Test 4 A&P2
female development is due to ___ of male hormones
absence
homologous chromosomes separate and migrate to opposite poles of the cell
anaphase I
centromeres divide; sister chromatids migrate to opposite poles of cell. Each chromatid now constitutes a single-stranded chromosome.
anaphase II
Rise in FSH and LH secretion after age 50 produces male climacteric (___) -mood changes, hot flashes, and "illusions of suffocations"
andropause
trace of fluids to semen -lubricating fluid and neutralizes low pH of urethra (from urine) and vagina, protecting the sperm
bulbourethral glands
may cause urethral discharge and testicular pain
chlamydia
___ carry the genetic info to produce the traits of an individual -22 pair of autosomes -1 pair of sex chromosomes
chromosomes
phallus turns into __, urogenital folds develop into __ ___, and labioscrotal folds into the __ ___
clitoris; labia minora; labia majora
STDs have an incubation period in which the pathogen multiplies with no symptoms and a __ period in which the disease can be transmitted to others -symptomless carrier do exist
communicable
testicular thermoregulation is necessary since sperm are not produced at ___ body temperature
core
The penis consists of 3 cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue -paired ___ ___ ~diverge like arms of a Y ~each crus attaches to a pubic arch and is covered with ischiacavernosus muscle -single __ ___ along ventral side of penis ~encloses penile urethra ~ends as a dilated bulb ensheathed by bulbospongiosus muscle
corpus cavernosum
pulls testes closer to body (thermoregulation)
cremaster muscle
contracts to reduce surface area of scrotum and lifts scrotum closer to body
dartos muscle
describes any cell with 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) of chromosomes (somatic cells) -referred to as diploid (2n)
diploid
muscular tube passing up from scrotum via the spermatic cord, through inguinal canal to posterior surface of bladder
ductus deferens
chromatin condenses to form visible chromosomes; each chromosome has 2 chromatids joined by a centromere
early prophase I
12 small ciliated ducts that transport sperm from rete testis to the epididymus
efferent ductules
over 90% of impotent men remain able to __
ejaculate
formed from ductus deferens and seminal vesicle -passes through prostate to empty into urethra
ejaculatory duct
collects sperm
epididymis
site of sperm maturation and storage (fertile for 60 days)
epididymus
20% of those in their 60s and 50% of those in their 80s will experience this
erectile disfunction (impotence)
Produce & deliver gametes, provide nutrition & room for fetal development, and to give birth & nourish the infant
female reproductive system
uniting the sperm (1n) and egg (1n) during ___, restores the diploid number (2n) of chromosomes to the fertilized egg now called a ___
fertilization; zygote
outcome of meiosis I
genetic variation
most common STD in US (blisters and pain)
genital herpes
warts on perineal region, cervix, anus
genital warts
gonads begin to develop at 6 weeks as __ __ -near the primitive kidneys (mesonephros)
gonadal ridges
bacterial STDs include chlamydia, ____, and syphilis
gonorrhea
pain and pus discharge; may result in sterility from pelvic inflammatory disease
gonorrhea
describes cells containing half the number of chromosomes or 23 unpaired chromosomes (sex cells) -in males, the sperm is this -in females, the egg is this -1n
haploid
outcome of meiosis II
haploid cells (gametes)
inflammatory liver disease
hepatitis B and C
transmission of genetic characteristics from parent to offspring
heredity
female develops due to absence of __
hormones
Shortens and guides the testes to the scrotum -Passes through abdominal wall via the ___canal -Accompanied by testicular nerve, artery and vein
inguinal
Half of the penis is an ___ root and half is the externally visible __ and glans -external part is 4 in. long when flaccid -skin over shaft is loosely attached allowing for expansion ~extends over glans as prepuce or foreskin
internal; shaft
LH stimulates __ cells to produce testosterone
interstitial
major portions of fallopian tubes -near uterus forms a narrow __ -middle portion is body ___ -flared distally into ___ with fimbriae
isthmus; ampulla; infundibulum
chart of the 46 human chromosomes laid out in order by size
karyotype
during adulthood, testosterone sustains ____, spermatogenesis and reproductive tract
libido
Location outside the pelvic cavity is essential for ___ temperatures needed for sperm production
low
2 sets of ducts: mesonephric ducts and paramesonephric ducts -mesonephric ducts develop into reproductive systems of ____ (paramesonephric degenerates) -paramesonephric ducts develop into reproductive systems of ___ (mesonephric degenerates)
males; females
produces 4 gametes each with 1/2 the chromosomes of the original germs cell -a reduction process -necessity to keep chromosome number constant from generation to generation
meiosis
absence of testosterone and mullerian-inhibiting factor causes degeneration of ____ duct
mesonephric
ovaries are anchored to broad ligament by ___
mesovarium
tetrads align on equatorial plane of cell with centromeres attached to spindle fibers
metaphase I
chromosomes align on equatorial plane
metaphase II
homologous chromosomes form pairs called tetrads. Chromatids often break and exchange segments (crossing-over). Centrioles produce spindle fibers. Nuclear envelope disintegrates.
