test 1 a and p 2

Which is the correct order of events for homrones activating Gs proteins? "activation of a G protein, tyrosine kinase receptor, phosphorylation of intracellular proteins" "activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylyl cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP" "activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of phospholipase C, activation of DAG and IP3"

"activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylyl cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP"

What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones? "activation of genes, which increase protein synthesis in the cell" Phosphorylation of intracellular proteins increasing protein kinases

"activation of genes, which increase protein synthesis in the cell"

"After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?" phosphorylates a protein directly alters protein synthesis at the ribosome Activates a protein kinase "acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene."

"acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene."

Lipid-soluble hormones readily diffuse through capillary walls; whereas water-soluble hormones must Question 4 options: be secreted through capillary cells pass through pores in the capillary endothelium "be secreted through exoctyosis, and active transport mechanism" remain in the blood be broken down to amino acids before leaving the blood.

"be secreted through exoctyosis, and active transport mechanism"

How does aging affect the endocrine system? Secretory activity of endocrine glands decreases. Normal levels of hormones, particularly growth hormone and sex hormones, often decrease. Aging reduces the efficiency of endocrine system functions. Endocrine system imbalances can lead to weight gain or muscle loss. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

During thyroid surgery, a surgeon mistakenly removes the parathyroid glands from his patient. Which of the following is a likely outcome in the patient? Question 10 options: Blood calcium levels will drop. His kidneys will decrease the loss of calcium in the urine. He will lose bone mass due to excessive bone erosion. His blood sugar will increase.

Blood calcium levels will drop.

Which is not a cell type found in the pancreatic islets? Alpha cell Delta cell Beta cell F cell C cell

C cell

What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor? Receptors can't enter the nucleus until the hormone is bound to it Transcription factors Chaperone proteins (chaperonins)

Chaperone proteins (chaperonins)

The disease called ___________ is caused by excessive secretion of glucocorticoids, and is characterized by redistribution of body fat to produce characteristic features such as "moon face." Cushing syndrome Addison disease androgenital syndrome pheochromocytoma Graves disease

Cushing syndrome

Like PTH, calcitonin increases blood calcium levels. True False

False

Parathyroid hormone functions to raise blood calcium levels. True False

False

The thymus gland secretes erythropoietin in response to low blood oxygen. Question 9 options:TrueFalse

False

Which of the following is NOT a type of hormone interaction? Permissiveness Synergism Antagonism Feedback

Feedback

"Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because _____________________ " Question 2 options: Peptide hormones are converted by cell membrane enzymes into second messengers hormones alter cellular operations through direct stimulation of a gene G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers. the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit.

G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers.

"Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor?" Question 5 options: tyrocine kinase receptors intracellular receptors G proteins

G proteins

You are "shadowing" an endocrinologist who is examining a patient complaining of weakness, weight loss, and heat intolerance. The doctor points out the patient's obvious exophthalmos and asks for your diagnosis. What would you speculate is the patient's problem? Question 6 options:Hyposecretion of parathyroid hormoneHypersecretion of parathyroid hormoneHyposecretion of thyroid hormoneHypersecretion of thyroid hormoneHyposecretion of calcitonin

Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone

What BEST describes the process of up-regulation? Question 3 options: Decrease the number of surface receptors Decrease the amount of hormone Increase the number of surface receptors Decreased desensitization from prolonged exposure to increased hormone. All of the above

Increase the number of surface receptors

Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels? Pancreatic polypeptide Somatostatin Glucagon Insulin Somatotropin

Insulin

Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels? Question 6 options:Pancreatic polypeptideSomatostatinGlucagonInsulinSomatotropin

Insulin

Which hormone is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas? Question 8 options:InsulinGlucagonSomatostatinPancreatic polypeptidePancreatic lipasehow

Insulin

What happens to the protein calmodulin when hormones bind to it? Question 5 options: it is destroyed It releases ATP It produces a hormone It activates enzymes

It activates enzymes

Which is not correct regarding the pancreas? Question 7 options:It is located posterior to the stomach, between the small intestine and the spleen.It has both endocrine and exocrine functions.It is elongated in shape, spongy, and nodular.The majority of cells in the pancreas are acinar cells.It does not begin to secrete its hormones until puberty

It does not begin to secrete its hormones until puberty.

