Study Review 1,2,4,7

The increase in a normal adaptive response to the decreased availability of oxygen at high altitudes is referred to as

Acclimatization Response Feedback: Acclimatization is the normal adaptive response to the decreased availability of oxygen at a high altitude. Circadian rhythm and diurnal variation are terms that refer to factors that are similar depending on the time of day. Population refers to a group of people or may be referred to as a population mean when using statistics.

Which is not one of the recognized components of the general adaptation syndrome?

Allostasis Response Feedback: Allostasis is a dynamic process that supports and helps the body achieve homeostasis. Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion are the three recognized components of Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome.

Which type of cellular adaptation is most likely to occur as the result of chronic ischemia to a region?

Atrophy Ischemia is inadequate blood supply to a tissue. Chronic sublethal ischemia usually results in cell atrophy. Hypertrophy would result in an increase in cell size in response to increased physiological demand. Hyperplasia would result in an increased number of cells in response to increased physiological demand. Metaplasia is the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another better suited for the situation

Which gene has been identified as specifically contributing to some types of breast cancer?

BRCA1 BRCA1 gene defects have been linked to an increase of breast cancer in women. The Rb gene has been linked with retinoblastoma. P53 has been linked as a suppressor gene that is defective in more than half of human cancers. VHL has been linked to renal cancer.

Which is a true statement regarding metastasis?

Cells must first escape the basement membrane of tissue. Response Feedback: For tumor cells to gain access to the blood or lymphatic circulation, they must first escape the basement membrane of the tissue of origin, move through the extracellular space, and then penetrate the basement membrane of the vessel. Metatasis is thought to involve the loss of cell-to-cell adhesion. Proteases and collagenases digest basement membranes. The basement membrane of the vessel is penetrated only after the basement membrane of the organ has been breached.

Which cellular response is maladaptive?

Change in the shape or arrangement of cells Response Feedback: Dysplasia (abnormal variations in shape and arrangement of cells) represents an unsuccessful attempt of the cells to adapt. Cells shrink in response to a migration of fluid to balance fluid loss elsewhere in the body. Cells hypertrophy (increase in size) in response to increased physiologic or pathophysiologic demands. Cells that are capable of mitotic division generally increase their functional capacity by increasing the number of cells (hyperplasia) as well as by hypertrophy. Hyperplasia usually results from increased physiologic demands or hormonal stimulation. Persistent cell injury also may lead to hyperplasia.

A client develops weakness in both lower extremities following a prolonged period of bed rest. This condition is most likely caused by

Correct Answer: Atrophy Disuse atrophy develops after prolonged periods of inactivity as a result of shrinkage of skeletal muscle cells. Dysplasia results in the abnormal development or growth of tissues, organs, or cells. Hypertrophy is an increase in cell mass accompanied by an augmented functional capacity. Cells hypertrophy in response to increased physiologic or pathophysiologic demands. Hyperplasia increases the cell's functional capacity by increasing the number of cells. Hyperplasia usually results from increased physiologic demands or hormonal stimulation.

A critical event in the death of a cell is caused by

Disruption of the plasma membranes permeability barrier Response Feedback: Disruption of the plasma membrane barrier, seen in necrosis, results in cellular death. Hypertrophy results primarily from a net increase in cellular protein content Atrophy can result in the accumulation of lipofuscin. Atrophy occurs when cells shrink and reduce their differentiated functions in response to a variety of normal and injurious factors, such as nutrient starvation.

Which offers the best prognosis for the cure of cancer?

Early detection Response Feedback: Early detection of cancer while it remains localized is associated with the best prognosis for a cure. The majority of patients with solid tumors are treated surgically, which can be curative in some localized cancers. Ionizing radiation is used for two principal reasons: to kill tumor cells that are not resectable because they are located in a vital or inaccessible area, and to kill tumor cells that may have escaped the surgeon's knife and remain undetected in the local area. Chemotherapeutic agents are not selective for tumor cells, and a certain amount of normal cell death also occurs.

Which is a false statement?

Endorphins decrease with stress, resulting in an increase in pain perception. Response Feedback: Endorphins increase with stress and lessen pain. Epinephrine and cortisol do produce similar effects. Cortisol and epinephrine actually do have a combined effect that is greater than the sum of their individual effects. Antidiuretic hormone is important for blood volume regulation, since it regulates fluids in the blood.

