the way that definitions of the family are socially constructed and impact family life d. patriarchy and how men's domination over women contributes to inequalities in families

77. The __________ states that when people from divergent groups are exposed to each other, favorable attitudes and behavior develop when certain factors are present. a. functionalist perspective b. social behavior thesis c. relational hypothesis d. contact hypothesis

77. __________ refers to a health care system in which the government owns the health care facilities and employs the physicians. a. Universal health care b. Health maintenance organizations c. A fee-for-service system d. Socialized medicine

78. In postindustrial societies such as the United States, approximately __________ of adult women are in the labor force. The demands of work, child care, and helping aging parents continue to place a heavy burden on women, despite living in an information- and service-oriented economy. a. 25 percent b. 33 percent c. 50 percent d. 60 percent

79. Across cultures and in different eras, many things have been considered __________, including invisible gods, spirits, specific animals or trees, altars, crosses, holy books, and special words or songs that only the initiated could speak or sing. a. magical b. profane c. spiritual d. sacred

79. __________ analyze family influence on an individual's self-concept and identity. From this perspective, what people think, as well as what they say and do, is very important in understanding family dynamics. a. Functionalists b. Postmodern theorists c. Conflict theorists d. Symbolic interactionists

79. __________ assimilation occurs when members of an ethnic group adopt dominantgroup traits, such as language, dress, values, religion, and food preferences. a. Biological (amalgamation) b. Structural (integration) c. Psychological d. Cultural (acculturation)

81. The assignment of chores to children by parents typically results in______________________. a. maintenance chores being assigned to girls b. domestic chores being assigned to boys c. chore assignments tending to be gender-neutral when made by mothers d. girls being more often responsible for caring for younger brothers and sisters

81. __________ typically starts in large, impersonal settings such as schools and workplaces, and only later (if at all) results in close friendships and intermarriage. a. Biological (amalgamation) assimilation b. Psychological assimilation c. Cultural (acculturation) assimilation d. Structural (integration) assimilation

82. Muslim periodic prayer while bowing toward Mecca and the Christian celebration of communion are examples of events that Geertz and others would term __________. a. dogma b. magic c. secular ceremonies d. rituals

82. When analyzing social class, __________ are most likely to consider the degree of control that workers have over the decision-making process and their ability to plan and implement their own work. a. postmodern theorists b. functionalist theorists c. symbolic interactionist theorists d. conflict theorists

82. __________ is an approach to health care that focuses on prevention of illness and disease and is aimed at treating the whole person—body and mind—rather than just the part or parts in which symptoms occur. a. Traditional medicine b. Preventive medicine c. Conventional medicine d. Holistic medicine

83. According to the text's discussion of peers and gender socialization,_____________________. a. during adolescence, peers are usually less effective agents of gender socialization than are adults b. male bonding does not occur until after adolescence is completed c. peer acceptance does not appear to be as important to males and females today as it has been in the past d. peer groups on college campuses are organized largely around gender

83. Anthropologists believe that human groups have had some form of religion for some __________ years. a. 10,000 b. 25,000 c. 50,000 d. 100,000

83. The U.S. government employs about __________ people, excluding the U.S. Postal Service. a. 100,000 b. 500,000 c. 1 million d. 2.1 million

84. If all forms of alternative medicine (including chiropractic, massage, and spiritual) are taken into account, people spend __________ money on unconventional therapies than they do for all hospitalizations. a. much less b. about the same amount of c. less d. more

84. __________ is the coexistence of a variety of distinct racial and ethnic groups within one society; this coexistence occurs when groups share elements of the mainstream culture while remaining culturally distinct from both the dominant group and other social and ethnic groups. a. Psychological pluralism b. Internal pluralism c. Cultural pluralism d. Ethnic pluralism

85. In Wright's Marxian model, persons who have substantial control over production and over workers but do not participate in key corporate decisions such as how to invest profit are the __________. a. capitalist class b. small-business class c. working class d. managerial class

