Test Questions (Research Methods Grad)
1. Age is considered a(n) ________________variable. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio
ratio
1. For each, consider the information the correlation provides. Joyce read a study that reported students' age was correlated r = -.68 with classroom management referrals. This correlation indicates as age increases, a. classroom management referrals are about equally likely to decrease or increase. b. classroom management referrals are more likely to decrease. c. classroom management referrals are more likely to increase. d. classroom management referrals are likely to remain at the same level.
...b. classroom management referrals are more likely to decrease.
1. Jacob is a child with aggressive behavior toward his peers. His counselor is trying a new intervention with him. First she observes his behavior during free play time for 5 days. Next she administers a new self-monitoring strategy with him. She observes his behavior during free play time. Next she removes the self-monitoring requirement and observes his free play. She then reintroduces the self-monitoring strategy. Which of the following designs is Jacob's counselor illustrating? a. A-B b. A-B-A c. B-A-B d. A-B-A-B
ABAB
1. Andy compared students' ability to transfer learning from three different types of instructional materials. He found that there were pre-existing group differences between his conditions. Which of the following is the appropriate analysis technique for Andy to use? a. Nonindependent t test b. Independent t test c. MANOVA d. ANCOVA
ANCOVA
Of the following, which is an example of a type of qualitative research? a. Correlational b. Causal-comparative c. Historical d. Experimental
Historical
1. Laura is designing a study that examines differences in social skills between children raised in a three-generation family household compared to those raised in a two-generation family home. Laura is likely to study this research topic by use of a. causal-comparative research because it is an ex post facto design, the events have already happened. b. descriptive research because she will not attempt to explain any reasons for differences in social skills. c. experimental research because she wants to manipulate the independent variable, type of home environment. d. Correlational research because she will only address relationships and not levels of an independent variable.
causal-comparative research
1. Some of the students in his class had to take an AP physics exam on the day his US History final was scheduled, so Mike will have to administer two different versions of his test. With which of the following reliability constructs should Mike be most concerned? a. Internal consistency b. Split-Half c. Test-retest d. Alternate forms
alternate forms
1. Carly is planning a qualitative study of the classroom management practices of second grade teachers. Which of the following is most likely a primary data collection strategy for Carly to use? a. Likert-scale inventories that the second-grade students complete b. Administration of the Classroom Management assessment to the sample of second grade teachers c. Observations in second-grade classrooms d. Sources that review effective management strategies
c. Observations in second-grade classrooms
1. Jody is a quantitative researcher who wants to use a random sampling technique. Of the following, which is she likely to use? a. Quota sampling b. Cluster sampling c. Purposive sampling d. Homogeneous sampling
cluster sampling
1. The measure of central tendency that represents the midpoint of the scores in a distribution is the a. mode. b. standard deviation. c. mean. d. median.
median
1. The measure of central tendency that represents the most frequently occurring score is the a. mode. b. standard deviation. c. mean. d. median.
mode
1. In reporting her qualitative study Alicia might use which of the following strategies? a. Compare the significant findings with previous studies' findings b. Provide discussion of the analysis of statistical findings c. Provide a discussion of the findings from her perspective d. Discuss whether the null hypothesis was retained
provide a discussion of the findings from her perspective
1. A large marketing firm has decided to do a study that describes the needs of practicing teachers regarding instructional materials. The vice-president wants data from 400 practicing teachers. Shawna, a researcher with the firm, sends a mass mailing and when 400 surveys are returned she analyzes the data. Shawna is best illustrating which sampling strategy? a. Cluster sampling b. Quota sampling c. Purposive sampling d. Convenience sampling
quota sampling
1. The measure that represents the difference between the highest and lowest score is the a. standard deviation. b. mean. c. median. d. range.
range
1. For each, consider the information the correlation provides. Suzanne reported a correlation between reading ability and math grades of r = .90 in the first grade. This correlation indicates that in Suzanne's study a. reading ability is strongly related to math grades. b. reading and math grades are independent. c. reading ability and math grades are mutually exclusive. d. reading ability and math grades are moderately related.
reading ability is strongly related to math grades
1. A standard score is a measure of a. variability. b. central tendency. c. relative position. d. correlation.
relative position
1. Of the following, which is an example of a pre-experimental design? a. Time series design b. Static group comparison c. Posttest only control group design d. Nonequivalent control group design
static group comparison
1. Qualitative research is often used to a. test theory. b. study perspectives. c. generalize research findings. d. control independent variables.
study perspectives
1. The test of significance that determines if two group means are different than would be expected by chance is the a. t test. b. chi square. c. ANOVA. d. analysis of gain scores
t test
1. The group that the researcher would ideally like to generalize findings to is referred to as a. a sample. b. a population. c. a target population. d. an accessible population.
target population
1. Standard error of measurement is an expression of an instrument's a. internal consistency reliability. b. consequential validity. c. test-retest reliability. d. construct validity.
test-retest reliability.
