Systems Physiology - Exam 2
Put the following steps in order for smooth muscle excitation-contraction coupling 1. G-protein stimulates phospholipase C, which causes IP3 to release Ca2+ from SR 2. Calcium binds calmodulin 3. Myosin binds actin, forming a cross bridge 4. Postganglionic autonomic neurons send action potential and release norepinephrine 5. Myosin light chain kinase phosphorylates myosin heads and ATPase activity increases 6. Norepinephrine binds to alpha adrenergic receptors
4, 6, 1, 2, 5, 3
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system is best described as __________. A. A modified capillary bed that transports hormones directly from the hypothalamus to the pituitary B. Providing signals to multiple target organs C. An extensive network of neurons that provides long-loop negative feedback D. An extensive network of neurons that provides short-loop negative feedback E. A modified capillary bed that transports hormones directly from the hypothalamus to the pituitary and ultimately provides signals to multiple target organs
A modified capillary bed that transports hormones directly from the hypothalamus to the pituitary and ultimately provides signals to multiple target organs
Hormones act on their target cells by ________. Controlling the rates of enzymatic reactions Controlling the transport of ions or molecules across cell membranes Controlling gene expression and the synthesis of proteins A and C A, B, and C
A, B, and C
The targets of the autonomic nervous system include _________. Smooth and cardiac muscles Some endocrine and exocrine glands Skeletal muscle Some adipose tissue A, B, and D
A, B, and D
Meninges are _______. A. Connective tissue coverings around the central nervous system. B. Non-neuronal cells in the CNS that regulate synaptic signaling. C. Bacterial infection of the CNS
A. Connective tissue coverings around the central nervous system.
In skeletal muscle, the Ca 2+ for contraction comes from ______________. A. Sarcoplasmic reticulum B. Mitochondria, extracellular fluid, sarcoplasmic reticulum C. Extracellular fluid D. Mitochondria E. extracellular fluid and sarcoplasmic reticulum
A. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Endocrine pathologies can involve the following _________. A. Abnormal receptor transduction B. Loss of mechanoreceptors C. Inadequate positive feedback D. Premature hormone catabolism
Abnormal receptor transduction
Cortisol is a useful therapeutic drug because it ___________. Helps prevent rejection of transplanted organs Inhibits the inflammatory response Suppresses the immune system All of the above
All of the above
What kind of input/s control hormone secretion? Plasma concentration of an ion regulated by the hormone Neural input to endocrine cells Other hormones All of the above
All of the above
Which brain structure, besides the hippocampus, is responsible for the link between stress and memory? Hypothalamus Amygdala Cerebellum Medulla
Amygdala
21) A tumor on the pituitary gland that caused hypercortisolism could be seen on a blood test as ___ A. An increase in ACTH and an increase in cortisol B. An increase in ACTH and a decrease in cortisol C. A decrease in ACTH and an increase in cortisol D. A decrease in ACTH and a decrease in cortisol
An increase in ACTH and an increase in cortisol
9) The efferent nervous system is comprised of which of the following? A. Spinal cord and somatic pathways B. Sensory pathways and spinal cord C. Autonomic pathways and somatic pathways D. Sensory pathways and somatic pathways E. Autonomic pathways and spinal cord
Autonomic pathways and somatic pathways
Moving inward from the bony skull, you encounter: A. Dura mater, subdural space, pia mater, subarachnoid space, arachnoid membrane, brain B. Dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid membrane, subarachnoid space, pia mater, grey matter C. Subdural space, dura mater, pia mater, subarachnoid space, arachnoid membrane, braun D. Dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid membrane, subarachnoid space, pia mater, white matter E. Venous sinus, subdural space, dura mater, pia mater, subarachnoid space, arachnoid membrane, brain
B. Dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid membrane, subarachnoid space, pia mater, grey matter
The effectors in neural reflexes are the ________. A. afferent and efferent neurons B. muscles and glands C. sensory neurons and the interneurons D. sensory neurons and the muscles E. spinal cord and the brain
B. Muscles and glands
In skeletal muscle, the thick filament consists of _____________. A. Actin B. Myosin C. Tropomyosin D. Titin E. Troponin
B. Myosin
A person taking exogenous thyroid hormone in an illegal diet pill would have _____ TSH levels while taking the diet pill. A. greater-than-normal B. less-than-normal C. equal-to-normal
