THE NATURE AND PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION

Newman and Summer

"Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinion or emotions by two or more persons."

7Cs of Effective Communication

.Completeness •Conciseness •Consideration •Concreteness •Courtesy •Clearness •Correctness

receiver

is the person to whom the message is sent.

LINEAR COMMUNICATION MODEL

presents communication as a one-way activity in which information flows from the sender to the receiver. This process shows only a passive receiver. Feedback is not a requirement, and the role of the receiver is only to accept information. This model was designed to show the functions of radio and telephone communications.

INTIMATE

This is speech style is private and is used by persons with a close relationship. This style uses private vocabulary and the language may or may not be shared in public.

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

This is the act of conveying and transmitting messages not with the spoken language, but with the use of gestures, behaviors, actions, and other non-verbal cues.

M A S S C O M M U N I C AT I O N

This type of speech context refers to communication even larger audience compare to public communication through television, radio, magazines, internet, billboards, newspapers and other types of media.

Tactile Channel

Touch sensations

HAPTICS

Touching behavior expressing range of feelings.Touching gestures • EX.Shoving, slapping, holding hands. vary from culture to culture

SHANNON AND WEAVER'S MODEL

a model that resembled the transmission of a telephone message. While the "Information Source" and "Destination" represent humans, the "Transmitter" and "Receiver" stand for devices or instruments, with the "Signals" ranging from electronic signals to radio waves to gestures. This model also introduces the idea of noise - secondary signals that hinder the transmission of the message

COMMUNICATION MODELS

are concepts exemplifying the process of human communication. These models attempt to help communicators to obtain a deeper understanding of the whole communication process, thus improving their communication skills

verbal content non-verbal content

message include:

VISUAL COMMUNICATION

ndicates communication using maps, graphics, traffic signals, advertisements

NOISY ENVIRONMENT

physical environment

5 MAIN FUNCTIONS OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

1 Reinforces or modifies what is said in words. 2 conveys information about the emotional state of the speaker/listener or anyone, else in the audience. 3 defines/reinforces relationships between people. 4 provides feedback 5 regulates the flow of communication

SENDER-ORIENTED BARRIERS

1. Poor Structure of the Message Ideas -are organized poorly. 2. Noise -Sounds or signals that hinders communication. 3. Faulty Choice Words -Words used are ambiguous in meaning. 4. Inappropriate Quantity of Information -The sender reveals too much or too little information.

RECEIVER-ORIENTED BARRIER

1. Poor retention of ideas= The receiver might get lost in the flow of the sender's ideas. 2. Inattentive listening= This may be because the receiver is not interested in what the sender is saying. 3. Tendency to evaluate= The receiver judges the validity of the sender's message even before the sender finishes communicating.

I N T R A P E R S O N A L C O M M U N I C AT I O N

1This is a communication in which a person does "selftalking". 2 is primarily consists of thinking. 2 YOU send the message to yourself and 3 YOU yourself decodes the message

DONWARD-MOVING INFORMATION UPWARD-MOVING INFORMATION HORIZONTAL-MOVING INFORMATION

3 TYPES OF INFORMATION

MOTIVATION

COMMUNICATION CAN BE A VEHICLE OF MOTIVATION IN SOME ORGANIZATIONS WHEN THERE IS CLARIFICATION ON WHAT IS TO BE DONE, HOW WELL A PERSON IS DOING , WHAT CAN BE DONE TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE. COMMUNICATION CAN ALSO FUNCTION TO REINFORCE OR STIMULATE BEHAVIORS OF PERSONS EX.TO MOTIVATE ONE PEERS.

SOCIAL INTERACTION

COMMUNICATION MAY ACT FUNCTION IN SHARED ATTENTION WITH OTHERS WHERE THERE IS THE SOCIAL ASPECT OF INTERACTION. IT ALSO FINCTIONS TO CREATE AND MAINTAIN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION EX. EXTENDING/SAYING A BIRTHDAY GREETING

P U B L I C C O M M U N I C A T I O N

Communication in which one person (speaker) is engaged in transmitting messages to an audience. There is limited feedback since communication is only focused on the speaker.

SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION

Communication involves 3 to 15 people engaging in an interaction to achieve a desired goal. Ex. group work or brainstorming

DYAD COMMUNICATION

Communication that involves only two participants.