1. If a researcher rejects the null hypothesis she is concluding that a. there are real differences between groups. b. there are no real differences between groups. c. differences between groups are due to chance. d. differences between groups are due to measurement error.
there are real differences between groups
1. One strength of causal-comparative studies, in comparison to experimental studies, is that causal-comparative studies can examine _____________ while experimental studies can not. a. more than one dependent variable b. causal relationships among variables c. variables that should not be manipulated d. variables that can be manipulated
variables that should not be manipulated
1. Given a person with a z score of 0 on a norm-referenced assessment, what can we conclude regarding her performance? Compared to the norm group, a. the person performed poorly. b. the person performed at the mean. c. the person performed above average. d. the person performed at the 34 percentile.
The person performed at the mean
1. The type of random sampling that targets groups, not individuals, is a. criteria. b. cluster. c. homogeneous. d. simple random.
cluster
1. The median of the following distribution 1,2,4,4,5,5,5,6,6,8,9 is: a. 2. b. 4. c. 5. d. 6.
5
1. A strong negative correlation coefficient indicates that a. two variables are not related. b. two variables are inversely related. c. there has been measurement error. d. there has been calculation error.
two variables are inversely related
1. The mode of the following distribution is 1,2,4,4,5,5,5,6,6,8,9 is: a. 2. b. 4. c. 5. d. 6.
5
1. The extent to which a test actually measures what it is designed to measure is referred to as ____________ validity. a. content b. criterion-related c. construct d. consequential
content
1. Which of the following is NOT a measure of variability? a. Standard deviation b. Mean c. Quartile deviation d. Range
mean
1. Measures of relative position include a. means. b. standard deviations. c. percentile ranks. d. frequency distributions.
percentile ranks
1. In a distribution with a mean of 28 and a standard deviation of 2 almost all the scores fall between a. 22-34. b. 24-32. c. 22-30. d. 26-30.
22-34
1. Given the following set of scores: 6,7,5,12,11,9,9,7,6,10,6. The score that best represents the mode is: a. 5. b. 6. c. 7. d. 9.
6
1. Given the following set of scores: 6,7,5,12,11,9,9,7,6,10,6. The score that best represents the range is: a. 6. b. 7. c. 9. d. 10.
7
1. Given the following set of scores: 6,7,5,12,11,9,9,7,6,10,6. The score that best represents the mean is: a. 5. b. 6. c. 8. d. 10.
8
1. The range of the following distribution 1,2,4,4,5,5,5,6,6,8,9 is: a. 4. b. 6. c. 8. d. 10.
8
Of the following, which illustrates a causal-comparative study? a. What is the typical classroom structure in a secondary mathematics classroom? b. Is there a relationship between teachers' instructional style and classroom physical structure? c. Are there differences in learners' mathematics achievement between classrooms that are structured with desks in rows or in small groups? d. What are the notetaking behaviors of college students in lecture seating?
Are there differences in learners' mathematics achievement between classrooms that are structured with desks in rows or in small groups?
1. Which of the following illustrates a correlational research topic? a. Do weight and number of days per week of exercise predict life satisfaction? b. Are there differences between men and women in life satisfaction? c. What is someone with a high life satisfaction score like? d. Are there self-esteem differences in children from either families with or without high life satisfaction?
Do weight and number of days per week of exercise predict life satisfaction?