B. less-than-normal
Which of the following would be a receptor(s) found on parasympathetic target cells? A. alpha adrenergic B. muscarinic cholinergic C. nicotinic cholinergic D. beta adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic E. nicotinic cholinergic and muscarinic cholinergic
B. muscarinic cholinergic
The effectors in neural reflexes are the ________. A. afferent and efferent neurons B. muscles and glands C. sensory neurons and the interneurons D. sensory neurons and the muscles E. spinal cord and the brain
B. muscles and glands
If activated together, AMPA and NMDA receptors lead to ____. A. faster axon potential propagation B. strengthening synapses between two neurons C. increased glucose availability for the brain D. increased exocytosis E. have no effect on transmission across the synapse
B. strengthening synapses between two neurons
The autonomic nervous system ________ A. enables us to act on the external environment B. transmits motor information to the brain C. controls involuntary actions D. is located within the brain E. All of the options are correct
C. controls involuntary actions
A decrease in the number of voltage-gated Ca2+ ion channels in the presynaptic terminal would: A. alter receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. B. enhance transmission across the synapse. C. reduce or inhibit transmission across the synapse. D. increase exocytosis. E. have no effect on transmission across the synapse.
C. reduce or inhibit transmission across the synapse.
The brainstem is characterized as ______________. A. Control center for visceral functions and site of origin for cranial nerves B. Midbrain and Pons C. Tingling sensation in their fingertips D. Kidney Stones E. Digestion difficulties
Digestion difficulties
The nervous system: A. Interprets or assesses information B. Maintains homeostasis C. Monitors internal and external stimuli D. Transmits information in the form of action potentials. E. All of the above
E. All of the above
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? A. The CSF provides a protective padding for the brain. B. The CSF provides a route by which wastes can be removed from the CNS. C. The buoyancy of the CSF reduces the weight of the brain. D. None of these options E. All of these options
E. All of these options
The amygdala is involved in which brain function(s)? A. Coordinated movement B. Fear and emotion C. Regulation of the HPA axis D. Fear and emotion AND consciousness E. Fear and emotion AND regulation of the HPA axis
E. Fear and emotion AND regulation of the HPA axis
13) Pain is a perception that is processed in which part(s) of the nervous system? A. At the nociceptor only B. In the spinal cord only C. In the somatosentory cortex only D. In only 2 of the choices in A, B, C. E. In A., B, and C.
E. In A., B, and C.
Higher brain centers exert little influence on sensory signals. True or False
False
Graves' disease results in the body producing antibodies that act as TSH agonists. What will happen to TSH secretion in a patient with Graves' disease? A. It will decrease due to negative feedback B. It will decrease due to hypothalamus stimulation C. No change
It will decrease due to negative feedback
7) The hippocampus is involved in which brain function(s)? A. Temperature regulation B. Learning new procedures C. Higher level processing D. Coordinated movement E. Fear and emotion
Learning new procedures
The long-term stress response includes all of the following EXCEPT Elevated cortisol levels Low blood pressure Damaged neurons of the hippocampus Suppression of the immune system
Low blood pressure
Which of the following regions of the brain stem controls involuntary functions, such as blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting? Reticular formation Pons Midbrain Medulla oblongata
Medulla oblongata
What is the normal effect of the prefrontal cortex on amygdala activity? Prefrontal cortex suppresses amygdala activity Prefrontal cortex increases amygdala activity
Prefrontal cortex suppresses amygdala activity
24) When comparing nervous and endocrine systems, which of the following is true? A. Both the nervous and endocrine systems have synapses B. The nervous system is typically slower than the endocrine system C. The nervous system and the endocrine system both have an afferent pathway. D. The nervous system codes intensity by action potential frequency and the endocrine system codes intensity by hormone concentration. E. The nervous system response typically last longer than the endocrine system response.
The nervous system codes intensity by action potential frequency and the endocrine system codes intensity by hormone concentration.
