Test 2 Human Systems
Have many capillaries and intermediate glycolytic enzyme activity
Fast-oxidative-glycolytic fibers
Motor units are intermediate in the number of muscle fibers per motor neuron
Fast-oxidative-glycolytic fibers
Produce ATP mostly by oxidative phosphorylation and have intermediate glycogen content
Fast-oxidative-glycolytic fibers
Groups of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS
Ganglia
Blood glucose and FA's become fuel for this pathway after 10 minutes of exercise
Oxidative phosphorylation
Produces ATP used during moderate, prolonged levels of muscular activity
Oxidative phosphorylation
Uses glycogen broken down into glucose during the first 5-10 minutes of moderate exercise
Oxidative phosphorylation
Decreases contractility, heart rate and conduction velocity
Parasympathetic nervous system
Ganglia lie within or very close to innervated organs
Parasympathetic nervous system
Generalized activation is called the rest or digest response
Parasympathetic nervous system
Increases intestinal motility and stimulates intestinal secretion
Parasympathetic nervous system
Long preganglionic axons release ACh that binds to nicotinic receptors located within the ganglia
Parasympathetic nervous system
Neurons leave the CNS in the cranial nerves and sacral regions of the spinal cord
Parasympathetic nervous system
Postganglionic axons are generally short
Parasympathetic nervous system
Postganglionic axons release ACh that binds to muscarinic receptors located on the effectors
Parasympathetic nervous system
Preganglionic axons are generally long
Parasympathetic nervous system
A group of neuronal axons traveling together within the CNS
Tract
Width of the H zone
less
Width of the I-bands
less
Have many mitochondria and fast contraction velocity
Fast-oxidative glycolytic fibers
Also called type IIa fibers and have high myoglobin content
Fast-oxidative-glycolytic fibers
Also called type IIb fibers and have low myoglobin content
Fast-glycolytic fibers
Have few mitochondria and fast contraction velocity
Fast-glycolytic fibers
Large fiber diameter and largest diameter motor neuron
Fast-glycolytic fibers
Produce ATP mostly by glycolysis and have high glycogen content
Fast-glycolytic fibers
Can lead to excitation or inhibition of the effectors
Autonomic nervous system
Has two neuron chain between the CNS and effectors
Autonomic nervous system
Innervates smooth and cardiac muscle glands and GI neurons
Autonomic nervous system
Neurons release ACh that binds to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors located on the effector organ
Autonomic nervous system
Neurons release norepinephrine that binds to adrenergic receptors located on the effector organ
Autonomic nervous system
Receptors on effector organs are also responsive to epinephrine that is released into the blood by adrenal gland
Autonomic nervous system
This type of motor unit is only recruited for the highest intensity of whole-muscle contractions
Fast-glycolytic fibers
A group of neuronal axons that connect the right and left sides of the CNS
Commissure
Allows time for the other two pathways to increase their ATP production
Creatine phosphate
Produces a significant fraction of ATP during high-intensity exercise
Glycolysis
Produces only small quantities of ATP for each metabolized glucose molecule
Glycolysis
General regions of the CNS where cell bodies are found
Gray Matter
Amount of overlap between thick and thin filaments
Greater
Distance between the Z-lines
Less
A group of neuronal axons traveling together in the PNS
Nerve
Groups of neuronal cell bodies within the CNS
Nuclei
Width of the A-band
Same
Width of the M-line
Same
Also called type 1 fibers and have high myoglobin content
Slow-oxidative fibers
Have many capillaries and low glycolytic enzyme activity
Slow-oxidative fibers
Have many mitochondria and slow contraction velocity
Slow-oxidative fibers
Mainly this type of motor unit is recruited for low-force whole muscle contractions
Slow-oxidative fibers
Produce ATP mostly by oxidative phosphorylation and have low glycogen content
Slow-oxidative fibers
Activates skeletal muscle
Somatic nervous system
Can lead only to excitation of the effectors
Somatic nervous system
Neurons are also called motor neurons
Somatic nervous system
Neurons release ACh that binds to nicotinic ACh receptors located on the effector organs
Somatic nervous system
Single neuron between the CNS and effectors
Somatic nervous system
Decreases intestinal motility and inhibits intestinal secretion
Sympathetic nervous system
Generalized activation is called the flight or fight response
Sympathetic nervous system
Increases heart rate, contractility, and conduction velocity
Sympathetic nervous system
Most ganglia lie close to the spinal cord and form two chains of ganglia- one on each side of the spinal cord
Sympathetic nervous system
Neurons leave the CNS from the thoracic/lumbar region of the spinal cord
Sympathetic nervous system
Postganglionic axons are generally long
Sympathetic nervous system
Postganglionic axons release NE that binds to adrenergic receptors, located on the effector organ
Sympathetic nervous system
Preganglionic axons are generally short
Sympathetic nervous system
Short preganglionic axons release ACh that binds nicotinic receptors located within the ganglia
Sympathetic nervous system
General regions of the CNS where myelinated axons are found
White Matter
