SPC2608 Midterm UF

specific purpose

"a concise statement indicating what you want your listeners to be able to remember, do, or feel when you finish your speech"

2 kinds of outlines

A preparation outline, which is a very detailed outline. It includes: the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography. The main points and subpoints are stated in full sentences. A speaking outline (on your note card) is just a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech. It uses phrases or key words to state main points and sub points.

What are the different patterns of organization for speeches? (5 main)

Chronologically Topically Spatially Causally Problem-solution

Eye contact

Credibility- You will seem capable and trustworthy Priority- Eye contact should be established before you speak Inclusion- Look at everyone!

How do you consider gender, demographics, culture, etc. when speaking in public?

Demographically Psychologically Situationally Audience analysis - and audience adaptation is defined as "the process of ethically using information you've gathered when analyzing your audience to help your audience clearly understand your message and achieve your speaking objective."

What is the difference between a general purpose and a specific purpose?

General Purpose: "To inform/persuade." Specific Purpose: "To inform/persuade the audience to..." (Ex: To inform my audience on tourist information concerning France.)

4 types of speaking

Manuscript Speaking Memorized Speaking Impromptu Speaking Extemporaneous Speaking

Four Methods of Delivery

Manuscript Speaking Memorized Speaking Impromptu Speaking Extemporaneous Speaking

When will you be least/most nervous?

Many people feel the highest level of anxiety right before they speak, the second-highest level of anxiety when they are given the speech assignment, and the lowest level of anxiety while preparing their speech. Anxiety tends to decrease greatly once a person begins speaking.

external/internal noise

Noise -anything that interferes with the communication of a message -2 types: external noise (cars driving by, etc.), internal noise (2 kinds: physiological noise=something going on with you such as allergies/sneezing/headache/etc.; psychological noise=being upset after a fight, nervous about a test, can't focus, etc.)

Different kinds of visual aids?

Objects, Models, Photographs, Drawings, Graphs, Charts, Slides, Videotapes , Computer-generated graphics, Transparencies, Multimedia presentations, PowerPoint, Self, Handout

paraphrase

restatement of someone else's ideas

questionnaire

series of open and close ended questions

integrity

signals the speaker's incorruptibility

These are previews, transitions and summaries.

signposts

speaker credibility

speaker that has a solid grasp of the subject

reckless disregard for the truth

speaking lies on purpose

Asking yourself, "What do I want the audience to do after the speech?" will help you determine this.

specific purpose

When determining this, you want to use observable, behavioral objectives.

specific purpose

public discourse

speech involving issues of importance to the larger community

direct quotation

statements made verbatim

demographics

statistical characteristics of a given population

nonverbal expectancy theory

the audience has certain expectations about delivery and if you don't live up then you violate their expectations

non-verbal expectancy theory

the audience has certain expectations about delivery and if you don't live up then you violate their expectations.

channels

the means by which a message is communicated. When you pick up the phone to call a friend, the telephone is the channel.

code

the message the speaker is sending to the receiver.

manuscript

Reading a speech directly from a paper (Rarely done well enough to be interesting). Need for careful crafting- In a crisis In the press For government officials When mistakes really matter

These two principles explain why your audience will best remember the first and last things that you say.

the primacy and recency effects

Critical thinking

a mental process of making judgments about the conclusions presented by what you see, hear, and read.

internal preview

a preview within the body of your speech

context

anything that influences the speaker, audience, occasion, and/or speech

summary

brief overview of someone else's ideas

encode

translate the symbols into ideas the audience will understand. messages travels through 2 channels: auditory (intonation and pitch) and visual (hand movements, etc). receiver: each individual audience member, who has to decode the message by translating the symbols back into ideas.

Examples of these include charts, graphs, maps, objects, and Powerpoint presentations.

visual aids

This is a statement of your major ideas and summarizes your message. It is also known as your "thesis statement" for your speech.

central idea

rhetorical situation

circumstance calling for a public response

trustworthiness

combination of honesty and dependability

small group communication

communication between a small number of people who can see and speak directly with one another

mass communication

communication between a speaker and a large audience of unknown people

dyadic communication

communication between two people

fixed-alternative questions

contain a limited choice of answers, such as yes, no, or sometimes

concrete language

conveys meaning that is specific, tangible, and definite

This is defined as "others' perception of you as trustworthy, knowledgeable and interesting."

credibility

respect

demonstrated by addressing audience members as unique human beings and refraining from any form of personal attack

pre-preparation anxiety

when people feel anxious the minute they know they will be giving a speech

eight-by-eight rule

don't use more than eight words in a line or more than eight lines on one slide

These are based on something that has been proven true based on direct observation.