Which term means cause of the disease ?

Etiology Response Feedback: Etiology is the cause or reason for a phenomenon. When the link between an etiologic factor and development of a disease is less than certain, but the probability is increased when the factor is present, it is termed a risk factor. The mechanism of disease development is called pathogenesis. The functional consequences of these changes are the clinical manifestations.

Cellular hypoxia results in

Failure of the sodium-potassium pump Response Feedback: Hypoxia is a loss of oxygen to the cell that causes ATP activity to cease. ATP provides the power required to drive the sodium-potassium pump. pH decreases in hypoxia (respiratory acidosis). Hypoxia is a loss of oxygen to the cell that causes ATP activity to cease. Deposits of calcium salts occur in conditions of altered calcium intake, excretion, or metabolism.

Which is a theory of aging? Select all that apply

Free radical Programmed senescence Response Feedback: The free radical theory states that aging may also be a result of accumulated metabolic cell damage over time. The programmed senescence theory holds that aging is the result of an intrinsic genetic program. Apoptosis, a type of cellular suicide, is a common event that regulates normal system function. Immunologic theory explains the role of the immune system in cellular injury. Nutritional injury is a common cause of dysfunction and disease, but there is no known relationship to aging.

Which organ shrinks with age?

Gums Response Feedback: The gums shrink with age. The heart enlarges with age. The prostate enlarges with age. Sweat glands become fewer in number with age

Which retrovirus is believed to cause cancer? (Select all that apply.)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Human T-lymphocyte virus type I Epstein-Barr virus Response Feedback: The HIV virus has been associated with Kaposi sarcoma. The human T-lymphocyte virus type I has been associated with T-cell leukemia-lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus has been associated with Burkitt lymphoma. Parvovirus results in fifth disease, a rash generally seen in children. Poxvirus is most commonly associated with diseases such as smallpox

A heart that has to pump harder in order to effectively circulate blood is likely to undergo which type of cellular adaptation?

Hypertrophy Response Feedback: Cells hypertrophy in response to increased physiologic or pathophysiologic demands. If the heart has to pump harder than normal to meet the body s demand for oxygen and nutrients, the cardiac cells will become larger, resulting in cardiac hypertrophy. Atrophy results in cell death that would render the cells non-functional. Metaplasia is the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another. Muscle contraction could possibly be lost rather than enhanced. Hyperplasia would result in an increased number of cells rather than an enhanced pumping capacity.

Which is a true statement regarding cortisol?

It produces stress response effects similar to those of epinephrine. Response Feedback: Cortisol does produce a stress response similar to that seen with epinephrine but with differs in length of duration. Cortisol's affect is longer acting than that of epinephrine. Cortisol's affects on the immune system has been documented. Epinephrine not cortisol is associated with the alarm stage.

Which statement is true regarding epinephrine?

It results in increased cardiac output. Response Feedback: Epinephrine increases heart rate, venous return, and cardiac output. Epinephrine produces some of the same effects as norepinephrine, but it has greater influence on cardiac action. Epinephrine increases glycogenolysis and the release of glucose from the liver. Epinephrine increases muscle strength, mental alertness, and vigilance.

Which condition explains the genetic basis for cancer development?

Loss of or defect in tumor suppressor genes Response Feedback: Tumor suppressor genes inhibit cancer proliferation pathways. Decreased immune function and exposure to ionizing radiation may be factors but not the basis of cancer development. Infection by oncogenic bacteria is not a factor, since bacterial infection is not relevant.

Which statement regarding tobacco use and lung cancer is true? (Select all that apply.)

Lung cancer accounts for 30% of all cancer deaths. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in men and women. The survival rate of patients with lung cancer is the lowest among all cancers. Tobacco use has been linked to cancer of the pancreas, bladder, and kidneys as well. Response Feedback: Lung cancer accounts for 30% of all cancer deaths and is the leading cause of cancer deaths in men and women. The survival rate of lung cancer is the lowest for all cancers, at 15%. Tobacco use has been linked with cancer of the pancreas, bladder, kidney, mouth, esophagus, and cervix. Cancer deaths attributable to lung cancer have been the only ones to increase since 1930.