If a particular cell in the body does not have a receptor for a specific hormone, ____________. This hormone will have no effect on this cell This hormone is no longer present in the body This hormone will bind directly to the DNA in this cell None of the cells in the body have receptors for this hormone
This hormone will have no effect on this cell
Stimulus intensity is directly correlated with the amount of hormone secreted. False True
True
The "stress hormones" of the adrenal cortex are all derived from cholesterol. True or False
True
True or False: The corticospinal tract initiates in the sensorimotor cortex and projects directly to the contralateral spinal cord. False True
True
Hyperthyroidism results in _________. A. All items on this list B. Rapid heartbeat and increased force of cotnraction C. Two items on this list D. Hyper-excitable reflexes, irritability, and insomnia E. Decreased protein catabolism
Two items on this list
The neurotransmitter in the synapse between the pre- and postganglionic autonomic neurons is ______________. norepinephrine acetylcholine dopamine GABA
acetylcholine
17) The somatic motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle contractile fibers are called ________. A. alpha motor neurons B. gamma motor neurons C. intrafusal fibers D. extrafusal fibers
alpha motor neurons
Neurotransmitters are releases into the synapse from the _____ A. glial cells. B. axon hillock. C. axon terminal. D. node of Ranvier. E. dendrites.
axon terminal
18) The signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease are associated with loss of neurons in the ___________. A. midbrain B. medulla oblongata C. corticospinal tract D. hypothalamus E. basal nuclei
basal nuclei
Which part of the brain forms rapid associations for memories? thalamus medulla hippocampus amygdala
hippocampus
22) The hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system ______. A. is an extensive network of neurons that provides short-loop negative feedback B. is an extensive network of neurons that provides long-loop negative feedback C. is a modified capillary bed that transports hormones directly from the hypothalamus to the pituitary D. is a modified capillary bed that transports hormones directly from the pituitary to the hypothalamus
is a modified capillary bed that transports hormones directly from the hypothalamus to the pituitary
The receptor found on most parasympathetic target cells is ______________. nicotinic cholinergic muscarinic cholinergic alpha adrenergic beta adrenergic
muscarinic cholinergic
23) Insulin is a hormone that is stored in vesicles and released to the blood, binding to tyrosine kinase receptors at its target. Insulin is most likely a _____. A. peptide hormone B. steroid hormone C. amine hormone D. neurotransmitter E. There is not enough information to answer the question.
peptide hormone
The targets of the autonomic nervous system include _________. smooth muscle and cardiac muscle some endocrine glands skeletal muscle smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and some endocrine glands smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and some endocrine glands
The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for intense levels of activity and stress is the ______________. sympathetic division parasympathetic division craniosacral division somatomotor division
sympathetic division
11) The minimum stimulus required to activate a sensory receptor is its _______. A. adequate stimulus B. receptor potential C. perceptual threshold D. threshold E. modality
threshold
The same neurotransmitter may produce different effects on neurons because of differences in the _____ strength of the action potential. type of receptors on the postsynaptic membranes of neurons. potassium channels. size of the neurons.
type of receptors on the postsynaptic membranes of neurons
An important structure in both learning and memory is the ______. A. Hippocampus B. Pons C. Medulla D. Epithelium
A. Hippocampus
If a neuron's axon exits the dorsal root and ascends in the dorsal column of the spinal cord, that neuron ____________. A. Is a first-order neuron and likely contributes to proprioception B. is a second order neuron C. Signals pain D. Likely contributes to thermoception E. Releases GABA
A. Is a first-order neuron and likely contributes to proprioception
8. Which of the following is true of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? A. Provides buoyancy to the brain, produced by specialized cells lining the ventricles B. Provides buoyancy to the brain, produced by specialized cells lining the ventricles, provides a route for brain glucose homeostasis C. Provides a route for brain glucose homeostasis D. Produced by specialized cells lining the ventricles E. Provides buoyancy to the brain
A. Provides buoyancy to the brain, produced by specialized cells lining the ventricles
Neurons that send signals from the periphery to the CNS are called ___________. A. afferent neurons B. efferent neurons C. sensory neurons D. interneurons E. All of the options are correct
A. afferent neurons
Which of the following would be a receptor found on sympathetic target cells? A. alpha adrenergic B. muscarinic cholinergic C. nicotinic cholinergic D. A and C E. B and C
A. alpha adrenergic
What is one function of cerebrospinal fluid? A. cushion the brain during physical impact B. keep potentially harmful substances in the blood away from the brain C. keep glucose levels high within the brain D. keep the levels of brain neurohormones high within the brain E. keep oxygen levels high within the brain
A. cushion the brain during physical impact
A person with secondary hypocortisolism would have ____________. A. decreased cortisol and ACTH B. elevated cortisol and ACTH C. decreased cortisol and elevated ACTH D. elevated cortisol and decreased ACTH E. elevated cortisol and normal ACTH
A. decreased cortisol and ACTH
Mechanosensation afferents travel to the cortex along which pathway? A.Sensory receptor to ipsilateral (same side as entry) dorsal spinal cord to medulla, medulla to thalamus, thalamus to cortex. B.Sensory receptor to contralateral (opposite side as entry) dorsal spinal cord (opposite side as entry), spinal cord to thalamus, thalamus to cortex. C. Sensory receptor to ipsilateral (same side as entry) medulla, medulla to thalamus, thalamus to cortex. D.Sensory receptor to contralateral (opposite side as entry) medulla, medulla to thalamus, thalamus to cortex.
