The Cold War
How much money was given to Turkey to fight communism immediately after the Truman doctrine?
$150 million
How much money did Stalin demand from Germany in reparations?
$20 billion
How much money was given to Greece to fight communism immediately after the Truman doctrine?
$250 million
What sum of money did the Marshall Plan invest in Europe?
$5 billion
The Marshal Plan
- 1948 - Effort to revive the economies of Western European States using US credits -Marshal Plan introduced June 1947 **offered aid to any country recovering from the war **criteria for aid included allowing the US to examine financial records and allowing for free enterprise **Open to USSR + Eastern Europe, however they were guaranteed to reject the terms **USSR Called dollar diplomacy - Congress initially opposed Marshal Plan -Feb 1948 Communist coup in Czechoslovakia changes view **Agrees to give $4 bil to Europe - August 1948 W, Europe asks for $28 bil; US grants $17 bil
Cominform
- Set up Sept. 22, 1947, stands for Communist Information Bureau -Intended to coordinate different communist governments of E. Europe -keep communist parties in Europe under Moscow's control -vehicle for USSR to push for governments in E. Europe modeled after USSR
Hungary (Soviet Take-Over)
-1945 Smallholder's Part wins w/Nagy as PM -1946 Coalition government is formed, but fails in 1947 -1947 New elections = communist victory
Romania (Soviet Take-Over)
-1946 election voting is rigged = communists near unanimous victory -1947 all opposition parties close = King abdicates = People's Republic of Romania
Czechoslovakia (Soviet Take-Over)
-1946 free + fair elections = 38% of vote to communists -1947 harassment of non-communists -1948 non-communist PM resigns -1948 New elections = 66% communist victory
Truman Doctrine
-1947 -Truman announces change on policy to 'containment' -Truman Doctrine: **All countries must choose between 'freedom of the west or the subjugation of communism' **US will assist any country resisting 'armed minority' or 'outside pressure' -Feb 1947 = Britain unable to maintain economic or military aid to Greece + Turkey **Congress approves aid to Greece ($300 mil) and Turkey ($100 mil) + military advisors
Berlin Blockade
-1948 -in response to Trizonia + deutschmark -try to prevent creation of W. German state by putting pressure on Germany by holding W. Berlin hostage -USSR cutes off roads, rails, and freight traffic connecting W. Berlin to W. Germany -Supply of electricity cut off in W. Berlin
Change in Leadership
-1953 Stalin dies = Khrushchev emerges leader in 1955 -Eisenhower sown into office in 1953
Hungarian Crisis
-1956 -July 1956 Communist dictator Rakosi resigned due to popular opposition -October 1956 ex-PM Imre Nagy is appointed as Premier -November 1956 Soviet Red Army enters Hungary **Red Army + 6,000 tanks **30,000 Hungarians (including Nagy) and 7,000 Soviet troops are killed -Communist leadership restored
The Berlin Crisis
-1958 -Mass migration was taking place from E. Berlin to W. Berlin because W. Berlin was thriving, while E. Berlin wasn't **allowed relocation out of communism **hurt E. Berlin/E. Germany economy **1961 E. Germany had lost 2.5 mil residents -1958 speech Khrushchev demands the unification of W. Berlin and E. Germany, so that soviets can regain lost work force -Eisenhower + Kennedy remain adamant that W. Berlin remain haven for capitalism and continued Western influences -1960 Soviets shoot down US U2 spy plane in soviet territory; tensions rise -1961 Khrushchev gives US ultimatum to remove all troops from W. Berlin -Midnight August 31, 1961, thousand of Soviet workers construct the Berlin Wall **ran right through downtown Berlin; cutting off W. Berlin from E. Berlin + E. Germany **12 ft. high, 100 mi. long, guarded by armed towers and dogs **wall becomes symbol of Cold War and stark contrast of E. Berlin and W. Berlin **W. Berlin life remained relatively normal, but E. Berlin suffered
Churchill Iron Curtain Speech
-Delivered March 1946 in Missouri -Claims USSR is expansionist state - Says that the US must take over the job of making the world safe for democracy
Yalta Conference
-February 4, 1945 -Set up four zones of occupation in Germany + Berlin -Eastern European nations "friendly" to Soviet regime, and Soviets must allow free elections in the nations
Potsdam Conference
-July 17 - August 2, 1945 -Allied Control Commission = Britain, US, USSR, and France will govern Germany together - Soviets must only take reparations from their own zone (agrarian)
Berlin Airlift
-Lasted 1948-1949 -in response to Berlin Blockade -US + Britain airlift supplies into the city **Have legal right to do so: Operation Vittles = USSR must provide 3 airways into W. Berlin -About 278,000 flights were made, and 2.3 mil tons of food delivered -Stalin ends blockade after a year due to failure -1949 = creation of Germany Democratic State (E. Germany) -1949 = creation of West German State
Suez Crisis