mid-to-late prophase I
produces two genetically identical daughter cells (occurs in tissue repair and embryonic growth)
mitosis
__ chromosome from each chromosome pair is inherited from each parent
one
__ pair of sex chromosomes (X and Y) -a female has a homologous pair of X chromosomes (XX) -a male has one X and one Y (XY)
one
ovaries are attached to uterus by __ ___
ovarian ligament
__ produce eggs and female hormones
ovaries
almond-shaped organ, 3 cm X 1.5 cm X 1 cm
ovaries
each egg develops in its own fluid-filled follicle and is released by __, bursting of the follicle
ovulation
testicular arteries and veins -countercurrent heat exchanger cools arterial blood entering the testis
pampiniform plexus
____ duct develops into uterine tubes, uterus and vagina
paramesonephric
___ is external serosa layer of the uterine wall
perimetrium
organs that produce gametes (testes or ovaries)
primary sex organs (gonads)
nuclear envelopes disintegrate again; chromosomes still consist of two chromatids. New mitotic spindle forms.
prophase II
produces 30% of semen -contributes Ca2+, clotting enzymes, and protease ~clotting enzyme converts proseminogelin into seminogelin that sticks semen to the walls of the vagina ~protease re-liquifies the semen
prostate gland
first few years of adolescence between the onset of gonadotropin secretion until the individual attains the ability to reproduce sexually -first period, first ejaculation of viable sperm
puberty
spermatogenesis involves three principle events 1) ____ of large germ cells into small, mobile sperm cells with flagella 2)____ of chromosome number by one-half (1n) in each sperm cell (unites with egg to return to 2n) 3) ____ of genes so new combos exist in the sperm that are different from the parents -ensures genetic variation in the offspring -four sperm cells produced from one germ cell by meiosis
remodeling; reduction; shuffling
one property of a living thing is r____
reproduction
From the seminiferous tubules, sperm will drain to the ___ ___
rete testis
features that develop at puberty that further distinguish sexes (attracting a mate) -pubic, axillary and facial hair, scent glands, body morphology and low-pitched voices in males
secondary sex characteristics
essential for reproduction -male: ducts, glands, penis that deliver the sperm cells -female: vagina, uterus, ovaries, uterine tubes that receive the sperm and nourish the developing fetus
secondary sex organs
produces 60% of semen -contributes fructose, other carbohydrates, prostoglandins, and proseminogelin
seminal vesicles
meiosis occurs in __ __
seminiferous tubules
means each offspring has 2 parents and receives genetic material from both -provides genetic diversity and is considered the foundation for the survival and evolution of species
sexual reproduction
sex of the child is determined by the type of ___ that fertilizes the mother's egg
sperm
Testosterone stimulates ____ and enlargement of __ sexual organs -penis, testes, scrotum, glands, ducts and muscle mass enlarge -hair, scent and sebaceous glands develop -stimulates erythropoiesis and libido
spermatogenesis; secondary
Spermatogenesis involves changes that transforms spermatids into ___ -growth of acrosome and flagellum -discarding excess cytoplasm
spermatozoa
spermiogenesis is transformation of spermatids into ___ -develops tail and discards cytoplasm to become lighter
spermatozoon
ovaries are attached to pelvic wall by ___ ___ -contains ovarian artery, vein, lymphatics and nerves
suspensory ligament
FSH stimulates __ cells to secrete androgen-binding protein that binds testosterone>stays in seminiferous tubule and stimulates spermatogenesis