1. Given the following research finding, what type of research was likely conducted? "Students in the treatment condition indicated significantly better achievement on the recognition assessment than those in the control condition." a. Descriptive b. Action c. Correlational d. Experimental
Experimental
1. Laura was conducting a study on two treatment interventions to increase patriotism. During her study, the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon occurred. This is an example of which of the following validity threats? a. Statistical regression b. Instrumentation c. History d. Testing
History
1. Bryce is planning a qualitative study to examine before school child-care programs. Which of the following strategies is the most desired data source for Bryce? a. Standardized test scores of students both enrolled and not enrolled in before-school programs b. Interview data collected at the enrolled students' homes c. Observations of the children during the before-school program d. Classroom behavior ratings of the enrolled children by the classroom teacher
Observations of the children during the before-school program
Chris is interested in the role of attitudes about weight training. He developed a questionnaire and sent it out to a sample of 30-59 year old males and females. Of the following, Chris's attitude study could best be described as ____________ research. a. Survey b. Correlational c. Experimental d. Historical
Survey
Given the following portion of a research manuscript, "Three-hundred and sixty students were asked about their attitudes toward school. Findings indicate positive attitudes in the lower grades and more negative attitudes as learners' age." What type of study does this suggest was conducted? a. Experimental b. Correlational c. Survey d. Ethnography
Survey
1. Of the following, which is considered an affective measurement? a. The Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) b. Preschool Reading Ability Measure c. A Field Dependence Test d. A self-esteem measure
a self esteem measure
Of the following, which is likely a statement made by a quantitative researcher in a study of cooperative learning. a. Let's follow the groups for the course of the project and take notes about their social interactions and dialogues. b. Let's conduct some focus groups with college students about the types of cooperative learning they have encountered in their schooling. c. Let's compare unit test scores of those who were placed in cooperative groups and those who were not. d. Let's enroll in a course that uses cooperative groups and observe the nature of the instruction from a student perspective.
c. Let's compare unit test scores of those who were placed in cooperative groups and those who were not.
1. Francis wants to present the average mathematics score attained by the participants in her study. She needs to report a measure of a. dispersion index. b. variability. c. central tendency. d. relative position.
central tendency
1. All of the following are examples of probability sampling techniques EXCEPT a. cluster sampling. b. stratified sampling. c. multistage sampling. d. criterion sampling.
criterion sampling
1. Basic researchers collect data primarily to a. determine methods for practical problems. b. make decisions about programs. c. develop theories. d. develop educational 'best practices.'
develop theories
1. In contrast to experimental research, causal-comparative studies generally a. randomly assign participants. b. can establish causation. c. do not manipulate independent variables. d. examine relationships between two variables.
do not manipulate independent variables
1. The most used and established qualitative research approach is a. ethnography. b. grounded theory. c. case study. d. ethology.
ethnography
1. Causal comparative and experimental research both a. examine differences between groups. b. manipulate the independent variable(s) in the study. c. assign participants to conditions. d. have the same ethical considerations when considering independent variables.
examine differences between groups
1. The relationship between reliability and Sem is that a. if reliability increases, Sem increases. b. if reliability increases, Sem decreases. c. if reliability is positive, Sem is positive. d. if Reliability is positive, Sem is negative.
if reliability increases, Sem decreases.
1. Misha is comparing different types of typing instruction. In one group he used a classroom based instructional method, while for the other group he used a computer-based training program. After a six-week treatment, he assessed differences in their typing ability. Of the following, which is the appropriate test of significance for Misha to use assuming random assignment and no pretreatment differences? a. Independent t test b. Dependent t test c. Difference scores d. ANOVA
independent t test
1. Treatment variable is another name for a. independent variable. b. dependent variable. c. extraneous variable. d. mediating variable.
independent variable
1. Split-half and odd-even reliability are both measures of a. test-retest reliability. b. alternate forms reliability. c. internal consistency reliability. d. external reliability.
internal consistency reliability
1. Marcy is concerned that her findings may be due to an extraneous uncontrolled variable and not her treatment. Marcy is most concerned with a. internal consistency reliability. b. inter-rater reliability. c. external validity. d. internal validity.
internal validity
1. In order for a study to be experimental it must include a. one assigned variable. b. one assigned variable and one active variable. c. one active variable. d. two or more active variables
one active variable
1. If all participants in a given sample have an equal and independent chance of being selected for a study, it is said that the sample has been selected a. randomly. b. systematically. c. biasedly. d. conveniently.
randomly
The first step of the scientific and disciplined inquiry approach is a. recognize and identify a topic to be studied. b. describe and execute research procedures. c. analyze the collected data. d. state the results or implications.
recognize and identify a topic to be studied
1. Buro's institute of Mental Measurements Yearbooks provides a. a directory of all test publishers. b. reviews of various forms of tests. c. copies of tests to use for research and practice. d. formulas to use to compute reliability coefficients
reviews of various forms of tests.