-October 29, 1956, Israeli armed force enter Egypt near Suez Canal, due to Egyptian nationalization of the canal -French + British forces join Israel -Soviets, hoping to get foothold in Middle East, supplied arms to Egypt and threatened nuclear attack on Western Europe -US admonished Khrushchev for his reckless talk of nuclear war, cautioned him to refrain from directly entering the conflict -US threatened economic sanctions on Israel, Britain, and France is they didn't pull out of Egypt -1957 Israel, France, and Britain pull out of Egypt due to US pressure
Reparations Issue
-Potsdam 1945: **Soviets could only take reparations from E. Germany = less industrialized **granted 25% of machinery in W. Germany, but had to return 60% of value of goods received in form of raw materials -Issue of Economic Reconstruction of Germany **soviets want weak, pastoralized economy **US + UK want industrialized economy -1946 W. Germany stops reparation deliveries to USSR due to lack of all-German trade agreement (including 25 mil. tons of coal) -1946 USSR insists on getting $10 bil in reparations from Germany **allies refuse because Germany economy is weak -1946 Bizonia is formed w/ US + UK combining their zones -1948 France joins Bizonia and creates Trizonia -1948 New currency deutschmark is introduced in W. Germany + W. Berlin w/out consulting USSR
Comecon
-Set up in 1949, stands for Council of Mutual Economic Assistance -used to force Soviet bloc nations to follow Soviet policy -make sure new communist states follow same economic policies of USSR **collectivization + state control of industry -created a big trade group and financially supported E. European states post WWII **rebuilds economies **gives USSR access to resources of satellite states -Used in combination with Cominform
Geneva Summit - "Spirit of Geneva"
-Summit in 1955 -propagated the idea of 'peaceful coexistence' -1956 to Britain: 'You do not like Communism. We do not like Capitalism. There is only one war out - peaceful coexistence' -really meant 'peaceful competition': arms race + space race begin
Tensions of 1945
-US + USSR have stand down over access to Iranian oil; Stalin backs down -Stalin pressures Turkey for concessions, but backs down due to Western opposition
Kennan Long Telegraph
-Written in 1945 -Viewpoints become basis of US foreign policy -Containment = Origin of this policy **USSR is a dangerous and expansionist state **USSR is 'highly sensitive to the logic of force'
Bulgaria (Soviet Take-Over)
-communist party ignored Soviet agreement about allowing opposition involvement in the government -1946 elections lead to more control by Soviets - 1947 activities of main opposition increasingly restricted
Warsaw Pact
-created 1955 -collective defense treaty among communist states -main goal = establish soviet ideology across Eastern Bloc, USSR dominated alliance -Soviet troops stationed all over soviet satellite states -1956 = Hungary withdrew from Warsaw Pact due to some leniency, Soviets come in an crush new government -Akin to NATO
Poland (Soviet Take-Over)
-elections postponed from Feb. 1946 to Jan. 1947 -communist manipulation insured victory
Sputnik
-launched on October 4, 1957 at low orbit around the earth -first artificial earth satellite in space (launched by Soviet Union) -Gave the soviets a leg up in the same race
Soviet Take-Over of Eastern Europe
-started as early as 1946 -speeds up process in response to Marshal Plan and Truman Doctrine w/increased control of Eastern Europe -aim to use Eastern Europe to rebuild Russia
Destalinization
-started by Khrushchev in 1955 -denounced cult of personality + dictatorship -reduced size of Gulag - made labor system less punishing -now genuine liberalization of Soviet state: still totalitarian
By what percentage of votes did the USSR's goverment in Hungary voted out of power in 1989?
11%
How many cities lay in ruin in Russia at the end of World War 2?
1700
When did Stalin sign the Nazi-Soviet Pact?
1938
When was the Cairo Declamation?
1943
When was the Tehran conference?
1943
When did Churchill and Stalin make the Percentages Agreement?
1944
When was a Second Front finally initiated?
1944
When did Roosevelt die?
1945
When did the USA drop bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
1945
When did Byrnes give his speech (Stuttgart Speech) at the Paris Conference marking the end of US appeasement of Russia?
1946
When did Kennen send his 'Long Telegram'?
1946
When did Stalin give his 'election speech'?
1946
When did Truman test two more atomic bombs as a show of strength to the Russians?
1946
When was Churchill's Iron Curtain Speech?
1946
When was the Clifford-Elsley report, warning the President that the USSR sought world domination?
1946
What year did the USA begin its policy of "containment"?
1947
What year was Bizonia created?
1947
What year was the CIA created, thus showing aggressive action?
1947
What year was the CIA formed?
1947
What year were the British and American zones of Berlin merged into Bizonia?
1947
When did Truman introduce his Truman Doctrine?
1947
When did the UK pull military and economic aid from the Mediterranean (Greece and Turkey)
1947
When did the US prevent communism taking power in Italy?
1947
When was Germany divided into Bizonia?
1947
When was the Marshall Plan envisioned?