facts

public-speaking anxiety

fear or anxiety associated with either actual or anticipated communication to an audience as a speaker

This can include things like nods, smiles, or verbal responses from the audience.

feedback

canons of rhetoric

five parts of speech as divided by Cicero

First Amendment

freedom of speech

attitudes

general evaluations of people, ideas, objects, or events

abstract language

general or nonspecific, leaving meaning open to interpretation

common knowledge

info that is likely to be known by many people

THE SPEECH COMMUNICATION PROCESS includes...

linear model: Source (speaker) goes to -->Message -->channels -->receiver

fairness

making a genuine effort to see all sides of an issue and acknowledging the information listeners need in order to make informed decisions

special occasion speech

marks a special event, such as a wedding, funeral, commencement, or banquet

scale questions

measure the respondent's level of agreement or disagreement with specific issues

channel

medium through which the speaker sends a message

code-switching

mixing casual language, dialects, or even slang into your speech

shared meaning

mutual understanding of a message between speaker and audience

Devoting time to prepare and practice your speech are ways to reduce this.

nervousness

Anything that interferes with communication of a message (can be internal or external).

noise

Creative Commons

organization that allows creators of works to decide how they want other people to use their copyrighted works

rhetoric/oratory

original practice of giving speeches

feedback

part of two-way communication, to let you know how your message is being received. Do your listeners lean forward in their seats, as if paying close attention? Do they have quizzical looks on their faces? Do they shuffle their feet and gaze at the clock? The message sent by these reactions. Feedback is affected by one's frame of reference.

plagarism

passing another person's info as one's own

fair use

permits the limited use of copyrighted works without permission for the purposes of scholarship, criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, or research

source/sender

person who creates a message

defamatory

potentially harmful to an individual's reputation at work or in the community

The three kinds of general purposes of public speaking.

"to inform," "to persuade," and "to entertain"

2 kinds of summaries

-Final summary -Internal summary (in body of the speech, sums up something inside your speech) -can have an internal preview right after telling them what you're about to cover.

Advantages of using visual aids?

1. Strengthens clarity of message 2. Increases audience interest 3. Increases audience retention 4. Enhances credibility 5. Improves persuasiveness 6. Reduces communication apprehension

What is a central idea?

A single, complete sentence that includes the main points of your speech. (Ex: Paris and Nice are some of the most beautiful cities France has to offer; with many different tourist attractions. )

interference

Anything that impedes the communication of a message. 2 kinds: external (such as car noise) and internal (such as a toothache or a listener has something on their mind)

On an outline, you need how many points/subpoints/etc.

At every level, you should have 2-4 points, under every subpoint, you should have 2-4 subsubpoints, etc.

Who reports experiencing public speaking anxiety?

Everyone. Some studies indicate that approximately eighty percent of the population feels anxious about public speaking. In one study, public speaking was rated as the number one fear, while death was ranked number six.

three types of opinions that can be used in speeches

Expert testimony Lay testimony Literary quotations

Characteristics of effective delivery

Eye Contact Gestures Movement Posture Facial Expression Vocal Delivery Personal Appearance

Characteristics of good public speaking?

Eye Contact Gestures Movement Posture Facial Expression Vocal Delivery Personal Appearance (slideshow: Delivery)

ethos

Greek for "character", origin of ethics

agora

Greek word for public square

What are effective strategies for introductions?

Illustrations or anecdotes, Startling facts or statistics, Quotations, Humor, Questions, References to historical events, References to recent events, Personal references, References to the occasion, References to preceding speeches

How can color affect your presentation?

Important that the combination has contrast. Combinations of red, green, and brown are difficult for many people to read. Color affects how fast the audience can read. The color combination that is read most quickly is black on yellow. Avoid having a hot color such as red or orange as your background color. Color affects the emotions of the audience.

high-context/low-context cultures

In a higher-context culture, many things are left unsaid, letting the culture explain. Words and word choice become very important in higher-context communication, since a few words can communicate a complex message very effectively to an in-group (but less effectively outside that group), while in a low-context culture, the communicator needs to be much more explicit and the value of a single word is less important.

The two places that you must cite your sources.

In your speech and on your outline.

Only parts of an outline written in full sentences?