85. __________ does not acknowledge specific gods or supernatural spirits but focuses instead on impersonal forces that may exist in people or natural objects. a. Theism b. Transcendent idealism c. Animism d. Simple supernaturalism

88. A category of religion, __________ refers to a belief in a god or gods. a. animism b. simple supernaturalism c. transcendent idealism d. theism

88. According to a recent study of female athletes, in order to deal with the contradictory statuses of "woman" and "athlete," women__________________________. hide their participation in sports from others a. hide their participation in sports from others b. avoid sports that men play c. maintain a feminine appearance and behavior while playing d. engage in apologetic behavior after a game to soften their behavior

88. __________ refers to the spatial and social separation of categories of people by race, ethnicity, class, gender, and/or religion. a. Social isolation b. Social rejection c. Miscegenation d. Segregation

88. __________ refers to household arrangements in which an unmarried couple lives together in a committed, sexually intimate relationship and is granted the same rights and benefits as those accorded to married heterosexual couples. a. Secular marriage b. Permanent cohabitation c. Legal cohabitation d. Domestic partnership

89. Prior to the Civil Rights Act, Jim Crow laws in the U.S. South mandated the systematic physical and social separation of whites and African Americans in all areas of public life. This is an example of __________. a. de facto segregation b. miscegenation c. de faccia segregation d. de jure segregation

89. __________ is the term for economic gain derived from wages, salaries, income transfers (government aid), and ownership of property. a. Wealth b. Prestige c. Power d. Income

91. spiritual forces, such as sacred principles of thought and conduct, rather than a god or gods. a. Theism b. Animism c. Simple supernaturalism d. Transcendent idealism

91. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2010 __________ percent of all secretaries in the United States were women, and __________ percent of all engineers in the United States were men. a. 53 / 57 b. 62 / 60 c. 85 / 75 d. 96 / 93

92. The changing attitudes about same-sex marriage are being driven by __________. a. baby boomers b. the elderly c. generation X d. millennials

93. From the conflict perspective, which of these groups benefits the least from the current U.S. health care system? a. physicians b. pharmaceutical companies c. insurance companies d. patients

94. In 2014, approximately __________ of employed mothers with children under age 6 worked full-time. a. 10 percent b. one-fourth c. half d. two-thirds

94. Wealth in the United States________________________. a. is computed by subtracting assets from debt b. is most likely invested in income-producing property c. is more evenly distributed than income d. is nonexistent for nearly 1 in 4 U.S. households

95. Poor people in the United States______________________________. a. have longer life expectancies b. have children that are at much greater risk of dying during their first year of life c. receive more preventive medical and dental checkups than do members of the middle class because of welfare benefits d. are at greater risk for heart disease and cancer than more affluent persons

95. The best documented consequence of gender-segregated work is __________. a. a higher rate of divorce b. the "second shift" of domestic work for women c. occupational health risks d. the gender pay gap

96. Earnings differences between men and women are widest for __________. a. Hispanic and Latinos/as b. African Americans c. Native Americans d. white and Asian Americans

97. According to sociologist Robert Blauner, groups that have been subjected to __________ remain in subordinate positions longer than groups that voluntarily migrated to the United States. a. racial discrimination b. structural segregation c. classic colonialism d. internal colonialism

97. __________ is the world's largest corporation. a. Walmart b. Phillip Morris c. General Motors d. Exxon/Mobil

98. __________ is the belief that wages ought to reflect the worth of a job, not the gender or race of the worker. a. Income equity b. Pay leveling c. Income leveling d. Pay equity

99. Religions give moral direction and teach the principles of right and wrong. This is a way that religion fulfills the function of __________. a. relieving the individual of responsibility for decision making b. giving meaning and purpose to life c. promoting social cohesion and a sense of belonging d. maintaining social control and support for the government

11. Medicaid is a federal health care program that provides the same services for all low-income people throughout the United States. a. True b. False

false: Although Medicaid is a federal health care program, it is paid for with federal-state-local monies, and each state has its own rules about who may be covered.

