Speech Final Ch. 6

glazing over can lead to 3 different problems

1. cause you to miss important details 2. listening less critically than normal 3. make it appear as if you aren't listening to what the speaker is saying even though you are

sources and effects of information overload

1. information overlaod can interrupt our attention 2. information overload can be particularly troubling for people with ADHD

7 steps of evaluating a speakers credibility

1. pay attention to the credibility of a speaker 2. refers to the reliability and trustworthiness of someone or something 3. conclude that the information is more believable 4. expertise makes you more credible 5. having experience with something may give a person credibility in that area but that experience doesnt mean the individual is an expert 6. people can be experts on topics and areas with which they have no direct personal experience 7. bias affects a speakers credibility

2 reasons of rebuttal tendency

1. requires mental energy that would be spent paying attention to the speaker, its difficult to listen effectively when all you're thinking about is how to respond 2. because you're not paying close attention to the speaker you can easily miss some details that might change your response in the first place

most people recall ____ of what they hear and only remember ___ of it accurately

25% of what they hear and only remember 20% of it accurately

second skill of empathic listening

ability to identify how someone else is feeling and to experience those feelings yourself

what type of process is listening

active

listening

active process of mkaing meaning out of another persons spoken message

listening is a _________

active process of paying attention to sound assigning meaning and responding to it

physical noise

actual sound

example of listening without hearing

after telling her husband she is expecting a baby her call is dropped and even though her husband is actually extremely excited all she hears is silence so she incorrectly interprets this and is in fear, this is saying that she was listening but she wasnt hearing

noise

anything that distracts you from listening to what you wish to listen to

skepticism

attitude that involves raising questions or having doubts isn't about being cynical or finding fault its about evaluating the evidence for a claim -set aside your biases and being willing to be persuaded by the merits of argument and the quality of the evidence

remebering

being able to store something in your memory and retrieve it when needed -important for interpersonal communication: helps avoid awkward moments EX: running into someone whose name you don't remember by remembering these thinks it can help you communicate effectively

example

being an insurance adjustor she receives an evaluation, most of the comments are good but there are some suggestions on ways that she can improve, but she listens selectively and doesnt listen to the suggestions

hearing

can't listen effectively if you don't hear the person 1st step in effective listening

example of skepticism

co worker has came up with a business opportunity and tells you about his plan and inventing it. Poor critical listeners make their decisions based on their feelings about the co worker but if you're a good critical listener you'll set aside your feelings and focus on the actual idea

advising

communicating advice about what the spekaer should do

psychological nosie

comprises anything else we find distracting

empathizing

conveying to the speaker that you understand and share their feelings on the topic

listening is about _____

creating meaning from what you hear

how culture affects listening behavior

cultural messages shape many communication behaviors and listening is one of them

rebuttal tendency

debating a speakers point and formulating a reply while that person is still speaking - knowing how you are going to respond to the speaker, aruging with the speaker in your mind, and jumping to conclusions before the speaker has finished talking

listeners in monochronic culture value what

direct, straightforward communication and become impatient when speakers dont get to the point

what is the most challenging type of listening

empathic listening -trying to identify with the speaker by understanding and experiencing what they are thinking and feeling ex: when a friend is talking about a divorce yo ucan use empathic listening to give them comfort and support

EGBDF

every good boy does fine HURIER is a type of mnemonic

supporting

expressing your agreement

listening is natural and effortless

false - we learn from our experiences

hearing is the same as listening

false it's a myth

example of culture affecting understanding of language

foreign exchange students being aware of terms and phrases that will be easier for them to understand since they are limited to english knowledge

critical listening

goal is to evaluate and analyze what we are hearing -listening carefully to a tv ad to see if you want to buy the product being advertised, sales presentation, political speech -DOESN'T criticizing what you are hearing instead its analyizing and evaluating -more active and engaging than informational listening **requires you to judge and evaluate

probable

greater than 50% chance of being true

example of physical noise

hard to listen to a conversation when there is tv or loud music in the background (physical noise)

hurier model

hearing understanding remembering interpreting evaluating responding

listening behavior is influenced by what

how people in a given culture think about the importance of time

example

if a co worker is talking about his recent diagnosis you can practice perspective taking by trying to think about the situation as he would think about it, and you can practice empathic concern by imagining how he must feel and sharing those emotions

example of psychological noise

if were hungry or tired or in a really hot environment this could be psychological noise because it distracts us

example

if you are listening to a friend who just lost a family member empathizing or supporting would be the best responses

example of information overload

if youre tying an email that important your ability to pay attention to her messages can be compromised repeatedly by each new radio advertisement you hear, or each pu up ad you see

example of listening not being natural

in a situation with a romantic partner when you didn't listen as effectively as you could and you all had an unnecessary argument

what is a way to dominate for some people

interrupting

example of evaluating a speakers credibility

it a tobacco company claimed publicly that smoking has health benefits a good critical listener would be highly skeptical because the executive is a biased source

evaluating

judging whether the speaker's statemetns are accurate and true

responding

last stage - indicating to a speaker that we are listening give feedback - respond both verbally and nonverbally

attending to someones words or paying attention well enough to understand what the person is trying to say

listening

college students spend more time ______ than any other communication activity

listening

what is the most important communication skills in families and personal realtionships

listening

what is the single most important qulaity of effective mangagers

listening

appreciative listening

listening for pure enjoyment ex: when someone is telling a funny story

inspirational listening

listening to be inspired by what someone is saying

selective attention

listening to only what you want to hear and ignoring the rest -you are actually listening to some parts of a person's message but pseudolistening other parts

informational listening

listening you do in class or at work -driving directions, professors lectures or watching the news **one of the most important ways we learn -listening to learn something new

what is the goal of competitive interrupting

make sure you get to speak more than the other person does adn that your ideas and perspectives take priority

people engage in pseudolistening and selective attention for what reasons?