sustentacular
Tunica albuginea -form septa that divide the organ into lobules containing seminiferous tubules ~each tubule is lined with germinal epithelium composed of germ cells (spermatogonia) that produce sperm -____ (nurse) cells promote sperm cell development ~blood-testis barrier is formed by tight junctions between sustentacular cells--separating sperm from immune system (so aren't attacked by immune system) ~produce androgen-binding protein that enhances the actions of testosterone -____ (leydig) cells located in between the seminiferous tubules ~produce and secrete testosterone
sustentacular; interstitial
hard lesions (chancres) at site of infection -disappearance of chancres ends first stage -second stage is widespread pink rash, lesion in mouth -neurosyphilis is third stage with cardiovascular damage and brain lesions
syphilis
new nuclear envelopes form around chromosomes; cell undergoes cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis). Each cell Is now haploid
telophase I
new nuclear envelopes form around chromosomes; chromosomes uncoil and become less visible; cytoplasm divides
telophase II
testes secrete substantial amounts of testosterone in first __ (3 months) of fetal development in levels about as high as they are in midpubertdy -after the first trimester, testes are dormant until puberty
trimester
The testes are covered by __ __- a saclike extension of the peritoneum -next layer is called the __ ___ (white fibrous capsule)
tunica vaginalis; tunica albuginea
each human has __ pairs of chromosomes -the pair are called homologous chromosomes
two
Viral STDs include herpes, genital ___, and hepatitis B and C
warts
Testosterone secretion declines to ___ of its peak by age ___
1/5; 80
__ pairs called autosomes -each pair has same overall appearance and carries the same kind of genes
22
Descent of testes begins in 6-10 weeks and is finished by ___ ____% of boys born with an undescended testes (cryptorchidism)
28; 3
final product of meiosis is ___ haploid cells with single-stranded chromosomes
4
peak testosterone secretion at __ mg/day at age __
7; 20
male and female are indistinguishable for the first __ to __ weeks of development
8; 10
spermatogonia produces 2 kinds of daughter cells -type ___ remain outside blood-testis barrier (BTB) and produce more daughter cells until death -type B differentiate into ___ ____ ~cells must pass through BTB to move inward toward lumen with new tight junctions form behind these cells ~meiosis I results in 2 equal-sized, haploid, secondary spermatocytes ~meiosis II divides each secondary spermatocyte into 2 spermatids for a total of 4 spermatids
A; primary spermatocytes
Low ___ of testicular artery results in poor O2 supply -sperm develop very large ____ helping them survive the hypoxic environment of the female reproductive tract
BP; mitochondria
stimulation of gonadotrope cells in anterior pituitary causes secretion of __ and __
FSH; LH
10 cm long, muscular tube lined with ciliated cells
Fallopian tubes (oviducts)
at puberty, a surge of hypothalamic ___ stimulates anterior pituitary to release gonadotropins (FSH and LH) -10-12 in most Boys and 8-10 in most girls
GnRh
mature hypothalamus produces ___
GnRh
Shortens and guides the testes to the scrotum
Gubernaculum
anchors gonad to floor of abdominopelvic cavity
Gubernaculum
sex-determing region of Y chromosome -codes for testes-determining factor>testis development -testes secrete ~secrete testosterone ~mullerian-inhibiting factor (AMH): determine which ducts degenerate (paramesonephric duct)
SRY gene