6. Women have always had longer life expectancy than men. a. True b. False

false: Prior to the twentieth century, women had shorter life expectancy due to mortality rates during pregnancy and childbirth.

3. Most U.S. family households are made up of a married couple with one or more children under the age of 18. a. True b. False

false: According to U.S. Census data, this type of household has been declining, whereas single-woman and single-man heads of households are increasing.

1. The research clearly indicates that social media has a significant influence on voters decisions about candidates and political issues. a. True b. False

false: Although media outlets have expanded on the political scene, the extent and nature of the influence of new forms of media are questions that have not been fully explored by research and remain unanswered.

7. Longer life expectancy is a reflection of women's better health status than men's. a. True b. False

false: Although men have higher rates of fatal illnesses, women have higher rates of chronic disease.

20. Modernity always leads to the secularization of a society. a. True b. False

false: Berger and others have noted that in some cases the opposite is true. Modernity is sometimes accompanied by increases in religious commitment and religiosity, despite the decline in the membership of mainline churches and denominations.

2. Although the family of orientation is based exclusively on blood ties, the family of procreation may be based on both blood and legal ties a. True b. False

false: Both family of procreation and family of orientation may involve both blood and legal relationships. Adopted children are legally part of a family of orientation; a married couple may be a legal relationship within a family of procreation.

3. Charismatic authority is more stable than traditional or rational-legal authority. a. True b. False

false: Charismatic authority tends to be temporary and fairly unstable. Both rational-legal and traditional authority are more stable.

19. All forms of unemployment tend to be only temporary. a. True b. False

false: Cyclical and seasonal unemployment tend to be temporary, but structural unemployment tends to be permanent due to changes in the location and composition of jobs and the workforce.

18. Social scientists are now in agreement that mental illness is essentially a myth. a. True b. False

false: Despite decades of debate, social scientists are still not in agreement as to whether or not mental illness is a myth. Many argue it is a reality with social, biological, environmental, psychological, and other contributing factors.

14. When computing statistics on the composition of U.S. households, foster parents and children are considered relatives. a. True b. False

false: Foster parents are considered nonrelatives.

2. Sociologists all share the same perspective on the role of education in society. a. True b. False

false: Functionalists believe that education contributes to the maintenance of society and provides people with an opportunity for self-enhancement and upward social mobility. Conflict theorists argue that education perpetuates social inequality and benefits the dominant class at the expense of all others.

9. Marijuana is widely used on a daily basis because, although it is illegal, it has no negative effects on health. a. True b. False

false: High doses of marijuana used during pregnancy can disrupt the development of the fetus and result in congenital abnormalities and neurological disturbances of the fetus. Some studies indicate that marijuana smokers are at greater risk of lung cancer because they inhale more deeply than tobacco smokers.

15. An ideal capitalist economy requires government regulation in order to work properly. a. True b. False

false: Ideally, a capitalist system works best without government intervention. Classic economist Adam Smith advocated the policy of laissez-faire—leave alone.

17. Alternative medicine is less expensive than conventional Western medicine. a. True b. False

false: If all forms of alternative medicine are taken into account, people spend more on these unconventional therapies than they do for all hospitalizations.

8. There is ample evidence that girls' increased educational achievement has come at the expense of boys. a. True b. False

false: If girls' success has come at the expense of boys, we would expect corresponding decreases in males' educational achievement. This has not been the case.

13. In the United States, all full-time workers must receive health insurance as part of their benefits package. a. True b. False

false: In 2012, 15 percent of all full-time workers in the United States lacked health insurance.

14. The Canadian health care system is an example of socialized medicine. a. True b. False

false: In a system of socialized medicine, the government runs and controls the health care system. Physicians in Canada are not governmental employees and have greater autonomy than they would in a socialized system.