A.Sensory receptor to ipsilateral (same side as entry) dorsal spinal cord to medulla, medulla to thalamus, thalamus to cortex.
A main brain area for integrating and learning due to emotional experiences is the ______. A. Pons B. Amygdala C. Hypothalamus D. Cerebellum
B. Amygdala
Damage to which of the following brain structures is most likely to result in difficulty in being able to remember meeting new people? A. thalamus B. hippocampus C. hypothalamus D. corpus callosum E. pituitary gland
B. Hippocampus
The perception of a sensory stimulus occurs through ______________. A. The duration of receptor potentials B. Multiple stages of the brain C. Glutamate receptor activation D. Action potentials in cranial nerves E. None of the above
B. Multiple stages of the brain
Which region of the cerebrum receives and interprets somatic information from receptors for touch, pain, and proprioception? A. Thalamus B. Primary somatosensory cortex C. Primary motor cortex D. Secondary sensory cortex
B. Primary somatosensory cortex
Which region of the cortex receives somatic information from receptors for touch, pain, and proprioception? A. Cortical association area B. Primary somatosensory cortex C. Primary motor cortex D. Secondary sensory cortex
B. Primary somatosensory cortex
Mechanosensation afferents travel to the cortex along which pathway? A. Sensory receptor to ventral spinal cord to medulla, medulla to thalamus, thalamus to cortex. B. Sensory receptor to ipsilateral (same side as entry) dorsal spinal cord to medulla, medulla to thalamus, thalamus to cortex. C. Sensory receptor to contralateral (opposite side as entry) dorsal spinal cord, spinal cord to thalamus, thalamus to cortex. D. Sensory receptor to ipsilateral (same side as entry) medulla, medulla to thalamus, thalamus to cortex. E. Sensory receptor to contralateral (opposite side as entry) medulla, medulla to thalamus, thalamus to cortex.
B. Sensory receptor to ipsilateral (same side as entry) dorsal spinal cord to medulla, medulla to thalamus, thalamus to cortex.
Which of the following is TRUE about declarative memory A. Declarative memories are never forgotten B. Short term declarative memory depends on the hippocampus C. Declarative memories include motor skills D. Recall does not require conscious attention E. All of the options are TRUE
B. Short term declarative memory depends on the hippocampus
When comparing nervous and endocrine systems, which of the following is TRUE? A. Both the nervous and endocrine systems have synapses B. The nervous system codes intensity by action potential frequency and the endocrine system codes intensity by amplitude (i.e., hormone concentration). C. The nervous system is typically slower than the endocrine system D. The nervous system and the endocrine system both have an afferent pathway. E. The nervous system response typically last longer than the endocrine system response.
B. The nervous system codes intensity by action potential frequency and the endocrine system codes intensity by amplitude (i.e., hormone concentration).
