Test 2 Human Systems

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Have many capillaries and intermediate glycolytic enzyme activity

Fast-oxidative-glycolytic fibers

Motor units are intermediate in the number of muscle fibers per motor neuron

Fast-oxidative-glycolytic fibers

Produce ATP mostly by oxidative phosphorylation and have intermediate glycogen content

Fast-oxidative-glycolytic fibers

Groups of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS

Ganglia

Blood glucose and FA's become fuel for this pathway after 10 minutes of exercise

Oxidative phosphorylation

Produces ATP used during moderate, prolonged levels of muscular activity

Oxidative phosphorylation

Uses glycogen broken down into glucose during the first 5-10 minutes of moderate exercise

Oxidative phosphorylation

Decreases contractility, heart rate and conduction velocity

Parasympathetic nervous system

Ganglia lie within or very close to innervated organs

Parasympathetic nervous system

Generalized activation is called the rest or digest response

Parasympathetic nervous system

Increases intestinal motility and stimulates intestinal secretion

Parasympathetic nervous system

Long preganglionic axons release ACh that binds to nicotinic receptors located within the ganglia

Parasympathetic nervous system

Neurons leave the CNS in the cranial nerves and sacral regions of the spinal cord

Parasympathetic nervous system

Postganglionic axons are generally short

Parasympathetic nervous system

Postganglionic axons release ACh that binds to muscarinic receptors located on the effectors

Parasympathetic nervous system

Preganglionic axons are generally long

Parasympathetic nervous system

A group of neuronal axons traveling together within the CNS

Tract

Width of the H zone

less

Width of the I-bands

less

Have many mitochondria and fast contraction velocity

Fast-oxidative glycolytic fibers

Also called type IIa fibers and have high myoglobin content

Fast-oxidative-glycolytic fibers

Also called type IIb fibers and have low myoglobin content

Fast-glycolytic fibers

Have few mitochondria and fast contraction velocity

Fast-glycolytic fibers

Large fiber diameter and largest diameter motor neuron

Fast-glycolytic fibers

Produce ATP mostly by glycolysis and have high glycogen content

Fast-glycolytic fibers

Can lead to excitation or inhibition of the effectors

Autonomic nervous system

Has two neuron chain between the CNS and effectors

Autonomic nervous system

Innervates smooth and cardiac muscle glands and GI neurons

Autonomic nervous system

Neurons release ACh that binds to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors located on the effector organ

Autonomic nervous system

Neurons release norepinephrine that binds to adrenergic receptors located on the effector organ

Autonomic nervous system

Receptors on effector organs are also responsive to epinephrine that is released into the blood by adrenal gland

Autonomic nervous system

This type of motor unit is only recruited for the highest intensity of whole-muscle contractions

Fast-glycolytic fibers

A group of neuronal axons that connect the right and left sides of the CNS

Commissure

Allows time for the other two pathways to increase their ATP production

Creatine phosphate

Produces a significant fraction of ATP during high-intensity exercise

Glycolysis

Produces only small quantities of ATP for each metabolized glucose molecule

Glycolysis

General regions of the CNS where cell bodies are found

Gray Matter

Amount of overlap between thick and thin filaments

Greater

Distance between the Z-lines

Less

A group of neuronal axons traveling together in the PNS

Nerve

Groups of neuronal cell bodies within the CNS

Nuclei

Width of the A-band

Same

Width of the M-line

Same

Also called type 1 fibers and have high myoglobin content

Slow-oxidative fibers

Have many capillaries and low glycolytic enzyme activity

Slow-oxidative fibers

Have many mitochondria and slow contraction velocity

Slow-oxidative fibers

Mainly this type of motor unit is recruited for low-force whole muscle contractions

Slow-oxidative fibers

Produce ATP mostly by oxidative phosphorylation and have low glycogen content

Slow-oxidative fibers

Activates skeletal muscle

Somatic nervous system

Can lead only to excitation of the effectors

Somatic nervous system

Neurons are also called motor neurons

Somatic nervous system

Neurons release ACh that binds to nicotinic ACh receptors located on the effector organs

Somatic nervous system

Single neuron between the CNS and effectors

Somatic nervous system

Decreases intestinal motility and inhibits intestinal secretion

Sympathetic nervous system

Generalized activation is called the flight or fight response

Sympathetic nervous system

Increases heart rate, contractility, and conduction velocity

Sympathetic nervous system

Most ganglia lie close to the spinal cord and form two chains of ganglia- one on each side of the spinal cord

Sympathetic nervous system

Neurons leave the CNS from the thoracic/lumbar region of the spinal cord

Sympathetic nervous system

Postganglionic axons are generally long

Sympathetic nervous system

Postganglionic axons release NE that binds to adrenergic receptors, located on the effector organ

Sympathetic nervous system

Preganglionic axons are generally short

Sympathetic nervous system

Short preganglionic axons release ACh that binds nicotinic receptors located within the ganglia

Sympathetic nervous system

General regions of the CNS where myelinated axons are found

White Matter


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