Intro, conclusion, transitions are written in sentences. The only things that are! Last sentence should be a preview.

central idea

It is not a sentence fragment/two sentences/a question -it is ONE sentence with ONE idea. The central idea is basically the thesis statement of your speech. It should summarize your speech in one sentence.

forum

Latin for public space

Syllabus

Participation: participation is a factor in this class. You cannot earn extra points for participation, but you certainly can LOSE points for not participating. Instructor email: E-mail: [email protected] Course format/objectives: The objective of this class is to provide you with the skills and confidence to present organized and researched speeches on topics of your choosing. The class will be broken down into three areas: lecture, speeches, and exams. We will discuss the needed skills of speech preparation and presentation. It is very important to keep up with all the readings and take notes on all the lectures. This is primarily a performance-based class. You will be expected to integrate class materials into your presentations. Grading: Single Point Speech 0 Points, Informative/Demonstrative Speech 150 Points, Persuasive Speech 200 Points, Group Speech 200 Point, Impromptu Speech 50 Points, Midterm Exam 150 Points, Final Exam 150 Points, Attendance/Participation 100 Points, TOTAL 1,000 Points. Exams:There will be two exams in this class. They will cover terms and concepts from the readings, lectures and discussions. The exams may include multiple-choice, matching, true/false and short answer questions. The final exam is not cumulative. There will be no make-up exams for the final, so do not plan on leaving town early!!! Speeches: You will be required to turn in an outline and bibliography on the FIRST DAY OF SPEECHES, REGARDLESS OF WHEN YOUR ARE SCHEDULED TO PRESENT YOUR SPEECH!! Outlines must be submitted on Canvas, and you must turn in a paper copy as well. If you fail to turn in your outline either in person OR on Canvas on the assigned date, you will receive a 0 on your outline. When turning in your outline on Canvas and in person by the assigned deadline, you will receive either full credit for the outline or a 0—there is no partial credit. You are required to get all speech topics approved by the instructor by the date specified on the syllabus. Failure to submit topics by the assigned due date or switching topics after the due date will result in a 5% point penalty on your speech grade. Giving a speech using a topic that has not been approved will result in a 10% penalty on your speech grade. Assignments: You will give five speeches, four of which are graded. Each speech is considered one major assignment. You will also have two exams given as your midterm and final examinations. Attendance: You will be allowed THREE HOURS of absence (this translates into one class meeting). For the first absence, it does not matter what the reason for the absence is. After this, you will lose 20 points off of your total grade for each period that you are absent (so missing a second class means you will lose 60 points), unless ALL absences are considered excused. Excused absences must be cleared BEFORE the absence occurs. Reasons for excused absences include University sanctioned events, severe illness (with documentation from a doctor that specifically excuses you from class—a verification of visit form does not count as an excuse note), death of a friend or family member, or job interview. If you are five minutes late to a class, you will be considered late. Three tardies count as an hour of unexcused absence. If you come into class late, it is YOUR responsibility to stay after to make sure that I mark you as being present. Final exam: FINAL EXAM: WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 17TH FROM 7:30-9:30 AM (Location to be announced)

What are the different types of previews?

Preview statement Internal preview

preview

Preview statement Internal preview - tell them what you're about to tell them.

What are effective strategies for conclusions?

Quotations Illustrations or anecdotes Startling facts or statistics Humor Questions References to the introduction Inspirational appeals or challenges Appeals to action

What are signposts?

Signposts:"words and gestures that allow you to move smoothly from one idea to the next throughout your speech, showing relationships between ideas and emphasizing important points." Types of signposts: Transitions Previews Summaries Visual aids

How/why is public speaking similar to conversation? How/why is it different?

Similarities: 1. Organizing your thoughts logically. 2. Tailoring your message to your audience. 3. Telling a story for maximum impact. 4. Adapting to listener feedback. How public speaking is different: 1. Public speaking is more highly structured. 2. Public speaking requires more formal language. 3. Public speaking requires a different method of delivery.

extemporaneous

Speak from a written or memorized general outline: like you do for class! Conversational style Seems as though the speech has just been developed, and to some extent it has. Speech and debate: 30 minutes to create a 7 minute speech.

How to combat public speaking anxiety

The goal is not to eliminate anxiety completely, but to use it to your advantage when you are speaking. Prepare well for your speech, Know your audience, Select an appropriate topic, Know your introduction and conclusion, Use Deep-breathing and relaxation, Think positively! Use your message to help you, Look for chances to speak, Congratulate yourself after you speak! 6 ways to combat it: 1. acquire speaking experience 2. prepare, prepare, prepare 3. think positively 4. use the power of visualization 5. know that most nervousness is not visible 6. don't expect perfection

The three items that should be written out in full sentences on your outlines.

The introduction, the transitions, and the conclusion.

receiver

The listener is the person who receives the communicated message. With- out a listener, there is no communication. When you talk to a friend on the phone, you have one listener. In public speaking you will have many listeners.

