The French Revolution, Changes in Govt., and Napoleon Bonaparte
What was the slogan for the French Rev.?
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"
When did the French Revolution begin and end?
1789-1815
When did Napoleon declare himself as Emperor of France?
1804, and he brought back religion to France
What was an estates-general?
A lawmaking body made up of representatives from all three estates Each estate had one vote (third estate was always outvoted)
What occurred on July 14?
A mob of peasants stormed the Bastille, a hated prison, broke the prison down, and stole ammunition It was the OFFICIAL beginning of the French Revolution
Who were the Jacobins?
A radical, political organization who include Jean-Paul Marat and Max Robespierre
What is the definition of Great Fear?
A wave of senseless panic that occurred after the storming of the Bastille
What was the order of the changes of government during the French Revolution?
Absolute Monarchy (Louis XVI called a meeting of the estates-general <-- legislative branch) National Assembly (Tennis Court Oath and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen) Legislative Assembly (Created a constitutional monarchy) National Convention (Jacobins and the Reign of Terror <-- renamed the Notre Dame the Goddess of Virtue) Directory (5 Men) Napoleon's Empire (First Consul)
What were the two causes of financial crisis?
An increase in the French population leading to an increase in the demand of food, and an increase of prices and the cost of living
What three mistakes did Napoleon make that led to his downfall?
Blockade of Britain (Continental System) Peninsula War (he tried to conquer Spain and Portugal) Invasion of Russia
What were some social changes under Napoleon?
Created a lycees (govt.-run public school) Ended the estate system Concordat (reduced power of the church) Restored religion Created a blockade
What were some economic changes under Napoleon?
Created an efficient method of tax collection Created a National Bank of France
What things did Robespierre change under his rule of France?
He changed the calendar to 12 months and 30 days, banned Sundays and churches, used the guillotine on French peasants to see a connection between virtue and torture, and tried to rid everything of France's past
What happened to make Napoleon get exiled a second time?
He lost his final battle in Waterloo and was exiled in St. Helena, where he died
What did Napoleon do to get into power?
He staged a coup d'etat and took the title as First Consul
What was the problem with the abuse of power?
King Louis XVI didn't protect the commoners and didn't make good financial decisions (or any decisions)
What occurred in 1814?
Napoleon surrendered his throne and was exiled to Elba; he escaped in 1815 and practiced the 100 days rule
What were some legal changes under Napoleon?
Napoleonic Code Coup d'etat Restored slavery
Who were Emigres?
Nobles and others who fled France to undo the revolution and restore the Old Regime
What were the Sans-culottes?
Parisian workers and small shopkeepers who were a radical group and were classified as "those without knee breeches"
What was the problem with government debt?
Paying for luxuries, costly wars, and the first and second estates refusing to pay the taxes ended up in government debt
What were some political changes under Napoleon?
Plebiscite (vote of the people) Government jobs based on merit Created a puppet government in Switzerland Reduced political power of the church
What was the Congress of Vienna?
Representatives across Europe met and re-established a balance of power in Europe
What was an example of Marie Antoinette's weak leadership?
She was known as "Madame Deficit.," because of her massive purchasing of clothes, jewelry, parties, etc.
What were the six causes of the French Revolution?
Social unrest Unfair social divisions Unequal tax burdens Government debts Financial crisis Abuse of power
What was the Tennis Court Oath?
Symbolized the end of absolute monarchy in France, and the beginning of a representative government
What occurred on July 13?
The electors of Paris created a bourgeois (middle class) militia to restore order in Paris and protect themselves against the King's troops
What was the Bread Riot?
The poor reacted to the increased cost of bread (which was caused by the increasing population), and the fact that one loaf of bread was an entire month's wage The Europeans adopted the potato, but the French called it the "Devil's Food"
What was the issue with unequal tax burdens?
The third estate had no voice in government, but paid 100% of the taxes, while the first and second estates didn't pay any taxes
What occurred in unfair social decisions?
The three estates: first estate=clergy (1%), second estate=nobility (2%), third estate (97%)
What were some effects of Napoleon's rule?
There was a spread of nationalism and revolutions in France (nationalism is the belief that one's greatest loyalty is a shared culture, rather than to a leader or border) After Louis XVIII, Charles X, and Louis-Phillipe, Louis-Napoleon, Napoleon's cousin, took over France as the name of Emperor Napoleon III and stabilized and industrialized France
What happened as a result of King Louis XVI locking the third estate out of the representative building?
They declared themselves the National Assembly and intended to create a new government and constitution for themselves- the Tennis Court Oath
Why did many people dislike Napoleon?
They didn't want to pay taxes They were forced into the army
How did the American colonists start the American Revolution?
Using Enlightenment ideas