Which is the oncogene that allows cells to grow indefinitely?

Myc Response Feedback: The myc oncogene allows cells to grow indefinitely in culture but alone cannot induce tumor formation. The ras oncogene allows anchorage independence. This means they can proliferate without cell matrix; however, it cannot form a tumor alone. When ras and myc are introduced together into normal cells, they become fully malignant. The Rb gene codes for a large protein in the cell nucleus (pRb) that has been labeled the "master brake". The Rb gene codes for a large protein in the cell nucleus (pRb) that has been labeled the "master brake."

A patient diagnosed with cancer presents with Cushing syndrome secondary to excessive adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion. This syndrome is described as

Paraneoplastic syndrome Response Feedback: Paraneoplastic syndromes are symptom complexes that cannot be explained by obvious tumor properties; they occur in 10% to 15% of patients with cancer. Many of these syndromes are associated with excessive hormone production. Ionizing is a form of cancer treatment (radiation). Hypercalcemia, an elevation of calcium ions, may occur as a result of this syndrome. Opportunistic infection is when the immune system is compromised and infections that are normally eliminated by the immune system cause infection.

The study of specific characteristics and functions of a living organism and its parts is called

Physiology Response Feedback: Physiology is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. Psychiatry is a branch of medicine dealing with mental illness. Homeostasis is a dynamic steady state. Pathophysiology refers to the disorder or breakdown of the human body's function.

Which is a characteristic of cancer cells?

Poor differentiation Response Feedback: Cancer cells lose their differentiated features and contribute poorly or not at all to the function of their tissue. Cancer cells divide in an unpredictable manner. Cellular cohesiveness is lacking among cancer cells. Cancer cells do not reproduce uniformly in either size or shape.

On which area does cortisol have an anabolic effect?

Protein Response Feedback: Cortisol has an anabolic effect on protein, leading to an increased rate of protein synthesis. Cortisol has a catabolic effect on lymphoid tissue Cortisol has a catabolic effect on muscle tissue. Cortisol has a catabolic effect on skin.

What stage is defined by "fight or flight"?

Response Feedback: Alarm is called "fight or flight" because it gives the body a boost of energy to either run or confront. To survive, the body must move beyond the alarm stage to a stage of resistance (also called adaptation) supportive of the allostatic return to a state of homeostasis. Exhaustion occurs when the body is no longer able to bring about a return to homeostasis following prolonged exposure to noxious agents. To survive, the body must move beyond the alarm stage to a stage of resistance (also called adaptation) supportive of the allostatic return to a state of homeostasis.

Which term is used to describe an objectively identifiable aberration of the disease?

Sign Response Feedback: A sign is an objectively identifiable aberration of the disease. A syndrome is a collection of different signs and symptoms that occur together. A symptom is a subjective feeling. The clinical manifestations of some diseases may change significantly over time, resulting in a completely different clinical presentation at different stages (periods in time).

In muscle hypertrophy, the hypertrophied cells increase in

Size Response Feedback: The cellular response to persistent, sublethal stress reflects the cell's efforts to adapt. A common adaptive response is hypertrophy resulting in an increase in cell size. Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number. An increase in calcium would be pathological and likely result in tetany. An increase in accumulations would be pathological and likely result in cell injury

An increase in which of these characteristics would be present in cells that demonstrate hypertrophy?

Size of cells Response Feedback: Hypertrophy is defined as an increase in cell mass (cellular enlargement). A lipofuscin is a yellow to brown, granular, iron-negative lipid pigment found particularly in muscle, heart, liver, and nerve cells; it is the product of cellular wear and tear, accumulating in lysosomes with age. A vacuole is a small cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell, bound by a single membrane and containing water (hydropic swelling), food, or metabolic waste. Cells that are capable of mitotic division generally increase their functional capacity by increasing the number of cells by hyperplasia

Which condition occurs in the presence of cellular damage?