Which is not true about the thyroid gland? It requires iodine to synthesize thyroid hormone. It is located on the anterior surface of the trachea, inferior to the thyroid cartilage. It has two lobes connected by a central portion called the commissure. It secretes thyroid hormone in response to stimulation by TSH. An enlargement of the thyroid gland is called a goiter.h

It has two lobes connected by a central portion called the commissure.

Which of the following is true of epinephrine? It is a tyrosine amine hormone It is a tryptophan amine hormone It is a proline amine hormone It is a serine amine hormone

It is a tyrosine amine hormone

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland? Melatonin Insulin Melanin Cortisol Oxytocin

Melatonin

Which of the following is false? The pineal gland forms part of the epithalamus. The pineal gland is found within the diencephalon of the brain. The pineal gland secretes melatonin in a cyclical fashion. Melatonin makes us feel alert and awake.

Melatonin makes us feel alert and awake.

Which hormone group is not secreted by the adrenal cortex? Question 15 options:CorticosteroidsGlucocorticoidsMineralocorticoidsGonadocorticoidsNo exceptions; all choices are secreted by the adrenal cortex

No exceptions; all choices are secreted by the adrenal cortex

Which of the following general chemical categories is NOT represented by a group of hormones? Modified amino acids Polypeptides and proteins Nucleic acids Steroids

Nucleic acids

Which of the following does NOT influence the response of the target cell? Question 3 options: Number of recepors for the hormones Concentration of hormone in the blood Rate of blood flow Affinity for binding between hormone and receptor.

Rate of blood flow

What is the function of the mineralocorticoids secreted by the adrenal gland? Regulate glucose levels in the blood Act as secondary sex hormones Stimulate metabolism of lipids Regulate electrolyte concentration in body fluids Stimulate metabolism of proteins

Regulate electrolyte concentration in body fluids

Which of the following occurs in situations where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified? Question 1 options: Summation Permissiveness Synergism Antagonism

Synergism

Peptide hormones must bind to a plasma membrane hormone receptor because: They are lipophilic They are non-polar They are hydrophobic They are polar They are too small

They are polar

Most peptide hormones are easily transported in the blood plasma because: Question 3 options: They all have transport proteins they are very small They are water-soluble They are made of lipids

They are water-soluble

"Both ""turn on"" factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and ""turn off"" factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system." Question 2 options:1) True2) False

True

Increasing levels of cortisol inhibit the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). True False

True

Neurotransmitters are a special class of paracrines Question 1 options:1) True2) False

True

The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions.True False

True

When follicular cells of the thyroid are stimulated to secrete thyroid hormone (TH), they take up TH precursors from the inside of the follicle, transport and enzymatically modify them within a lysosome, and release TH to the blood. True False

True

The metabolic condition called ___________ results from the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas due to an autoimmune response. Type 2 diabetes gestational diabetes beta cell diabetes insulin-independent diabetes mellitus Type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes

"In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of a target cell will specifiy the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as _____________________." Question 5 options: Sensitivity increase Cellular affinity Up-regulation Down-regulation A stressor reaction

Up-regulation

Which of the following does not have an endocrine function? Question 11 options: Urinary bladder Adipose tissue Liver Small intestine

Urinary bladder

Which region of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids? Question 6 options:Zona reticularisZona glucosaZona papillarosaZona fasciculataZona glomerulosa

Zona fasciculata

Glucagon works by binding to hormone response elements on DNA and stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. binding to hormone response elements on DNA and stimulating glycogenesis. activating second messengers and stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. activating second messengers and stimulating glycogenesis.

activating second messengers and stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

The release of hormones from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by thyroid hormone. adrenocorticotropic hormone. oxytocin. antidiuretic hormone. luteinizing hormone.

adrenocorticotropic hormone.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by the hypothalamus, and it targets cells of the posterior pituitary gland. hypothalamus, and it targets cells of the anterior pituitary gland. anterior pituitary, and it targets follicular cells of the thyroid gland. posterior pituitary, and it targets parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland. thyroid gland, and it targets cells of the parathyroid gland.

anterior pituitary, and it targets follicular cells of the thyroid gland.