2. Life expectancy has increased since 1980 in all countries. a. True b. False

false: Life expectancy has decreased in some countries in sub-Saharan Africa due to the prevalence of AIDS.

4. Standardized tests are an effective means of testing student intelligence and ability. a. True b. False

false: Many argue that standardized tests measure students' amount of cultural capital more than their aptitude or intelligence.

5. Most social scientists believe that tracking is an effective means of giving students of color and those from low-income families an opportunity to excel academically and thus enable future success. a. True b. False

false: Many believe that tracking is an obvious means through which students of color and those from low-income families receive a lower-quality education, which makes it likely that they will lag behind their white, middle-class counterparts in the future.

10. Most school funding comes from the federal government, and a small percentage comes from state legislative appropriations and local property taxes. a. True b. False

false: Most educational funds come from state legislative appropriations (45.8 percent) and local sources (44.1 percent); and the federal government pays the remaining (10.1 percent).

15. Today, most domestic violence is reported to the police, so we have more accurate statistics about violence in the home. a. True b. False

false: Much domestic violence is not reported to the police. For example, it is estimated that only about half of intimate partner violence against women is reported.

12. The United States is the only nation that has a purely capitalist economic system. a. True b. False

false: No society has a purely socialist or capitalist economic system.

7. Representative democracies have governments that are all organized in the same way. a. True b. False

false: Not all Western democratic elections are "winner takes all" as in the United States. In Europe most governments are formed from coalitions based on the percentages candidates won in elections.

5. All true nation-states have the same type of government. a. True b. False

false: Not all nation-states have the same type of government. There are four main types of political systems found in nation-states: monarchy; authoritarianism; totalitarianism; and democracy.

17. Contingent work is found only at the lower end of occupations in the United States. a. True b. False

false: Rejoinder: Contingent or temporary and part-time work is found in every segment of the workforce.

14. China is the only country in the world today with a purely socialist economic system. a. True b. False

false: Rejoinder: Like pure capitalism, a purely socialist economic system does not exist in reality.

19. In any given religion, men and women will hold the same beliefs. a. True b. False

false: Religious beliefs are subject to interpretation, and many religions promote subordinate roles for women. It is probable that women's interpretations of any given religion will be different from those of men.

18. Periods of national financial recession are always periods of increased rates of divorce. a. True b. False

false: Some couples remain together during financial hard times for reasons of economic survival, to wait to sell a house, and the like. Sometimes couples remain together because they have gained a deeper commitment through weathering adversity together.

12. Students using voucher programs to attend school outperform public students on standardized tests. a. True b. False

false: Studies in a few states found that public school students outperformed those attending using a voucher program. However, neither group of students met state proficiency standards.

17. The divorce rate in the United States has been steadily increasing since the early twentieth century. a. True b. False

false: The U.S. divorce rate increased from 0.7 per 1,000 population in 1900 to 5.3 in 1981. However, since then it has declined to a rate of 3.6 per 1,000 population in 2009.

4. The United States spends a larger percentage of its gross domestic product on health care than other countries; this high percentage if spending ensures that the U.S. population is among the healthiest in the world. a. True b. False

false: The United States spends over 17 percent of its gross domestic product on health care, and this is one of the largest percentages of GDP in the Western world. However, the health status of the U.S. population is not correspondingly high.

14. The functions of religion (providing meaning and purpose, promoting social cohesion and a sense of belonging, and providing social control and support for the government) can only be fulfilled by beliefs and practices that are supernatural in nature. a. True b. False

false: The history and values of a society or a nation may be made sacred by rituals, symbols, and beliefs that form a type of civil religion.

21. Religious fundamentalism now only appeals to people who have lower incomes, live in rural areas, and have lower levels of educational attainment. a. True b. False

false: This was more true in the past. Today, newer fundamentalist movements appeal to people from all socioeconomic levels, regional areas, and occupations in the United States. Globally, fundamentalism has expanded as a reaction to secularization and modernization.