1. Russell's study compared GPA of those students who volunteered for academic study skills training and those who did not elect to take the training. He found that those who had the training also had higher GPA. With which validity threat should Russell be most concerned? a. Maturation b. Instrumentation c. History d. Selection
selection
1. Which of the following is NOT a measure of central tendency? a. Mode b. Standard deviation c. Mean d. Median
standard deviation
1. The mean and the standard deviation are examples of a. statistics b. parameters. c. data. d. assessment.
statistics
1. Francisco is studying young children's color preferences by age. He is interested in comparing three, four, and five-year old children's color preferences. He is reluctant to use simple random sampling because he wants to assure that he has comparable numbers of children at each age. Which quantitative sampling strategy is the approach for Francisco to use? a. Cluster sampling b. Convenience sampling c. Stratified sampling d. Systematic sampling
stratified
1. General guidelines for interpreting correlations, in a group study, as presented in your text indicate that a correlation of r = -.82 is considered a. not interpretable. b. low. c. average. d. strong.
strong
1. All of the following are relative weaknesses of causal-comparative research when compared with other forms of quantitative research EXCEPT a. lack of randomization. b. manipulation of independent variables. c. time to conduct the study. d. control of research variables.
time to conduct the study
1. Correlation studies must include a. two or more levels of independent variable. b. two or more variables and one group. c. three or more variables and two groups. d. one independent variable and two dependent variables.
two or more variables and one group
1. Of the following, which is most likely to be a descriptive study? a. What are the behaviors users display while they play violent video games? b. Is there a relationship between violent video game use and aggressive behavior in school? c. Is there a relationship between violent video game use and future violent behavior? d. Are there gender differences in types of violent behavior of children who play video games?
what are the behaviors users display while they play violent video games?
1. Which of the following cannot be a correlation coefficient? a. -.80 b. 0.0 c. .72 d. 2.1
2.1
1. In a single subject design, the treatment condition is symbolized as a. A. b. B. c. S. d. W.
B
Of the following, which is a type of quantitative research? a. Grounded theory b. Historical c. Correlational d. Enthnography
Correlational
1. Which of the following represents a null hypothesis regarding the differences between two groups learning biology content? a. There are differences in a practicum exam between those who learn dissection in the actual lab and those who learn dissection by computer simulation. b. There are no differences in a practicum exam between those who learn dissection in the actual lab and those who learn dissection by computer simulation. c. Those students who learn dissection in the lab will perform better on the practicum exam than those who learn dissection via the computer simulation. d. Those students who learn dissection via the computer simulation will perform better on the practicum exam than those who learn dissection in the lab.
b. THERE ARE NO DIFFERENCES
1. Compared to all other types of research, experimental research a. requires greater number of participants. b. provides evidence concerning cause-effect relationships. c. measures dependent and independent variables. d. collects samples to generalize to populations.
b. provides evidence concerning cause-effect relationships.
1. Sal recently took an instrument that asked him to rate his opinions about the effectiveness of different instructional practices as 'Strongly Agree,' 'Agree,' 'Uncertain,' 'Disagree,' 'Strongly Disagree.' This instrument is using a a. Semantic Differential Scale. b. Guttman Scale. c. Likert Scale. d. Thurstone Scale.
likert scale
1. All forms of sampling include the following steps EXCEPT a. listing all members of the population. b. identifying the population. c. determining sample size d. selecting the sample.
listing all members of the population
1. If there are extreme scores in a data set, what is the most appropriate measure of central tendency to indicate the most typical score? a. Mode b. Standard deviation c. Mean d. Median
median
1. Generally, qualitative researchers select a sample that is a. selected purposely. b. as large as possible. c. generalizable to a target population. d. diverse demographically.
selected purposely
Which of the following illustrates Aaron, a qualitative researcher, collecting data for an ethnographic study on alternative schooling. a. Aaron sends out surveys to directors of alternative schools. b. Aaron examines achievement measures of students enrolled in alternative schools. c. Aaron invites students from alternative schools to visit him and conducts interviews. d. Aaron goes to an alternative school and volunteers on the staff.
Aaron invites students from alternative schools to visit him and conducts interviews.