Noise

refers to anything that interferes in the communication process between a speaker and an audience. This is also called interference.

WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

refers to communication and interaction using written words to convey a message.

Psychological Noise

refers to the qualities in us that affect how we communicate and interpret others.

Negative Feedback

this occurs when the intended feedback is not achieved

Positive Feedback

this occurs when the intended message is achieved

USE OF JARGON

unique to a certain professor/ group of words unique to organization.

REGULATION/CONTROL SOCIAL INTERACTION MOTIVATION INFORMATION EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION

FUNCTION OF COMMUNICATION:

Visual Channel

Facial Expressions, body language, posture, gestures, pictures & written words, electronic mails, mass media

Physiological Noise Physical Noise Psychological Noise Semantic Noise

Four Kinds of Noise

MEDIA/ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION

INCLUDES COMMUNICATION THROUGH WWW

UPWARD-MOVING INFORMATION

INFORMATION FROM SUBORDINATES TO SUPERIORS

DOWNARD-MOVING INFORMATION

INFORMATION FROM SUPERIORS TO SUBORDINATE

Feedback

Is the response from the receiver which gives the communicator an idea of how the message is being received and whether it needs to be modified. ====most essential element receiver has understood communication process complete

interference.

NOISE IS CALLED

Auditory Channel

Spoken words, sounds, telephones or mobile communications, radio

READING FROM A MANUSCRIPT MEMORIZED SPEECH IMPROMPTU SPEECH EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH

TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO DELIVERY:

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

The Physical environment reveals the personality of a person affecting communication. • Use of physical environment • Ugly or dirty room, well-lit room

CHRONEMICS

The study of time in communicationUse of time • Being early or late in a speaking engagement

SENDER AND RECEIVER

The two essential elements in every communication situation.

ASSERTIVE DIRECTIVE EXPRESSIVE DECLARATION

Classification of Illocutionary Act

PURPOSES OF COMMUNICATION

TO INQUIRE, TO INFORM, TO PERSUADE,TO DEVELOP GOODWILL.

ENTERTAINMENT SPEECH

aims to share pleasure to the audience. Its primary aim is for the audience to relax, enjoy and even laugh.

SPEECH CONTEXT

REFERS SITUATION, ENVIRONMENT, CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH COMMUNICATION OCCURS.

I N T R A P E R S O N A L C O M M U N I C AT I O N I N T E R P E R S O N A L C O M M U N I C AT I O N P U B L I C C O M M U N I C A T I O N M A S S C O M M U N I C AT I O N

T Y P E S O F S P E E C H C O N T E X T

LACK OF CONFIDENCE

hesitant shy to shared

ORAL COMMUNICATION

involves a speaker and a receiver exchanging verbal or oral message for a particular purpose.

channel

is a medium or instrument used by the sender and the receiver to transmit information. Availability of Channels Purpose Suitability Type of Receiver Type of Message Preference of Sender and receiver Communication skills

LOCUTIONARY ACTS

is an art of making a meaningful utterance or the act of "saying something". This is the literal or actual meaning of the message that the encoder sends. Examples ASKING OR ANSWERING A QUESTION, UTTERING A SENTENCE. act occurs when a speaker performs an utterance (locution)

Physiological Noise

is distraction caused by hunger, fatigue, headaches, medication and other factors that affect how we think and feel

verbal content

ke written or spoken words, sign language, e-mail, text messages, phone calls,

INFORMATIVE SPEECH

known as expository speech, is a speech delivered to impart knowledge, clarify information and to secure understanding.

LANGUAGE BARRIER

lots of language and barrier

MESSAGE

may include verbal content like written or spoken words, sign language, e-mail, text messages, phone calls, and will include nonverbal content or meaningful behavior beyond words like body movement and gestures, eye contact, vocal variety, touch and timing.

nonverbal content

meaningful behavior beyond words like body movement and gestures, eye contact, vocal variety, touch and timing.

HORIZONTAL-MOVING INFORMATION

INFORMATION FROM WORKER TO WORKER, MANAGER, TO MANAGER, PEER TO PEER

DYAD COMMUNICATION SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION

2 types of I N T E R P E R S O N A L C O M M U N I C AT I O N:

PROCESS SYSTEMATIC SYMBOLIC MEANING

4 NATURE OF COMMUNICATION

Communication

A process through which individuals mutually exchange their ideas, values, thought, feeling and actions with one or more people. The transfer of information from the sender to the receiver so that it can be understood in the right context.===DEFINITION is from the Latin word of "communicare". It is defined as an act or process of imparting and sharing information between and among people in order to express their desires, needs and aspirations and all various kinds of information.