The most common second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by: synthesizing more than one hormone at a time increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

Thyroid hormone is somewhat unique in that it is a biogenic amine that is lipid-soluble. protein hormone that is water-soluble. steroid hormone that is water-soluble. steroid hormone that is lipid-soluble. monoamine that is water-soluble.

biogenic amine that is lipid-soluble.

Aldosterone release can be triggered by the presence of the blood-borne messenger angiotensin II or by low levels of sodium, and so its secretion regulation is said to be purely neural. both hormonal and humoral. both antagonistic and synergistic. both neural and synergistic. purely hormonal.

both hormonal and humoral.

In most of its target cells, cortisol ________ glucose uptake and _______ protein metabolism. Question 8 options:increases, increasesincreases, decreasesdecreases, decreasesdecreases, increases

decreases, increases

Which of the following is NOT a change that may be caused by a hormonal stimulus? A change in membrane potential The stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis An increase in enzymatic activity direct control of the nervous system

direct control of the nervous system

Steroid hormones exert their action by______________. entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity Activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones

entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

Direct gene activation involves a second messenger. Question 4 options:1) True2) False

false

"The thyroid hormone, thyroxin is formed: " Question 4 options: from cholesterol from changes to carbohydrates from other hormones from changes to an amino acid.

from changes to an amino acid.

The hormone that increases the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver is insulin. glucagon. glucocorticoid. somatostatin. epinephrine.

glucagon.

"If you had to summarize the role of the endocrine system in one word, what would it be? " Question 4 options: communication development homeostasis growth

homeostasis

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic functions of other cells in the body are called: Question 3 options: enzymes antibodies proteins hormones

hormones

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? Question 1 options: carbohydrate oxidation catabolic inhibition protein synthesis humoral stimulation

humoral stimulation

The thyroid gland is located anterior to the atria of the heart. immediately anterior to the trachea. immediately superior to the larynx. immediately posterior to the cricoid cartilage.

immediately anterior to the trachea.

Thyroid hormone's effects are to increase metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells. increase metabolic rate and body temperature by turning on the G protein, cAMP cascade. decrease metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells. decrease metabolic rate and body temperature by turning on the G protein, cAMP cascade. increase metabolic rate and body temperature by turning off the G protein, cAMP cascade.

increase metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells.

Insulin causes a(n) _______ in glycogenesis in the liver and a(n) _______ in lipogenesis in adipose. increase, increase increase, decrease decrease, decrease decrease, increase

increase, increase

Which of the following chemical messengers is not derived from lipids? Question 4 options: prostaglandins insulin cortisol aldosterone estrogens

insulin

Which of the following hormones are controlled by humoral stimuli? Question 1 options: triiodothyronine insulin epinephrine norepinephrine cortisol

insulin

Cortisol binds to _________ receptors and has the effect of ________ blood glucose levels. Question 13 options:intracellular, raisingintracellular, loweringmembrane-bound, raisingmembrane-bound, lowering

intracellular, raising

Concerning the half-life of hormones: Question 1 options: lipid-soluble hormones generally have a longer half-life Hormones with a shorter half-life regulate activities with a slow onset and long duration. hormones with a shorter half-life are maintained at more constant levels in the blood lipid-soluble hormones are degraded rapidly by enzymes in the circulatory system. water-soluble hormones usually combine with plasma proteins.

lipid-soluble hormones generally have a longer half-life

Compared to young adults, the elderly usually have ______ levels of circulating growth hormone and _____ levels of circulating sex hormones. higher, higher higher, lower lower, lower lower, higher

lower, lower

In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of regulation by Question 14 options:endocrine dysplasia.negative feedback.positive feedback.neural regulation.somatic regulation.

