TEST 3- Social Cognition and Attitudes

durability

"If I fail this test, I will be sad for WEEKS!" Graham says, but he ends up being less upset than he predicted. Graham's prediction about the emotional impact of the test demonstrates the ______ bias.

Availability heuristic

A heuristic in which the frequency or likelihood of an event is evaluated based on how easily instances of it come to mind

Automatic

A behavior or process has one or more of the following features: unintentional, uncontrollable, occurring outside of conscious awareness, and cognitively efficient.

Durability bias

A bias in affective forecasting in which one overestimates for how long one will feel an emotion (positive or negative) after some event

Impact bias

A bias in affective forecasting in which one overestimates the strength or intensity of emotion one will experience after some event

Planning fallacy

A cognitive bias in which one underestimates how long it will take to complete a task

evaluative priming

A common measure of implicit attitudes is the ______ task. This assesses how quickly a person can label the valence of an attitude object when it appears immediately after a positive or negative image.

Motivated skepticism

A form of bias that can result from having a directional goal in which one is skeptical of evidence despite its strength because it goes against what one wants to believe.

Representativeness heuristic

A heuristic in which the likelihood of an object belonging to a category is evaluated based on the extent to which the object appears similar to one's mental representation of the category

Schema

A mental model or representation that organizes the important information about a thing, person, or event (also known as a script)

Heuristics

A mental shortcut or rule of thumb that reduces complex mental problems to more simple rule-based decisions

Primed

A process by which a concept or behavior is made more cognitively accessible or likely to occur through the presentation of an associated concept.

Attitude

A psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor

implicit

A(n) ______ attitude is one that a person does not verbally or overtly express.

attitude

A(n) ______ is a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor.

it is novel or unfamiliar

All but which of the following are considered features of an automatic behavior?

Implicit attitude

An attitude that a person cannot verbally or overtly state.

Explicit attitude

An attitude that is consciously held and can be reported on by the person holding the attitude

Implicit Association Test

An implicit attitude task that assesses a person's automatic associations between concepts by measuring the response times in pairing the concepts

Evaluative priming​ task

An implicit attitude task that assesses the extent to which an attitude object is associated with a positive or negative valence by measuring the time it takes a person to label an adjective as good or bad after being presented with an attitude object

schema

John is going to a football game in a city he is visiting for the first time. Even though he's never been there, he has a mental representation of what the stadium will look like and how he will find his seat. John is relying on a ______ for a football stadium to inform his predictions.

mood-congruent

Karen and Brendon were cheering for opposite hockey teams. Karen's team won and Brendon's team lost. Later, Karen says the game was fun and the food was great. Brendon remembers a boring game and awful food. This demonstrates the power of which kind of memory?

Implicit measures of attitudes

Measures of attitudes in which researchers infer the participant's attitude rather than having the participant explicitly report it

Stereotypes

Our general beliefs about the traits or behaviors shared by group of people.

Affective forecasting

Predicting how one will feel in the future after some event or decision

Judgments made based on very limited information were, in many cases, surprisingly accurate.

Researchers examined people's ability to make predictions by having them use "thin slice judgments," where a very limited amount of information was provided. They asked about people's emotional states, personality traits, and even sexual orientation based on this limited information. What did they find?

explicit

Taylor is conservative, favors right-leaning candidates, and expresses his political opinions passionately. Taylor's political position would be an example of a(n) ______ attitude.

impact bias

The ______ is the tendency to overestimate the intensity of one's future feelings in response to a given event or situation.

cognition

The area of social psychology that focuses on how people think about others and about the world around them is called social ______.

Need for closure

The desire to come to a decision that will resolve ambiguity and conclude an issue

Hot cognition

The mental processes that are influenced by desires and feelings

Directional goals

The motivation to reach a particular outcome or judgment

Social cognition

The study of how people think about the social world

Chameleon effect

The tendency for individuals to nonconsciously mimic the postures, mannerisms, facial expressions, and other behaviors of one's interaction partners

Mood-congruent memory

The tendency to be better able to recall memories that have a mood similar to our current mood

availability heuristic

The tendency to rate the likelihood of an event based on how easily instances of it come to mind is called the:

heuristic

When Chloe can't find her car keys, she always starts by looking on the entry table near her front door. This "rule of thumb" usually leads to an immediate discovery of her keys and is an example of a(n) ______.

representativeness

When Liza finds out that Frank is a librarian, she assumes he is quiet, orderly, and enjoys reading. Liza's assumptions about Frank are examples of the ______ heuristic.

planning fallacy.

When he is scheduling his cross-country drive, Harold fails to consider time needed to stop and eat, as well as allowing time for unexpected traffic. Harold's underestimate of the trip demonstrates the:

chameleon

When they are on their first date, Peter and Michael tend to unconsciously mimic each other's facial expressions, hand positions, and body postures as they eat dinner. This is known as the ______ effect.

Stanley frequently ends up scrambling at the last minute to complete projects at work.

Which of the following is a good example of the planning fallacy?

"I know just how I am going to feel after my exam."

Which statement is an accurate representation of affective forecasting?

Stereotypes

______ are general beliefs about a group of people and, once activated, they may guide one's judgments outside of conscious awareness.

Motivated skepticism

______ refers to the tendency to be unwilling to accept evidence that goes against what we want to believe despite the strength of that evidence.