SENDER

is anyone who wishes to convey an idea or concept to others, seek information, or express a thought or emotion.encodes the idea by selecting symbols with which the message is composed.

PROXEMICS HAPTICS OCULESICS KINESICS CHRONEMICS OBJECTICS PHYSICAL APPEARANCE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

Visual Elements

Physical Noise

is interference in our environments, such as noises made by others, overly dim or bright lights and crowded conditions.

Cumming M.W.

"The word communication describes the process of conveying messages from one person to another, so that they can be understood."

SENDER AND RECEIVER MESSAGE CHANNEL CONTEXT NOISE FEEDBACK

Aspects of Communication

Visual Channel Auditory Channel Tactile Channel Combined ChannelAudio

Classification of channels

Semantic Noise

Exists when words themselves are nor mutually understood

OCULESICS

Study of eyes and its movement in relation to communication .Communication through gestures.Eye movements EX.Wink, blink. Direct gaze

I N T E R P E R S O N A L C O M M U N I C AT I O N

T H I S I S C O M M U N I C A T I O N T H A T T A K E S P L A C E B E T W E E N A N D A M O N G I N D I V I D U A L S . silent talk, question suggestion, self-tape, self-conversation, verbalization.

SPEAKER MESSAGE HEARER

3 COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATION:

Combined Channel

Audio-visual media,

Three Implications of Transactional Communication Model

1. The model implies that communication is on-going, and it involves a continuing changing process. 2. Each element of the transactional process exists in relation to the other elements. There can be no source without a receiver, and no message without a source. 3. Individual background experiences, attitudes, cultural beliefs, self-esteem and other related factors play important roles in the communication process.

How to Avoid communication barriers

1. Use appropriate language 2. Make the delivery of your message clear. 3. Send consistent signals. 4. Reduce physical distractions

VERBBAL COMMUNICATION NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

2 ELEMENTS IN COMMUNICATION

PROXEMICS

A study of how peopple use space and distance in communicating.distance EX.Close, far, near, apart

EXPRESSIVE

An act in which the speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotions. Examples are thanking, apologizing, welcoming and deploring. "I am sorry for all the things that I've done.

DIRECTIVE

An illocutionary act in which the speaker tries to receiver perform an action. Examples are asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising and begging. "Please, let me go."

EMOTIONAL BARRIERS USE OF JARGON LACK OF CONFIDENCE NOISY ENVIRONMENT LANGUAGE BARRIER

BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION

INFORMATION

COMMUNICATION IS DONE BY PROVIDING INFORMATION FOR INDIVIDUALS TO MAKE DECISIONS, IDENTIFY, AND EVALUATE CHOICES

REGULATION/CONTROL

COMMUNICATION MAY ACT TO CONTROL THE BEHAVIOR OF A PERSON IN ORDER TO MEET HIS OR HER NEEDS, AND AN ATTEMPT TO REGULATE THE ACTIONS OF OTHERS TO HELP MEET SUCH NEEDS EX. A MILITARY OFFICER COMMANDING CADETS "to form a line"

EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION

COMMUNICATION PROVIDES A CHANNEL FOR A PERSON TO RELEASE , TALK, OR EXPRESS HIS OR HER FEELINGS, THEREBY, FULFILLING HIS OR HER SOCIAL NEEDS EXAMPLES> SAYING "I love you"

THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION

Communication is considered as a process that involves relaying of message from a sender to the receiver through the use of systematic and understandable cycle; this includes the ________sender, receiver,message channel/medium, context, noise and the feedback

KINESICS

Facial expressions • Hand Gestures • Head movement • Posture EX.miling, frowning, raising of eyebrows • Crossing of fingers, Thumbs-up • Nodding, shaking of head • Crossing of legs, shifting one's foot

REINFORCEMENT MODIFICATION ACTUATION

TYPES OF PERSUASIVE SPEECH:

INTIMATE CASUAL CONSULTATIVE FORMAL FROZEN

TYPES OF SPEECH STYLES The level of formality is important in communicative exchanges. Thus it is important to know what kind of speech style to use in a conversation.