Kinds of sources that can be used in a speech

The three basic types of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.

impromptu

Thinking on your feet, Speaking off the cuff, Informal, Allows for eye contact, Are difficult to deliver effectively. Consider the audience: What do they know about the topic? What do they expect you to say? Be brief- 3-5 minutes maximum. Still create an Intro, Body, Conclusion. Speak honestly form personal experience and knowledge. Be cautious

general purpose

To inform, persuade or entertain

What does it mean to be audience-centered?

To know the primary purpose of speechmaking is to gain a desired response from listeners.It does not involve compromising your beliefs to get a favorable response. Nor does it mean using devious, unethical tactics to achieve your goal. You need to keep several questions in mind when you work on your speeches: To whom am I speaking? What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech? What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim? The audience should influence how you prepare and deliver your speech

transitions

Verbal: Often used to point out relations between items May contain phrases like "in addition," "also," "not only," "as well," "in summary," etc. Also may include enumeration Nonverbal:Can occur alone, or with a verbal transition Includes changes in facial expressions, pauses, altering vocal pitch or speaking rate, or movement.

What is the body's response to nervousness?

When you are nervous while getting ready to go up to give a speech, your brain sends certain signals to the body. You have an increased breathing rate, more adrenaline pumping, and increased blood flow. It's possible also to have a more rapid heartbeat, shaking hands and knees, a quivering voice , increased perspiration, and "butterflies" in your stomach. All of these responses are supposed to be helpful, but can cause discomfort that negatively affects your performance.

memorized

Write out a speech word for word and memorize it for delivery. Done in speech and debate. Allows for maximum eye contact with audience. Risks: Could sound stiff, over-rehearsed or too formal. If you forget, it is difficult to adapt as you go along. This method is not encouraged for class presentations. Good for: Accepting an award, Introducing a speaker, Take care to make presentation lively and interesting.

When are outlines ALWAYS due?

You will be required to turn in an outline and bibliography on the FIRST DAY OF SPEECHES, REGARDLESS OF WHEN YOUR ARE SCHEDULED TO PRESENT YOUR SPEECH!!

This form of communication shares many similarities to public speaking, BUT public speaking is more formal, more planned, and the roles between speaker and audience are more clearly defined.

a conversation

Any of the six criteria to evaluate web sources listed in your book

accountability, date, accuracy, objectivity, usability and diversity

performance anxiety

anxiety just before beginning speaking

preparation anxiety

anxiety when preparing for a speech

pre-performance anxiety

anxiety when rehearsing a speech

noise

any interference with the message

hate speech

any offensive communication directed against race, ethnicity, etc

public domain

anyone may reproduce it

feedback

audience's response to a message, both verbal and nonverbal

receiver

audience, recipient of the source's message

responsibility

being accountable for what you say

closed-ended questions

elicit a small range of specific answers supplied by the interviewer

According to the "Communication as action" model, this is the job of the speaker, in which he/she must translate the ideas of information to verbal or nonverbal symbols.

encoding

dignity

ensuring that listeners feel worthy, honored, or respected as individuals

a hypothetical/brief illustration

ex: Imagine that you're a wide receiver in the Superbowl, and there's only six seconds left in the fourth quarter. Your team is at the three yard line and is down 6 points.

This kind of opinion is located more toward the "hard evidence" end of the spectrum.

expert opinion

Do sources need to be cited, and if so, where?

in your speech and on your outline.

malapropisms

inadvertent, incorrect uses of a word or phrase in place of one that sounds like it

persuasive speech

intends to influence the attitudes, beliefs, values, or acts of others

What are the main components of any speech?

introduction, body, conclusion?

audience centered

keeping the needs, values, attitudes, and wants of your listeners firmly in focus

copyright

legal protection afforded the original creators of literary and artistic works

delivery

presenting the speech so that you achieve the most effective blend of content, voice, and nonverbal behavior

Ex: First I'm going to tell you how to gather your ingredients, then I'm going to talk about how to spread the peanut butter and jelly on the bread, and finally I will explain how to put the sandwich together and cut it.

preview statement

These can be internal (when they are in the body of your speech) or in the introduction of your speech.

previews

encoding

process of converting thoughts into words

decoding

process of interpreting the message

informative speech

provides an audience with new information, insights, or ways of thinking about a topic; increases awareness

Critical listening

the process of listening to evaluate the quality, appropriateness, value or importance of the information you hear.

Rhetorical criticism

the process of using a method or standards to evaluate the effectiveness and appropriateness of messages.

situation

the time and place in which speech communication occurs. Conversation always takes place in a certain situation.

style

the way the speaker uses language to express the speech ideas

beliefs

the ways in which people perceive reality

target audience

those individuals within the broader audience

message

thoughts and ideas put into meaningful expressions, verbally and nonverbally