You are running through the park and stubs your right toe on a stump. You automatically lift your right leg due to the flexion withdrawal reflex but do not fall due to the____. A. muscle spindle stretch reflex in her left leg B. crossed-extensor reflex that activates muscles in the left leg C. activation of the parasympathetic system D. Golgi tendon reflex in her left quadriceps muscle
B. crossed-extensor reflex that activates muscles in the left leg
The purpose of the blood-brain barrier is to ____. A. cushion the brain during physical impact B. keep potentially harmful substances in the blood away from the brain C. keep glucose levels high within the brain D. keep the levels of brain neurohormones high within the brain E. keep oxygen levels high within the brain
B. keep potentially harmful substances in the blood away from the brain
The muscle spindle monitors muscle _________ while the Golgi tendon organ monitors muscle ___________. A.length, diameter B. length, tension C.tension, length D. diameter, tension
B. length, tension
Which of the following statements about acetylcholine is CORRECT? A. Acetylcholine binds to adrenergic receptors. B. Acetylcholine is generally transported back into presynaptic nerve terminals without being enzymatically degraded. C. Acetylcholine binds to nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. D. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released by most sympathetic postganglionic neurons. E. Acetylcholine synthesis is catalyzed by acetylcholinesterase
C. Acetylcholine binds to nicotinic and muscarinic receptors.
Which of the following is TRUE about acute stress: A. Acute stress increases homeostasis B. Acute stress results in loss of synapses and dendrite retraction in prefrontal cortex C. Acute stress leads to release of norepinephrine D. Acute stress suppresses glucogenesis E. Acute stress occurs over months
C. Acute stress leads to release of norepinephrine
The cerebellum is a structure that primarily ______________. A. Terminates movement B. Initiates movement C. Computes error between intended versus actual movements D. Inhibits reflexes
C. Computes error between intended versus actual movements
The hypothalamus is involved in which brain function? A. Coordinated movement B. Fear and emotion C. Endocrine regulation of homeostasis D. Learning new procedures E. Processing somatic sensory information
C. Endocrine regulation of homeostasis
If a person had a partial spinal cord injury on the left side of the spinal cord at thoracic level 8 (T8) what would be the most likely sensory test outcomes? A. Reduced sensation to pin prick on the right leg AND normal sensation to vibration on the left leg B. Reduced sensation to pin prick on the left leg C. Reduced sensation to pin prick on the right leg D. Reduced sensation to pin prick on the left leg AND normal sensation to vibration on the left leg
C. Reduced sensation to pin prick on the right leg
If a person had a partial spinal cord injury on the right side of the spinal cord at thoracic level 8 (T8) what would be the most likely sensory test outcomes? A. Reduced sensation to pin prick on the left leg AND normal sensation to vibration on the right leg B. Reduced sensation to pin prick on the right leg C. Reduced sensation to pin prink on the left leg D. Reduced sensation to pin prick on the right leg AND normal sensation to vibration on the right leg
C. Reduced sensation to pin prink on the left leg
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a disease that is associated with destruction of the acetylcholine receptors. A person with MG would exhibit which of the following? A. Degeneration of alpha motor neurons. B. Degeneration of the primary motor cortex. C. Skeletal muscle weakness. D. Degeneration in the anterior (ventral) horn of the spinal cord
C. Skeletal muscle weakness.
Cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system are located in A. the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. B. the spinal nerve. C. ganglia. D. the ventral horn of the spinal cord. E. None of the above.
C. The Ganglia
16) Because organophosphate insecticides are anticholinesterases, the symptoms of poisoning by these compounds are consistent with _________. A. the blocked production of ACh by the preganglionic neurons B. the inactivated ACh receptors of the postganglionic neurons C. the continued stimulation of the postganglionic neurons by ACh in the synapses
C. the continued stimulation of the postganglionic neurons by ACh in the synapses
The same neurotransmitter may produce different effects on neurons because of differences in the A. amount of neurotransmitter released. B. number of receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. C. type of receptors on the postsynaptic membranes of neurons. D. All of the options are correct
C. type of receptors on the postsynaptic membranes of neurons.
Which of the following would be an example of a biogenic stressor? Select all that apply. A negative social interaction Caffeine Extreme heat Upcoming exam
Caffeine and extreme heat
Hypercortisolism is also known as ______. A. acromegaly B.Exphtalmos C. Addison's disease D. Cretinism E. Cushing's disease
Cushing's disease
Which pair of brain structures is most involved in learning to control fear? A. Amygdala and auditory cortex B. Cochlea and Auditory Cortex C. Prefrontal cortex and thalamus D. Amygdala and Hippocampus E. Hippocampus and Fornix
D. Amygdala and Hippocampus
The cerebellum is involved in which brain function(s)? A. Processing somatic sensory information B. Fear and emotion C. Learning new procedures D. Coordinated movement E. Endocrine regulation of homeostasis
D. Coordinated movement
Neurons that lie entirely within the CNS are called ___________. A. afferent neurons B. efferent neurons C. sensory neurons D. interneurons E. somatic motor neurons
D. Interneurons
An example of a procedural memory is: A. The smell of your favorite meal. B. What you did for Halloween last year. C. Your 10th birthday. D. Playing piano.
