Speech Vocabulary

1. Clarity 2. Add interest 3. Add retention

3 Primary Advantages of Using Visual Aids

1. Does my purpose meet the assignment? 2. Can I accomplish my purpose in the time allotted? 3. Is the purpose relevant to my audience? 4. Is the purpose too trivial for my audience? 5. Is the purpose too technical for my audience?

5 questions to ask about your specific purpose

1. Write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase, not as a fragment. 2. Express your purpose as a statement, not as a question. 3. Avoid figurative language in your purpose statement. 4. Limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea. 5. Make sure your specific purpose is not too vague or general.

5 tips for formulating your specific purpose

1. Age 2. Gender 3. Sexual orientation 4. Racial, ethnic, and cultural background 5. Religion 6. Group membership

6 Demographic Traits of Audiences

Central idea

A one sentence statement that includes your main point. Cannot be in the form of a question

Specific purpose

A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what the speaker hopes to accomplish in the speech

To inform

Act as a teacher or a lecturer

To persuade

Act as an advocate (for or against)

1. Should be expressed in a full sentence. 2. Should not be in the form of a question. 3. Should avoid figurative language. 4. SHould not be vague or overly general.

Guidelines for an effective central idea

1. Prepare visual aids in advance. 2. Keep visual aids simple. 3. Make sure visual aids are large enough. 4. Use a limited amount of text. 5. Use fonts effectively. 6. Use color effectively.

Guidelines for preparing visual aids

1. Do not call it a visual aid. 2. Do not show your visual aid after giving your speech. 3. Display visual aids where listeners can see them. 4. Avoid passing visual aids out to your audience. If you must do so, give them out when you have completed giving your speech. 5. Display visual aids only while discussing them. 6. Explain your visual aids. 7. Practice using your visual aids.

Guidelines for presenting visual aids

Audience-analysis questionnaire

How can you get information about an audience?

General purpose

The broad goal of the speech

Topic

The subject of a speech

Residual message

What a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech

1. Fixed-alternative 2. Scale 3. Open-ended

What are three kinds of questions used in questionnaires?

They are only concerned with their own values, beliefs, and well-being.

What does it mean to say that people are egocentric?

Size, physical setting, disposition toward the topic, disposition toward the speaker, disposition toward the occasion

What factors do you ned to consider in situational analysis?

The audience doesn't care about what you have to say.

What implications does the egocentrism of audiences hold for you as a public speaker?

The specific purpose of a speech is what you hope to accomplish. The central idea is a concise statement of what you expect to say.

What is the difference between the specific purpose and the central idea of a speech?

Each generation has more or less common values and experiences that set it apart from other generations.

Why is age important to audience analysis?

It indicates precisely what you hope to accomplish with your speech.

Why is determining the specific purpose such an important early step in speech preparation?

Men and women are not alike in all their values and beliefs.

Why is gender important to audience analysis?

The group affiliations of your audience may provide excellent clues about your listeners' interests and attitudes.

Why is group membership important to audience analysis?

Because each type of question has its advantages and disadvantages.

Why is it a good idea to use all three in audience analysis?

It helps keep the audience at the center of your attention as you prepare your speech.

Why is it important to include the audience in the specific purpose of your statement?

Support of diversity

Why is race important to audience analysis?

Religious view are among the most emotionally charged and passionately defended of all human concerns. You cannot assume that your view on religion are shared by your listeners.

Why is religion important to audience analysis?

When speaking about couples, one shouldn't leave out a group or be offensive in any way.

Why is sexual orientation important to audience analysis?

Because the primary purpose of speech making is to gain a desired response from the listeners.

Why must a public speaker be audience-centered?

attitude

a frame of mind in favor or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.

brainstorming

a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and idea

identification

a process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences

demographic audience analysis

audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background.

situational audience analysis

audience analysis that focuses on situational factors, such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion

stereotyping

creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike

audience-centerednes

keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation

open-ended questions

questions that allow respondents to answer however they want

scale questions

questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers

egocentrism

the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being