Action research is used to a. find and solve educators' problems. b. control independent variables. c. promote generalization of research findings. d. examine historical educational trends.
a. find and solve educators problems
1. Which of the following is the best example of a standardized test? a. A classroom-based teacher developed test b. An attitude measure developed by a researcher c. The national achievement test d. The outcome measures of amount learned in an experimental study
national achievement test
1. Ken is interested in determining if there are differences between men's occurrence of obesity and prior football team experience. He compares three different groups of men. In one group he has men that played football in jr. high, but not high school or post-high school. Those in the second group played in jr. high and high school but not post-high school. Those in the third group played all three. As part of the study he weighs the men to calculate obesity. What type of research method is Ken employing? a. Survey b. Causal-comparative c. Experimental d. Correlational
Causal-comparative
1. The school board asked Han to conduct a study on the attitudes of faculty regarding the proposed school uniform policy. Han stops by the teachers' lounge and surveys the faculty present. Which nonrandom sampling approach did Han employ? a. Convenience sampling b. Quota sampling c. Purposive sampling d. Systematic sampling
Convenience
1. Of the following, which describes a likely causal-comparative study? a. Typical management procedures used by experienced teachers in a child-care setting b. Relationship between teacher job satisfaction and years of teaching c. Differences in problem solving performance between children provided exposure to a computer training program and those who were not given the same exposure d. Differences in acclimation to high-school between children from small and large middle schools
Differences in acclimation to high-school between children from small and large middle schools
1. Which of the following best illustrates data collection for a qualitative study? a. Sam decides to distribute surveys to all teachers in the school. b. Molly gives a multiple-choice exam to measure achievement. c. Kari administers an inventory to parents whose children are enrolled in the school. d. Ernesto sits down with two teachers for an initial discussion.
Ernesto sits down with two teachers for an initial discussion
Jeremy, a researcher at a local university, is interested in the nature of playground bullying. He obtains permission for his research and goes to a local middle school to observe playground behaviors. He spends several months watching and taking notes. As he begins to understand the context of the playground, he interviews some students and teachers. He incorporates these interviews into his notes. He systematically identifies themes and categorizes his findings. At the end of his study he describes his findings and how these findings relate to other studies that have been conducted on playground behaviors. Of the following, which best describes Jeremy's research? a. Historical b. Experimental c. Survey d. Ethnographic
Ethnographic
1. Jack wants to test if runners on his cross-country team improve with his new training regimen. He takes their times at the beginning of the season and again at the end of the season. Which of the following designs is Jack best illustrating? a. One-shot case study b. One-group pretest-posttest design c. Pretest-posttest control group design d. Time series design
One group pretest-posttest design
1. The most commonly used correlation is the a. Pearson r. b. eta. c. Kendall's tau. d. Spearman rho.
Pearson r.
Which of the following is an example of a correlational study? a. Is there a relationship between amount of silent independent reading time allocated in a classroom and reading standardized test scores? b. What are the characteristics of a typical classroom's silent independent reading session? c. Are there grade level differences in the effectiveness of independent silent reading? d. How many minutes is the typical independent silent reading session?
a. Is there a relationship between amount of silent independent reading time allocated in a classroom and reading standardized test scores?
1. Gary is a researcher interested in self-esteem. He develops an instrument he names the "I am great questionnaire." He administers the survey and collects information from 500 middle school learners. He calculates a self-esteem score for each child in the study and then groups the students as low, medium, or high self-esteem. Given this scenario please answer the following questions. The instrument that Gary developed is an example of a(n) _______________ assessment. a. affective b. cognitive c. projective d. aptitude
affective
1. For each of the following identify the most likely type of qualitative research exemplified by the topic. A study of a small rural charter school. a. Case study b. Symbolic interaction c. Ethology d. Ethnomethodology
case study
1. Michael left the Physics final and complained. The content on the cumulative final only covered about one quarter of the concepts for the course. Michael is questioning the _____________ validity of the test. a. content b. criterion-related c. construct d. consequential
content
Katelin is interested in examining the relationship between years of gymnastics classes taken as a child and osteoporosis as an adult. She is concerned only with females because more girls take gymnastics than do boys and more women have osteoporosis than do men. What type of research method is Katelin employing? a. Historical b. Descriptive c. Correlational d. Causal-comparative
correlational
What type of research does the following statement suggest was conducted? "A significant moderate relationship between text-based interest and achievement was indicated." a. Causal-comparative b. Correlational c. Descriptive d. Experimental
correlational
1. Bonnie is conducting a study on the social skills of those children who have identified speech and language needs. She selects children who have Individual Education Plans (IEPs) for speech and language only and not any other educational exceptionalities. Bonnie is illustrating a. homogeneous sampling. b. intensity sampling. c. criterion sampling. d. snowball sampling.