D. Playing piano.
Which of the following statements concerning the occipital lobe is true? A. The occipital lobe is the primary premotor cortex. B. The occipital lobe is the primary gustatory cortex. C. The occipital lobe is the primary motor cortex. D. The occipital lobe is the primary visual cortex. E. The occipital lobe is the primary auditory cortex.
D. The occipital lobe is the primary visual cortex.
When does structural plasticity happen in the brain? A. Only in adulthood. B. Only in development. C. Never. D. Throughout life.
D. Throughout life.
A drug that interferes with the active transport of calcium ions from the sarcoplasm back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum would result in an imbalance of blood calcium. A. relaxation of the muscle fiber. B. fibrosis of the muscle. C. muscle hypertrophy. D. contraction with no relaxation.
D. contraction with no relaxation.
A person with a tumor that results in primary hypercortisolism would have ____________. A. decreased cortisol and ACTH B. elevated cortisol and ACTH C. decreased cortisol and elevated ACTH D. elevated cortisol and decreased ACTH E. elevated cortisol and normal ACTH
D. elevated cortisol and decreased ACTH
14) Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter for____ A. preganglionic sympathetic neurons. B. motor neurons. C. postganglionic sympathetic neurons. D. preganglionic sympathetic neurons AND motor neurons. E. preganglionic sympathetic neurons AND postganglionic sympathetic neurons.
D. preganglionic sympathetic neurons AND motor neurons.
The portion of the peripheral nervous system that is composed of nerve fibers that innervate skeletal muscle is called the ____: A. afferent nervous system. B. autonomic nervous system. C. parasympathetic nervous system. D. somatic motor nervous system. E. sympathetic nervous system.
D. somatic motor nervous system.
20) The removal of calcium ions from the cytosol of skeletal muscle causes_____. A. the myosin binding sites on actin to be uncovered by tropomyosin. B. tropomyosin to change conformation and thereby move troponin molecules over cross-bridge binding sites. C. troponin to change conformation and thereby expose cross-bridge binding sites. D. the myosin binding sites on actin to be covered by tropomyosin. E. None of the choices are correct.
D. the myosin binding sites on actin to be covered by tropomyosin.
Cell bodies of the somatic nervous system are located in _________ A. the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. B. the spinal nerve. C. ganglia. D. the ventral horn of the spinal cord. E. None of the options.
D. the ventral horn of the spinal cord.
Which of the following does NOT occur when epinephrine is released into the bloodstream? Increased blood pressure Increased blood glucose Increased heart rate Decreased ventilation rate
Decreased ventilation rate
Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Visceral reflexes are controlled by autonomic neurons. B. Spinal reflexes are integrated in the spinal cord. C. Reflex movements are integrated primarily in the spinal cord. D. Cranial reflexes are integrated in the brain. E. All of these statements are true.
E. All of these statements are true.
If a person's vagus nerve was severed in an accident, that person is likely to experience ______. A. An increase in body hair B. Infertility C. Tingling sensation in fingertips D. Kidney stones E. Digestion difficulties
E. Digestion difficulties
A drug that interferes with the active transport of calcium ions from the sarcoplasm back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum would result in A. an imbalance of blood calcium. B. relaxation of the muscle fiber. C. fibrosis of the muscle. D. muscle hypertrophy. E. contraction with no relaxation.