negative feedback

Normally, TH has a ____________ feedback effect on the anterior pituitary, which responds by _____________ release of TSH. negative; decreasing negative; increasing positive; decreasing positive; increasing

negative; decreasing

"A student is in a car accident, and although not hurt, immediately experiences pupil dilation, increased heart rate and rapid breathing. What type of endocrine system stimulus did the student receive?" humoral hormonal neural positive feedback

neural

In addition to secreting hormones, the pancreas also produces white blood cells. sodium chloride. pancreatic juice. endorphins. prostaglandins

pancreatic juice.

Chemical signaling that affects neighboring cells is called: Question 2 options: autocrine paracrine endocrine neuron

paracrine

"What intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone?" Question 3 options: phospholipase C Protein kinase C phosphodiesterase adenylyl cyclase

phosphodiesterase

Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include _________ cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger possible activation of several different second-messenger systems formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates hormone binding to intracellular receptors

possible activation of several different second-messenger systems

The parathyroid glands are located just below the thalamus. within the thymus. above the kidneys. anterior to the thyroid gland. posterior to the thyroid gland.

posterior to the thyroid gland.

The pancreas is located ________ to the stomach, and it lies between the duodenum and the ________. anterior, liver anterior, spleen posterior, liver posterior, spleen

posterior, spleen

The adrenal glands are located ________ to the parietal peritoneum and each has a cortex of a ________ color. Question 12 options:anterior, brownanterior, yellowposterior, brownposterior, yellow

posterior, yellow

Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular _______________. calcium deactivating ions nucleotides second messengers

second messengers

Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular _______________. deactivating ions calcium second-messengers nucleotides

second-messengers

Endocrine glands_______________. secrete hormones that travel through a duct to the target organs release neurotransmiters into the synaptic cleft secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream include sebaceous glands and sweat glands

secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream

Which hormones are synthesized from cholesterol? Question 5 options: steroids modified amino acids peptides glycoproteins All of the above

steroids

Which of the following is NOT a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus? activates or deactivates enzymes stimulates production of an action potential alters plasma membrane permeability induces secretory activity

stimulates production of an action potential

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ___________________. Question 4 options: the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory pathway the membrane potential of the cells or the target organ. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ. nothing-- all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and non-specific.

the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ.

The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone. the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. follicle-stimulating hormone. growth hormone. thyrotropic hormone.

the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Thyroid hormone synthesis involves secretion of a glycoprotein called ___________ by the follicular cells. colloid thyroxine triiodothyronine thyroglobulin tetraiodothyronine

thyroglobulin

"A newly developed pesticide has been observed to bind to an intracellular hormone receptor. If ingested, residue from this pesticide could disrupt the levels of: " Question 2 options: melatonin thyroid hormone growth hormone insulin

thyroid hormone

"Which hormone's receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty?" Question 2 options: insulin cortisol thyroid hormone

thyroid hormone

hormone secretion is primarily regulated by negative feedback mechanisms true false

true

Which of the choices below is NOT a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction? type of hormone blood levels of hormones number of receptors for the hormone strength of the bond between the receptor and the hormone

type of hormone

What type of hormones bind to receptors located on the cell membrane? Question 5 options: water-soluble hormones such as insulin and epinephrine lipid-soluble hormones such as thyroid hormones and cortisol

water-soluble hormones such as insulin and epinephrine

A lack of dietary iodine can render the thyroid gland unable to synthesize TH. Without the negative feedback of TH, the anterior pituitary ____________, ultimately resulting in the development of a goiter. Question 9 options:will increase the release of TSHwill decrease the release of TSHwill increase the release of TRHwill decrease the release of TRH

will increase the release of TSH

A lack of dietary iodine can render the thyroid gland unable to synthesize TH. Without the negative feedback of TH, the anterior pituitary ____________, ultimately resulting in the development of a goiter. will increase the release of TSH will decrease the release of TSH will increase the release of TRH will decrease the release of TRH

will increase the release of TSH