many...bored, don't understand what you're hearing, paying attention to something else

inspirational listening is common in what?

motiviational speeech

closed mindedness

not listening to anything which one disagrees -people who overreact to slang and profanity usually stop listening to it

certain

only if 100% of being true

what is the best way to determine whether you have understood a speakers message

paraphrase it

hearing is a __________

passive process -occurs when sound saves cause the bones in your inner ear to vibrate and send signals to your brain

interpreting part one

paying attention to all the speaker's verbal and nonverbal behaviors so that you can assign meaning to the persons message EX: "it's a beautiful day outside" by looking at her facial expressions and tone of voice yo ucan asssume that she is sincere or sarcastic based on her expressions even though her words are the same

first skill of empathic listening

perspective taking- the ability to understand a situation from another's point of view

pseudolistening

pretending to pay attention to someone when you weren't really listening -use feedback to make it seem as though you're paying attention even though you arent

analyzing

providing your own perspective

information overload

refers to the state of being overwhelmed by the huge amount of information that each of us takes in everyday

example of rebuttal tendency

regan experience when a women returned a wireless router she was having trouble installing he concluded to quickly that she hadnt followed instructions and by doing that he didnt hear that she already had a technician come out so instead of just exchanging it he told her to do what she had already done

stonewalling

responding with silence and a lack of expression on your face -signals lack of interest

paraphrasing

restating in your own words what the speaker has said

hearing

sensory process of receiving and perceiving sounds

in evaluating what are you doing?

separating facts from opinions and determine reason for the message -considering the speakers words in context of other information you have from that speaker or others

interpreting part two

signaling your interpretation of the message to the speaker ex: if you interpret her message as sincere you'll smile and say your looking forward to the beautiful day or if its sarcastic you will laugh and respond with a cynical remark **allows us to check our interpretations

people in polychronic cultures such as china and korea empasize....

social harmony over efficiency -as part of their listening behavior they pay close attention to nonverbal behaviors and contextual clues to determine meaning

there are different goals of listenign

sometimes we listen to learn, evaluate, or empathize

what does evaluating the merits of a claim mean?

spectulating about the likelihood that the claim is true

listening deals with _________

spoken messages

7 types of listening responses

stonewalling backchanneling paraphrasing empathizing analyizing supporting advising

vividness effect

tendency of dramatic, shocking events to distrot our perceptions of reality

avoid confirmation bias

tendency to pay attention only to information that supports our values and beliefs, while discounting or ignoring information that doesnt ***problem when it causes us to make up our minds about an issue without paying attention to all sides

hearing

the perception of sound

competitive interrupting

the practice of using interruptions to take control of the conversation

an even or fact is possible if theres....

the slightest chance that it might be true

mnemonics

tricks that can aid our short and long term memory

effective listening requires listening with conscious and explicit goal of understanding what the speaker intends to communicate

true

eliminating or ignoring the sources of noise you will better focus your attention on your partner

true

listen is not automatic

true

listening to an idea does not mean accepting it

true

people vary in their listening abilities

true

sometimes we listen without hearing

true

we confuse whats possible with whats probable and whats probable with whats certain

true

we learn from our mistakes and through instruction

true

being a good informational listenener means being able to look past what is dramatic and vivid to focus on the substance of what you're hearing

true - be aware of vividness effect and remember that vivid experiences can distort your perceptions

culture affects nonverbal listening responses

true -cultures expectations influence what individuals to be appropriate listening responses ex: if you're looking down or not making eye contact they think you aren't listening BUT people in a native american culture look down as a sign of respect

empathic listening is different from sympathetic listening

true -that's feeling sorry for someone and you can't truly understand their grief but empathic is to understand a situation from the speakers perception **can be challenging because our perceptions can cuase us to focus on how we would be feeling

how to avoid information overload

turn off ringer on cell phone, set filters on your emails to reduce spam, use DVR

backchanneling

using facial expressions, nods, and vocalizations like "uh-huh" and "i understnatd" to let the speaker know you're paying attention

glazing over

we are capable of understanding up to 600 words per minute but the average person speaks fewer than 150 words a minute ****glazing over: daydreaming ****listening but you allow your mind to drift off

example of vividness effect

we watch the news about a deadly plane crash and we worry about flyign even though we have head from reliable sources that the probability of dying in a plane crash is about 1 in a 8 million ***reason for this is that dramatic evens are more vivid and memorable than everyday events

separate what is and isn't said

when a commerical says nothing is more effective - it could mean that other products could be just as effective or that ll of the products are equally ineffective

culture affects understanding of language

when people speak a language in which listeners aren't fluent, listeners have a difficult time understanding what is being said reason 1: many languages contain idioms reason 2: listeners may not comprehend the words being spoken, due to their insufficient grasp of the language a speaker is using

understanding

you have to understand it as well as hear it --> comprehending example: if someone is saying something in a different language you are hearing what they are saying but you aren't comprehending **ask person so you can comprehend if you don't understnad

example of listening

you might listen to your brothers description of his new officemate and conclude that he finds her competent and likable after listening to the same description your mom might think that your borther feels threatened by his office mates intelligence and self confidence ***both heard the same hting but listened differently