Sport Admin Comp Exam Sport governance and Operations question 1

Governance NCAA

A voluntary association of colleges & universities run by a president and staffed by over 300 employees. Main purpose is to · Govern competition in a fair, safe, equitable & sportsmanlike manner · Integrate college athletics into higher education · Prepare the student-athlete for a lifetime of leadership · Provide funding for all of these goals Members have voting privileges on setting policy and directing the future of college athletics. Members belong to either DI, DII, or DIII depending on its size, number of sports, financial base · DI-FBS Football Bowl Subdivision o Must meet minimum football attendance criteria · DI-FCS Football Championship Subdivision DI no football

Canadian Interuniversity Sport

Canadian Interuniversity Sport · Much smaller membership than NCAA or NAIA · Members are institutions that grant undergraduate degrees · Revenue comes from championship guarantees, sponsorship, government support, membership fees · Board of Directors - President, president elect & past president and other chairs. They manage all aspects of the associations business and governance Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association · 1974 to coordinate college sports in Canada. Canada colleges are similar to technical colleges in the US. · 95 members competing in 8 national championships · Revenues generated from championships, sponsorships, events & membership · Run by a Board of Directors-6 elected representatives and one person from each conference

History

First intercollegiate contest was rowing between Harvard & Yale in 1852. The first college football game was not until 1869. College athletics started as student run sport contests in the mid 1850's. In the late 1800's the increased interest & opportunities for revenue led to a more organized model run by university administration. In 1895 faculty representatives held a meeting in Chicago to develop rules for participation & eligibility. This was the first meeting of the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives which is now known at the Big Ten Conference. Other regions followed to form their own groups and adopted a lot of the same rules & regulations. During this time football was getting a lot of serious injuries & deaths so President Roosevelt stepped in. At the turn of the century more university administrators were very concerned about the serious injuries and deaths caused by football. What started out as members meeting to discuss concerns became 62 members founding the intercollegiate athletic association of the US (IAAUS) in 1906. Canada was also experiencing growth in athletics and a need to organize which they did and started the Canadian Interuniversity athletic association (CIAU). In 1910 the IAAUS became the NCAA and continued to focus on rule making. In 1921 the first national championship was held in T&F. Women did not start as a part of the NCAA until 1980 when 10 national championships were added. Money for the NCAA comes mainly from television rights & revenue from championships

Governance Structure

Governance structure exists at the league and front office level. The league office includes the office of the commissioner. NBA is run by the commissioner · Owners of teams can hire/fire the commissioner, but the commissioner has disciplinary power over the owners · Commissioner Powers include: o Approval of player contracts o Resolution of disputes between players/clubs, between clubs, players/clubs/league o Disciplinary matters involving owners, clubs, players, and other personnel o Rulemaking authority o NBA also has a clause in the bylaws for a commissioner acting in the best interest in the league · League Office o This level of governance deals with league-wide operations o Schedule games, hire officials, discipline players, market & license logo merchandise, negotiate broadcasting contracts o Front Office staff divided into two areas § Business Operations § Baseball Operations

Explain the history, development and current structure & governance of High School athletics

In the early 1900's high school associations began to form. In 1920 5 mid-western states got together to create a plan for the well-being of HS athletes in competitive situations. More states joined and in 1923 changed the name to National Federation of State HS Athletic Association. (NFHS). Mainly responsible for rules writing & publishing. In the 1970's after all states had joined, fine arts was added under the umbrella and athletics was taken out of the name. It was now called the National Federation of State High School Association. It now goes by NFHS & located in Indianapolis.

Explain the history, development and current structure & governance of High School athletics-Con't

NFHS includes members from US & Canada & governed by members. · Service organization to members, not a governing body · Doesn't only deal w/athletics deals w/a broad base of extracurricular activities · Provides working rules for 16 sports · Provides programs & services for states to use to work with the extracurricular programs. · Membership consists of state associations & is membership driven · Almost half of the funding to the NFHS comes from revenue from publications (rules, handbooks, speech & debate books) · Other half comes from dues, professional organizations, meetings & conferences & sponsors

Explain the history, development and current structure & governance of High School athletics-Con't (2)

Organizational Structure · Membership associations · National council-legislative body to enact amendments to the constitution & bylaws · Board of Directors-geographically represented to conduct business for the Association like approve budget, overseeing investments & management of funds · Executive Director-paid employee to run the association (marketing, communications, etc.) · Staff · Committees State HS Athletic Associations-This is where all the power and authority is · Each state has their own association · Responsible for implementing & enforcing regulations · Responsible for organizing state championships · Maintain the educational philosophy for HS athletics Membership is generally voluntary Funding · Varies by state and can come from o Membership dues, officials registration fees, sales of rule books, sponsorships, tickets sales from state championships, even lottery funds Structure · Executive Committee/BOD (Principles & AD's) · Paid Staff School Districts (School Board) · Work on the local level w/athletics & approve coaches & AD salary · Work w/athletics with limited responsibility · Decisions on facility funding Individual Schools · Each school has an athletic director who reports to the principle. They handle all athletics activities · hiring & supervising coaches, scheduling, coordinating all things related to the athletic contest (i.e. officials & game day staff) PR & publicity

Labor Issues

Players has had a history of not trusting management. In 2011-2012, the NBA season started on Christmas Day because players and owners are in constant battles over revenue sharing, salary caps, salaries, pensions, and benefits

Social Media, Funding, and Policies

Social Media · Most athletic departments use social media to engage fans, communication, & build the brand. Major form of communication for athletic departments to build a brand · Along with that is the fear of how an athlete will use their social media platform. Departments are now putting social media policies in place to control & limit their use. They are monitored by the athletic department, but there is a fine line between protecting the school brand and the concern for the athlete's personal freedom. Must find a balance in the policies. Funding · Funding or lack of funding has become a critical issue for athletics programs. · Some misconceptions about departments is that all athletics departments make money and no other sport would exist w/o football. These are not always true. · Rising costs of running a football program, or having to build facilities is a major issue for administrators as they try to keep up. · More emphasis on cutting expenses and private fundraising is what most departments are focusing on. Policy Development for all levels · Discussion of NIL, how will the NCAA address it, how conferences will & how will each university.