1947
What year did the US and UK reform the currency of West Germany?
1948
What year was the Berlin blockade?
1948
When did communists seize power in Czechoslovakia?
1948
When was Tito expelled from COMINFORM?
1948
When was the Berlin Airlift?
1948-49
What year did the USSR successfully launch their first Atomic bomb?
1949
What year was NATO formed?
1949
When was the FDR proclaimed?
1949
When did Tito sign an agreement with the US, thereby receiving a sum of $150 million
1950
What year did Truman's presidency end? What year did Stalin die?
1952, 53
How many Americans died in WW2?
200,000
How many Russians died in WW2?
25,000,000
How long was the Long Telegram?
8000 words
By how much did US industry grow during World War 2?
90%
When did Stalin sign the "Declaration of Liberated Europe"?
At Yalta, in 1945
What did Stalin create in 1947 as an equivalent to the Marshall Plan?
COMECON
What organisation did Stalin create in 1947 to unite communist parties all over the world?
COMINFORM
Who was Churchill's successor?
Clement Attlee
Discuss the ideological beliefs of the USSR in terms of the economy.
Communism (extreme version of socialism): No desire to produce a better good b/c government will do for you • Capitalism creates divisions between rich & poor->all businesses & farms should be owned by the state on behalf of the people • Goods will be distributed to individuals by the state -> Everyone will get what is needed & will be working for the collective good
Why did Stalin initially want to upkeep post-war relations with the USA?
Damaged by war
What two Turkish naval bases did Stalin try to secure after Churchill's 'Iron Curtain' speech?
Dardanelles and Bosporus
When was the Yalta conference?
February 1945
What did the Declaration of Liberated Europe promise Eastern European countries?
Free Elections
Which historian shares the Orthodox view in regard to the origins of the Cold War?
Gaddis
According to the Realpolitik School, what isn't responsible for the Cold War?
Ideology
When was the Potsdam conference?
July 1945
Which historian shares the post-revisionist view in regard to the origins of the Cold War?
Leffler
What did Czeckoslovakia initially want to receive, but was forced not to by Stalin?
Marshall Aid
What battleship did Truman send to Turkey as a show of power to Stalin?
Missouri
According to the post-revisionist view, who is responsible for the Cold War?
Nobody, the war was fuelled by misunderstandings
What American action did Molotov denounce as an attempt to split Europe into two camps?
The Marshall Plan
What US action was taken as a result of the UK's withdrawal from Turkey and Greece in 1947
The Truman Doctrine
Discuss the increasing hostility between the West and the USSR.
The mutual suspicion between the West and the USSR manifested itself in various ways between the Bolshevik Rev (1917) and the start of WWII (1939): o The intervention of the West in the Russian Civil War (1918-1922) o The fact that the USSR did not receive diplomatic recognition nor join the League of Nations until the 1930's o The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939) allowed Hitler to concentrate on attacking the West
Who was Roosevelt's successor?
Truman
According to the Revisionist view, who is responsible for the Cold War?
USA (Dollar Imperialism)
According to the Orthodox view, who is responsible for the Cold War?
USSR
NATO
West Germany joins NATO in 1955; triggers Warsaw pact
Which historian shares the Revisionist view in regard to the origins of the Cold War?
Williams
In which conference was it decided that Germany AND Berlin would be divided into four zones of occupation?
Yalta
Discuss the ideological beliefs of the West in terms of politics.
liberal democracy: • Individuals choose the gov't through voting. There is a range of political parties to choose from • Individuals have certain rights, such as freedom of speech & freedom of press
Discuss the sef-interest of the US.
• No need to est markets & open doors to free trade • The desire to avoid another economic of the magnitude of 1929 • President Truman and most of the post-war US admin behind....
Describe the economic reasons the US and USSR became superpowers.
• The US economy was able to out-produce all the other powers put together. • US was committed to open trade, wanting to insure liberal trade conditions and market competition. The US took a lead in international collaboration: International Monetary Fund (IMF); General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) • The US had the economic strength to prevent a return to instability in Europe. • Small Eastern European countries were not economically viable on their own; the Soviet Union would support them.
Describe the military reasons the US and USSR became superpowers.
• The US had acquired the largest air force in the world, with almost 73,000 aircraft. Additionally, 12 million men were in the armed forces, and the navy consisted of over 70,000 vessels. Oh yea...and we had the A-bomb. • The USSR had acquired the largest land army in the world • France and Britain's inability to defeat
Discuss the ideological beliefs of the USSR in terms of politics.
• There is no need for a range of political parties, as the Communist Party truly represents the views of all the workers & rules on behalf of the people • Individual freedoms valued by the West aren't necessary • This is a one-party state
Discuss the ideological beliefs of the West in terms of the economy.
•Capitalism: Individuals should be able to compete w/ each other w/ a minimal state interference & make as much $ as they wish • Individuals thus encouraged to work hard by the promise of individual reward
