Speech Test 1 Review

What are the three guidelines for ethical listening discussed in this chapter?

Be courteous and attentive, avoid prejudging the speaker, and maintain the free and open expression of ideas

What is nonverbal communication? Why is it important to effective public speaking?

Communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words. It can make a powerful impact on the delivery of your message.

What is ethics? Why is a strong sense of ethical responsibility vital for public speakers?

Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs. It is important because public speaking is power.

What is the difference between global plagiarism and patchwork plagiarism? What are the best ways to avoid these two kinds of plagiarism?

Global plagiarism is stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own work. Patchwork plagiarism is stealing ideas or language from tow or three sources and passing them off as one's own. The best way to avoid them is to not put your speech off until the last minute.

What are the five steps you should follow when practicing your speech delivery?

Go through your preparation outline aloud to check how what you have written translates into spoken discourse, prepare your speaking outline, practice the speech aloud several times using only the speaking outline, now begin to polish and refine your delivery, and finally, give your speech a dress rehearsal under conditions as close as possible to those you will face in class

How is public speaking different from everyday conversation?

Public speaking is more highly structured, requires more formal language, requires a different method of delivery.

What eight steps should you take if you are faced with presenting an online speech?

Understand the special nature of the online environment, know your technology, control the visual environment, adapt your nonverbal communication, adjust your pacing for the online environment, manage Q&A for the online environment, rehearse for the online environment, and have a backup plan

What are the eight aspects of voice usage you should concentrate on in your speeches?

Volume, pitch, rate, pauses, vocal variety, pronunciation, articulation, and dialect

Why is it normal—even desirable—to be nervous at the start of a speech?

You can transform it into positive nervousness also known as "stage excitement" or "stage enthusiasm"

How is public speaking similar to everyday conversation?

You have to organize your thoughts logically, tailor your message to your audience, tell a story for maximum impact, and adapt to listener feedback.

extemporaneous speech

a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes

monotone

a constant pitch or tone of voice

pause

a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech

impromptu speech

a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation

online speech

a speech that has been created specifically for an audience that will view it online and in real time

manuscript speech

a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience

key-word outline

an outline that briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form

stage fright

anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience

vocal variety

changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness

inflections

changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice

nonverbal communication

communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words

positive nervousness

controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation

eye contact

direct visual contact with the eyes of another person

incremental plagiarism

failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people

active listening

giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view

appreciative listening

listening for pleasure or enjoyment

critical listening

listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it

empathic listening

listening to provide emotional support for a speaker

comprehensive listening

listening to understand the message of a speaker

visualization

mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation

gestures

motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech

listening

paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear

conversational quality

presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed

plagiarism

presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own

ethical decisions

sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines

global plagiarism

stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own

patchwork plagiarism

stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own

message

whatever a speaker communicates to someone else

What are the four methods of speech delivery?

1) Reading from a manuscript. 2) Reciting from memory. 3) Speaking impromptu. 4) Speaking Extemporaneously

What are seven ways to become a better listener?

1) Take Listening Seriously. 2) Be an Active Listener. 3) Resist Distractions. 4) Don't be diverted by Appearance or Delivery. 5) Suspend Judgement. 6) Focus your listening. 7) Develop note-taking skills

What are the four main causes of poor listening?

1. Not concentrating 2. Listening too hard 3. Jumping to conclusions 4. Focusing on delivery and personal appearance

adrenaline

A hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress

vocalized pause

A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh," "er," and "um."

dialect

A variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary.

How can you control your nervousness and make it work for you in your speeches?

Acquire speaking experience, prepare, think positively, use the power of visualization, know nervousness is not visible, do not expect perfection

interference

Anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners.

critical thinking

Focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion

What steps should you take when preparing for a question-and-answer session? What should you concentrate on when responding to questions during the session?

Formulate answers to possible questions, practice the delivery of your answers. Approach questions with a positive attitude, listen carefully, direct answers to the entire audience, be honest and straightforward, and stay on track

What is the difference between hearing and listening?

Hearing is the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain. Listening is paying close attention to and making sense of what we hear.

What are the elements of good speech delivery?

It conveys the speaker's ideas clearly, interestingly, and without distracting the audience.

What is incremental plagiarism? How can you steer clear of it when dealing with quotations and paraphrases?

It is failing to give credit for particular parts of speech that are borrowed from other people. There are two ways: 1.) be careful when taking research notes to distinguish among direct quotations, paraphrased material, and your own comments. 2.) err on the side of caution; when in doubt cite your source.

What is ethnocentrism? Why do public speakers need to avoid ethnocentrism when addressing audiences with diverse cultural, racial, or ethnic backgrounds?

It is the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures. We can offend them by doing or saying something that we believe is normal but is wrong in their culture.

How is listening connected with critical thinking?

Listening is critical thinking because it requires you to use your mind and ears to understand what is being said.

What are the five guidelines for ethical speech making discussed in this chapter?

Make sure your goals are ethically sound, be fully prepared for each speech, be honest in what you say, avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language, put ethical principles into practice.

What are the seven elements of the speech communication process? How do they interact to determine the success or failure of a speech?

Speaker, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference, situation. They interact when a public speaker addresses an audience.

Bill of Rights

The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution

frame of reference

The sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference.

pronunciation

the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language

ethnocentrism

the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures

ethics

the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs

spare "brain time"

the difference between the rate at which most people talk (120 to 150 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400 to 800 words a minute)

pitch

the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice

volume

the loudness or softness of the speaker's voice

channel

the means by which a message is communicated

feedback

the messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker

speaker

the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener

listener

the person who receives the speaker's message

articulation

the physical production of particular speech sounds

rate

the speed at which a person speaks

kinesics

the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication

situation

the time and place in which speech communication occurs

name-calling

the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups

hearing

the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain

paraphrase

to restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words