9. Party loyalties are becoming increasingly strong among American voters. a. True b. False

false: Voters demonstrate decreasing party loyalty, voting split ticket or one party in the primary and another in the election. Also, the media are replacing the party as the source of political communication.

7. Male students have a higher rate of graduation from high school and college than their female peers. a. True b. False

false: After years of lagging behind, females now outpace their male peers in rates of graduation from high school and college.

15. All types of religions have some type of all-powerful supernatural being at the center of the belief system. a. True b. False

false: In preindustrial societies, religion often takes the form of simple supernaturalism, which has no specific supernatural beings or animism (the belief that supernatural forces may exist in people or natural objects). Transcendent idealism is also a nontheistic type of religion.

1. Illness is a social construction; definitions may change over time and between cultures. a. True b. False

true

1. Both religion and education are responsible for teaching knowledge, cultural values, and beliefs. a. True b. False

true

10. Until the 1960s and 1970s, most doctors in the United States were white, upper-middle or upper-class men. a. True b. False

true

10. The U.S. federal bureaucracy is part of the iron triangle of power. a. True b. False

true

11. A majority of U.S. jobs are in tertiary sector employment. a. True b. False

true

11. Efforts to eliminate racial/ethnic segregation in public education have failed in many districts throughout the United States. a. True b. False

true

12. Research shows that although preventive health care is good for an individual's health, it does not necessarily decrease the overall total costs of health care. a. True b. False

true

13. Community colleges are one of the fastest growing segments of higher education. a. True b. False

true

13. Over the last fifty years in the United States, the number of households comprised of single men and single women living alone has been increasing. a. True b. False

true

13. Most citizens of the United States are not actual capitalists. a. True b. False

true

15. Great Britain has a system of socialized medicine. a. True b. False

true

16. In the United States, the separation of church and state prevents the direct religious legitimation of political power. a. True b. False

true

16. Many practitioners of alternative medicine take a holistic approach. a. True b. False

true

16. The United States was the first nation to formally address the issue of equality in employment for persons with a disability. a. True b. False

true

16. The majority of elder abuse occurs in the home, not in institutions. a. True b. False

true

17. Civil religion in the United States is not necessarily the same thing as Christianity. a. True b. False

true

18. Lawful jobs are often part of the underground or shadow economy. a. True b. False

true

18. Religion may be a source of social solidarity as well as social conflict. a. True b. False

true

19. The social and physical environments in which people live are a significant factor in the extent to which they may be considered disabled. a. True b. False

true

19. There is no evidence to support the assumption that children are better off living with a same-sex parent after a divorce. a. True b. False

true

2. In contemporary societies, the government is the primary political system. a. True b. False

true

20. From a conflict perspective, people with disabilities are members of a subordinate group. a. True b. False

true

20. Most people who get divorced also get remarried. a. True b. False

true

3. One of the most important factors in improving life expectancy is improved access to safe water. a. True b. False

true

3. Not all analysts or functionalists agree on what the functions of education should be in contemporary societies. a. True b. False

true

4. The U.S. Constitution grants authority to the person who occupies the office of the presidency; any particular president who fails to uphold the public trust may be removed from office. a. True b. False

true

5. Rates of illness are highest among the old and the young. a. True b. False

true

6. All students are subject to the hidden curriculum in education. a. True b. False

true

6. All rulers need the support of the military and the backing of business elites to maintain their position. a. True b. False

true

8. Although rural Americans make up 20 percent of the U.S. population, only 10 percent of the nation's physicians practice in rural areas. a. True b. False

true

8. The U.S. political system is made up of both formal and informal components. a. True b. False

true

9. There are large differences in scores on academic tests between white students and African American and Hispanic/Latino students. a. True b. False

true

12. Not all people without children consider themselves childfree. a. True b. False

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