Drug Policies

The NBA Anti-Drug Program as in the NBPA Collective Bargaining agreement consists of the following: -definitions -administration -confidentiality -testing -reasonable cause testing or hearing -random drug testing -drug abuse programs -marijuana program -steroids -dismissal or disqualification -reinstatement

Player Associations (NBPA)

The National Basketball Players Association (NBPA) is the union for current professional basketball players in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Established in 1954, the NBPA mission is to ensure that the rights of NBA players are protected and that every conceivable measure is taken to assist players in maximizing their opportunities and achieving their goals, both on and off the court. Whether it is negotiating a collective bargaining agreement, prosecuting a grievance on a player's behalf or counseling a player on benefits and educational opportunities, the NBPA advocates on behalf of the best interest of all NBA players. Before the union's inception, NBA players did not receive the wide-ranging privileges and protections that exist today. There was no pension plan, no per diem, no minimum wage, no health benefits and the average player salary was $8,000. It was not until 1964, when the NBA All-Star team threatened not to play in the first televised All-Star Game, that the players gained their first victory. As a result of the resolve of the union's early leaders, including NBA Hall of Famers Bob Cousy, Tom Heinsohn and Oscar Robertson, the owners finally recognized the NBPA as the exclusive, certified labor union representation of all NBA players. Since then, there have been dramatic changes, and the NBPA continues to evolve and adapt to the ever-changing challenges facing NBA players. NBPA union members enjoy expansive benefits and are among the most recognizable athletes and entertainers in the world. The NBPA Executive Committee consists of nine players

History

The first profession league was established in 1924 as the "American Basketball League" it was disband in 1947, and another league emerged as the BAA. By 1949, the BAA absorbed the rest of the NBL teams and renamed itself as the NBA. NBA has 30 teams in 2 conferences which each has 5 divisions in each conference

Explain the history, development and current structure & governance of High School athletics-Con't (3)

Transfer Rules: Allowed to transfer for a family situation, but this rule was Put in place to keep things fair and from students transferring to another school because of a coach or level of competition. Framework to keep things balanced. Also keeps coaches from recruiting students from other schools. Academic Eligibility: Athletics is a privilege not a right. All associations have rules to govern academic eligibility. Main purpose for HS is to get an education & appropriate performance is required to compete. No Pass, No Play rule differ from state to state but basically says you are ineligible to play if you have not met the academic standards. Some people against this say that sometimes sports is the only reason kids are in school and if you take that away then they could drop out. Or the student will take an easier class load to stay eligible instead of challenging themselves. For these reasons, some states and districts are reassessing these guidelines. Policy Development at the national, conference & local level Gender Equity & Title IX continues to be looked at all levels. Progress has been made, but more work to do. · Schools still providing 1.3M fewer chances for girls to play sports · Less than two-thirds African American & Hispanic girls play sports. More than ¾ white · Sport managers at all levels need to continually be aware of any policy changes to stay compliant · Benefits are great for girls to compete, greater academic success, increased career opportunities, health (physical & mental) Will need to be prepared to respond is terms of corporate social responsibility. You do it because it's the right thing to do, not because you have to.

Governance Structure Con't

· Board of Governors or Owners Committee o This is where the power lies on the management side o Owners still have the ultimate say over commissioner in policy development o Committee made up of owners o Make decisions on franchise relocation, league expansion, playing facility issues, collective bargaining rules etc. o Represents management in collective bargaining w/players · Owners o Most owners are driven by revenue generation, spotlight & ego of owning a team, especially if they are successful o Most owners don't want to be involved in the day to day and leave it up to the front office · Individual Team Level § Day to day operations of the team § Day to day is by the owners and the front office staff

National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics

· Comprised of about 300 small schools with more emphasis on academics than athletics · Consists of active & associate members · Non-profit funded through membership, championship revenue & merchandise sales · Council of Presidents & CEO's of institutions · CEO of the Association · 3 councils o Council of Athletic Administrators o Council of FAR's o Council of affiliated conferences & independents

Individual Campus Athletics Management

· Day to day responsibility for the college athletics program · President-has evolved to be more involved in athletics with the higher profile it has become and the problems & scandals that are becoming more prominent · Athletic board is the checks & balances of the athletics department budget & operations · FAR is normally appointed by the President to ensure the academic guidelines in the athletic department and serves as a liaison with the president · AD - head of the department and oversees all aspects. Used to be more internally driven, but now AD's are called on more to fundraise, alumni relations & capital building. Provides & leads the vision and strategy for the department. · Coaches are the leader of their teams and have a lot of the same responsibilities as the AD except for their team only

Divisional Governance Structure

· Executive Committee is commissioned to ensure each division operates consistently with the overall principles, policies & values of the NCAA · Board of Directors - Presidents & CEO's of universities · Leadership Council & Legislative Council - Athletic Administration & FAR's · Cabinets - Provide direction on such topics as financial aid, amateurism & academic The biggest difference between DI & DII & III is DI voting comes from one representative from the conference and DII & III voting comes from one member of each institution.