Sodium and water move into the cell. Response Feedback: Cellular injury causes failure of the sodium-potassium pump, resulting in migration of sodium ions into the cell. The accumulation of intracellular sodium creates an osmotic gradient that pulls water into the cell, resulting in hydropic swelling. Cells actually swell, not shrink, as a result of cellular damage. Cellular damage results in the cell's inability to perform normal metabolic functions owing to insufficient cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Osmotic pressure increases to accommodate for swelling

Which term refers to a state of tension that can lead to disruption or threaten physical stability?

Stress Response Feedback: Stress is defined as a state of tension that can lead to disruption or threaten homeostasis. Adaptive changes occur when a body function changes to work within its environment. Exhaustion occurs when there is a negative sequela. Homeostasis is dynamic change.

Restoration of effective function is the goal of which level of prevention?

Tertiary Response Feedback: Tertiary prevention (appropriate in the stage of advanced disease or disability) includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective functioning. Primary prevention is prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals. Clinical is a stage referred to in early disease prevention (secondary). Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease.

Which statement regarding cancer deaths is true? (Select all that apply.)

The 5-year combined survival rate for cancer is 68%. Men have a 1 in 2 lifetime risk of developing cancer. Women have a 1 in 3 lifetime risk of developing cancer. Response Feedback: The 5-year combined survival rate for cancer is 68%. Men have a 1 in 2 chance of developing cancer. Women have a 1 in 3 chance of developing cancer. Most deaths occur in individuals older than 55 years. Cancer is the second leading cause of death.

Which statement is true regarding cancer? (Select all that apply.)

The greater the undifferentiated cell count, the more aggressive the cancer. Malignant tumors have the potential to kill the host. Response Feedback: The greater the degree of anaplasia, the more aggressive the malignant tumor. Malignant tumors, if left untreated, have the potential to kill. Benign tumors often grow slowly than malignant ones. Anaplasia is a lack of cell differentiation. Metastasis means the invasion of cancer to distant sites.

Which statement accurately describes the proliferation of cancer cells?

The number of developing cells exceeds the number of dying cells. Response Feedback: Malignant cells proliferate despite a lack of growth-initiating signals from the environment, resulting in a change in the ratio of developing cells to dying cells. The resting phase of the cell cycle is not prolonged. Cancer cells grow at more rapid rate than normal cells. The more anaplastic the tumor is, the faster the growth rate of cells.

Patients who have advanced cancer develop cachexia because of which of the following reasons? (Select all that apply.)

They have an increased basal metabolic rate. Nausea and vomiting are common complications. Cancer cells produce an enzyme that robs normal cells of nutrients. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and other immune cytokines are produced. Response Feedback: Despite the minimal nutrient intake, body metabolism remains high. Nausea and vomiting are common complications of cancer therapy and contribute to decreased nutrient intake. Anorexia, a feature of cachexia, may result from toxins released by the cancer cells. Production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and other immune cytokines is thought to be important in producing the hypermetabolic state. Some patients can benefit from nutritional supplementation by enteral or parenteral routes.

Which is true regarding catecholamines?

They include epinephrine and norepinephrine. Response Feedback: Catecholamines include epinephrine and norepinephrine. Norepinephrine is secreted from the sympathetic nerves, and epinephrine is secreted from the adrenal medulla. Epinephrine and norepinephrine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. Epinephrine and norepinephrine cause increased heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to skeletal muscles.

Which term is used to describe the deficiency in circulating platelets?

Thrombocytopenia Response Feedback: Thrombocytopenia is a deficiency in circulation platelets, which are important mediators of blood clotting. Anemia is a deficiency of circulating red blood cells. Leukopenia is a decrease in white blood cells. Leukocytosis is an increase in circulating white blood cells.

Necrosis is the result of cellular injury that does not allow for cellular adaptation because it is which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Too severe Too prolonged A result of a disrupted blood supply Response Feedback: Necrosis occurs when the injury is too severe and too prolonged to allow adaptation to the stressors. Necrosis is usually a consequence of disrupted blood supply. A short-term injury usually allows the cell to adapt and so avoid necrosis. Apoptosis controls the rate of cell division and the rate of cell death. If cells are no longer needed, they activate a cellular death pathway, resulting in cell suicide.

Which statement is true?

Women have a lower hemoglobin level than men. Response Feedback: Women generally have lower hemoglobin levels than men. Women have higher calcium levels than men. Women have higher creatinine levels than men. Men tend to snore more than women.