OBJECTICS

The use of physical objects in communication. • Use of objects • Nameplates, badges

PHYSICAL APPEARANCE

The way people dress themselves communicates sommething • Clothing as powerful communicator. • Shabby or dirty clothing

DECLARATION

These are speech acts that change the reality in accordance of the declaration. Examples are blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, passing a sentence and excommunicating. "You are fired!"

ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS

This act is using a sentence to express an attitude with certain force or function. It is not just saying something with the intention of stating a opinion, making a prediction, issuing an order or giving an advice. "Saying something, we do something". Examples • There's too much homework in this subject.(opinion). is the performance of the act of saying something with a specific intention.

READING FROM A MANUSCRIPT

This is a manner of speaking in which a written speech is read and delivered word for word. -Advantages -Requires less skills as making a memorized speech -Lesser to no time for practicing the speech delivery -Requires no familiarization with ideas and thought of the speech -Disadvantages Speakers may just read and not communicate at all Speakers may disregard audience

IMPROMPTU SPEECH

This is a speech where the speaker develops his or her ideas, thoughts and language at the moment of delivery

EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH

This is a speech where the topics are given beforehand; however the speaker will compose his or her speech only at the moment of delivery.

CONSULTATIVE

This is a standard style. Professional and mutually acceptable language is used. Strangers who have little to no background of each other engage in consultative communication.

ASSERTIVE

This is a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proposition. Examples are suggesting, swearing, boasting and concluding. "No one can love you like I do."

MEMORIZED SPEECH

This is a written speech which is mastered and delivered entirely from memory. -Advantages -Enhances speaker's memory -Develops speakers' platform behavior -Disadvantages -Discourages speakers to react to audience's feedback --Spontaneous and natural presentation may not be practiced

VERBAL COMMMUNICATION

This refers to an act where individuals transmit and exchange ideas through the spoken language.

FROZEN

This style is a formal style, "frozen" in time and remains unchanged. This mostly occurs in ceremonies. Ex. Wedding and ceremonies.

CASUAL

This style is used among friends, peers and coworkers in an informal atmosphere. Jargon, slang, street language, ellipsis, gay language or vulgar words are used.

FORMAL

This style is used in formal settings. This style does not allow interruptions because it is only for imparting information.

KAUL (2000)

Two Types of Communication Barriers: =Sender-Oriented Barriers =Receiver- Oriented Barriers

INFORMATIVE SPEECH PERSUASIVE SPEECH ENTERTAINMENT SPEECH

Types of Speech According to Purpose

LOCUTIONARY ACTS ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS PERLOCUTIONARY ACTS

Types of Speech Acts:

PERLOCUTIONARY ACTS

consists of bringing about certain consequences for the receiver of the utterance. This is seen when a particular effect is sought from either the sender or receiver. This is the resulting act of what is said. "Saying something, and not in saying something. happens when what the speaker says has an effect on the receiver.

LASWELL'S MODEL

culminates with the outcome or effect of communication. In his perspective, the communicator or the sender is the only active participant. The recipient, meanwhile, processes the information but does not reciprocate the messag

EMOTIONAL BARRIERS

emotions as a sender or receiver.

communicare

is the Latin word of communication. It is defined as an act or process of imparting and sharing information between and among people in order to express their desires, needs and aspirations and all various kinds of information.

PERSUASIVE SPEECH

is the process of producing oral messages that increase personal commitment, modify beliefs, attitudes or values. The general purpose of this is to change or reinforce behaviors and/or beliefs,

Context

refers to the words and sentences that surround any part of a discourse and that helps to determine its meaning.

TRANSACTIONAL COMMUNICATION MODEL

resents communication not only as a two-way process but also a simultaneous activity. Senders and receivers are called participants since they are both capable of sending or receiving messages anytime or at the same time. The noise and the environment are the other elements that affect the process. The noise is any distraction that affects the interpretation of the message.

INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION MODEL

shows a two-way activity. The sender and the receiver have the same role in the activity: either one comes up with an idea, sends a message, and reacts to a concept. The model involves feedback, an element missing from the linear communication model. It may also include noise, an element that affects the interpretation of the message.