E. contraction with no relaxation
In smooth muscle, the Ca 2+ for contraction comes from ______________. A. Sarcoplasmic reticulum B. Mitochondria, extracellular fluid, sarcoplasmic reticulum C. Extracellular fluid D. Mitochondria E. extracellular fluid and sarcoplasmic reticulum
E. extracellular fluid and sarcoplasmic reticulum
The same neurotransmitter may produce different effects on neurons because of differences in the: A. amount of neurotransmitter. B. potassium channels. C. size of the neurons. D. strength of the action potential. E. type of receptors on the postsynaptic membranes of neurons.
E. type of receptors on the postsynaptic membranes of neurons
The "stress hormones" of the adrenal cortex, such as cortisol, are useful in fight-or-flight situations, such as being chased by a bear. True False
False
The onset of action for an endocrine reflex is much faster than a neural response. True False
False
Which of the following is NOT neurological effect of chronic stress? Increased neurogenesis Retraction of dendrites Overly reactive microglia Loss of synapses
Increased neurogenesis
The parasympathetic nervous system is anatomically characterized by ________________. No synapses between the central nervous system and the innervated organ Long preganglionic and short postganglionic nerve fibers Short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers
Long preganglionic and short postganglionic nerve fibers
The basal ganglia is primarily responsible for ______. Melatonin secretion. Movement. Hormone secretion. Homeostasis. Perception.
Movement.
Groups of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS are ______. Tracts. Nerves. Axons. Nuclei.
Nuclei
The corticospinal tract_______ A. Projects to contralateral spinal cord B. Arises from parietal cortex C. Generates postural reflexes D. None of the above
Projects to contralateral spinal cord
Which of the following is TRUE for both somatic and visceral sensory function? Projects to the somatosensory cortex. Senses cardiac muscle contraction. Provides feedback that modulates motor output. Always enters the CNS through the brain stem.
Provides feedback that modulates motor output.
Activation of a Golgi tendon organ causes ___________. A. Reflex contraction of the muscle B. Reflex inhibition of the muscle C. Reciprocal inhibition D. Reflex inhibition of antagonistic muscles
Reflex inhibition of the muscle
2) Astrocytes perform all of the following functions except _____ A. Helping form the blood brain barrier. B. Taking up excess neurotransmitter. C. Metabolic support of neurons. D. Relaying sensory signals to the brain. E. Physically supporting neurons.
Relaying sensory signals to the brain
Lateral inhibition would result in which of the following?? A. Smaller sensory receptive field B. Finer two-point discrimination C. Poorer two-point discrimination D. Smaller sensory receptive field and finer two-point discrimination E. Adaptation
Smaller sensory receptive field and finer two-point discrimination
Which one is NOT a lobe of the brain? Frontal lobe. Temporal lobe. Spinal lobe. Parietal lobe
Spinal lobe.
Which class of hormones is lipid-soluble? Biogenic amines Steroids Proteins Polysaccharide
Steroids
The division of the autonomic nervous system that that prepares the body for intense levels of activity and stress is the ___________. Craniosacral division Parasympathetic division Somatomotor division Sympathetic division
Sympathetic division
Which of the following is a CORRECT example of short-loop negative feedback? TSH inhibits the release of TRH TRH inhibits the release of TSH. TRH stimulates the release of thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones inhibit the release of TRH. Thyroid hormones inhibit the release of TSH.
TSH inhibits the release of TRH
What is the function of alpha-gamma coactivation? A. To activate antagonistic muscles B. To stretch the tendon C. To cause reflex inhibition of the muscle D. To maintain spindle function when the muscle contracts
To maintain spindle function when the muscle contracts
10) Lateral inhibition in the somatic sensory system serves to ___ A. enhance the precision of locating a stimulus by increasing the contrast between wanted and unwanted information. B. reduce the intensity of nerve signals sent to the somatosensory cortex so that the sensation will not be too strong. C. alter pain sensation by simultaneously activating other sensory systems. D. Both A and B are correct. E. Both B and C are correct.
enhance the precision of locating a stimulus by increasing the contrast between wanted and unwanted information.
The adrenal medulla may be considered a modified sympathetic ganglion, but the post-synaptic cells of the adrenal medulla _____________. primarily release norepinephrine, rather than epinephrine have an extra synapse with adrenal interneurons have unusually long axons primarily release epinephrine, rather than norepinephrine
primarily release epinephrine, rather than norepinephrine
Which of the following is NOT a function of the limbic system? emotion learning voluntary movement fear response
voluntary movement