criterion
1. You have recently constructed a self-report measure of achievement motivation. You are sure your measure is better than other measures because it is shorter than they are. You decide to administer your measure along with a standard measure generally used in the field. Which type of validity will this strategy help you to assess? a. Content b. Consequential c. Criterion-related d. Construct
criterion related
1. Hal administers a self-esteem measure before the sessions begin and after a semester of the Saturday Esteem Program, he measures their esteem again. Which type of analysis is Hal likely to use to test for significant differences in his group? a. Independent t test b. Dependent t test c. Difference scores d. ANCOVA
dependent t test
1. Given the following research question: "Are there differences in individual student achievement scores in advanced science classes between classes where students sit in the lecture style seating and those where students sit in cluster seating?" Achievement scores represents a(n) a. independent variable. b. dependent variable. c. extraneous variable. d. affective variable.
dependent variable
1. Of the following, qualitative research is best suited for a. generalizing findings to other settings. b. describing participants and contexts. c. making inferences from the sample to the population. d. using statistics to interpret the data.
describing participants and contexts
1. Which of the following is a threat to internal validity? a. Differential selection of participants b. Pretest treatment interference c. Posttest sensitization d. Multiple-treatment interactions
differential selection of participants
Correlational research is concerned with a. differences between conditions. b. examining relationships among variables. c. describing the preferences of some group of people. d. controlling treatment conditions for appropriate comparison.
examining relationships among variables
1. Michele is interested in the effects on learning outcomes of questions within instructional materials delivered to learners via the web. She randomly assigns students to groups given either materials with questions or materials with no questions and assesses the effects of the questions based upon student performance on multiple-choice questions administered after learning. Of the following, Michele's research could best be described as a. survey. b. correlational. c. experimental. d. historical.
experimental
1. The type of validity concerned with whether findings can be generalized to other groups or other settings is referred to as a. internal validity. b. external validity. c. content validity. d. construct validity.
external
1. Jorge studies the effects of mnemonic training on learning vocabulary. He randomly assigns one group to a no treatment control and he gives mnemonic training to the other group. He assesses them at the end of the study and compares how many words they know. Which of the following designs is Jorge best illustrating? a. Pretest-posttest control group design b. Nonequivalent group control group design c. Posttest-only control group design d. Time series design
posttest only control group design
1. The type of validity that focuses on the extent to which the test relates to future performance is referred to as _________ validity. a. predictive b. concurrent c. content d. construct
predictive
1. Given a choice of the following research designs, which design controls the most threats to internal validity? a. One-shot case study b. One group pretest-posttest c. Static group comparison d. Pretest-posttest control group
pretest-posttest control group
1. Gavin's study compared reading error rates and reading comprehension scores between two groups of 50 third-grade students each that received different reading programs. His t test data analysis did not indicate any differences between the two types of instruction. The treatment variable in Gavin's study is a. error rates. b. third graders. c. reading instruction. d. reading comprehension.
reading instruction
1. The degree to which an instrument consistently measures the construct of interest is referred to as a. predictive validity. b. criterion-related validity. c. content validity. d. reliability.
reliability
1. The z score is an example of a a. standard score. b. correlation measure. c. variability. d. measure of central tendency.
standard score
1. Sophia needs to conduct a survey for the Alumni Association. She takes the list of all the alumni and calls every 10th name on the list. Sophia is best illustrating a. Stratified random sampling. b. Cluster sampling. c. Systematic sampling. d. Simple random sampling.
systematic sampling
1. In Katia's remedial mathematics study, she collected pretest data from a group of participants. She divided the participants into three groups. One group received no treatment, one group received instruction by a teacher-delivered intervention, one group received peer tutoring on the same problems. After the intervention she tested their math skills. With which validity threat should Katia be most concerned? a. Maturation b. Testing c. Instrumentation d. Mortality
testing
1. Of the following, which is the most common means of qualitative research data collection? a. Standardized tests b. Survey instruments c. Verbal description d. Attitude measures
verbal description