The Renaissance and The Reformation
Where did the Renaissance begin?
Italy
What factors enabled the Renaissance to reach Northern European cities?
Trade, development of printing, and movement of artists/scholars
Who was the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V?
A devote catholic that opposed Luther's teachings. He controlled a vast empire, including the German states. He was the one who summoned Luther to trial and declared him an outlaw and heretic.
Explain the ideal "Renaissance Man."
An educated man who could create art and strive to master in almost every area of study. A "universal man" who excelled in many fields.
Identify the term indulgences.
An indulgence was a pardon that released a sinner from performing the penalty that a priest imposed for sins. Indulgences were not supposed to affect God's right to judge, however Tetzel gave people the impression that by buying indulgences, they could buy their way into heaven.
What years did the Renaissance take place?
Approximately 1300 to 1600
Compare Northern Renaissance art to Italian Renaissance art.
Both used realism. Used similar techniques. The Northern Renaissance art was even more worldly and portrayed humanism while it showed people doing things of everyday life. Italian Renaissance art was still more religious.
What was the movement to simplify the Christian church known as?
Christian humanism.
Why did Henry VIII want his first marriage annulled?
He needed a male heir and was convinced that his wife, Catherine, would have no more children. He wanted to divorce her and take a younger queen.
Who was Huldrych Zwingli?
He was a radical reformer that established a church in Switzerland that was based on theocracy. He was condemned by Luther and vulnerable to attack by Catholics because they did not have the support of Luther's Protestants.
Who was Michel Angelo?
He was a sculptor, poet, architect, and painter that used a realistic style when depicting the human body. His achievements include the dome of St. Peter's, the paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine chapel, and the statue of David.
What did Henry VIII declare himself the leader of in England that started the England reformation?
Henry VIII declared himself as the official head of England's church.
What was Luther's main ideas?
His three main ideas were: ⚫️ people could win salvation only by faith in Gods gift of forgiveness. The church taught that faith and "good works" were needed for salvation. ⚫️ all church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible. Both the pope and Church traditions were false authorities. ⚫️ all people with faith were equal. Therefore, people did not need priests to interpret the bible for them.
Describe the difference between humanism and Christian humanism.
Humanism focused on human potential and wasn't as focused on life as a Christian while Christian humanism was simplifying the Christian church so they could advance their lives as humans and do not let the church regulate everything that they do.
What did humanists focus on?
Humanists studied classical texts and used them to understand Greek values instead of Christian teachings. They carried on classical traditions with art and architecture. They also focused on the study of subjects common to classical education such as history, literature, and philosophy.
Who founded the Jesuit order?
Ignatius of Loyola.
How was the Renaissance a rebirth?
It was a revival of art and learning used to bring back the culture of classical Greece and Rome.
Who was Leonardo Da Vinci?
Leonardo Da Vinci was a painter, sculptor, inventor and scientist. He was interested in how things work as he studied how a muscle moves and how veins are arranged in a leaf. He painted the Mona Lisa which was so real that many writers have tried to explain the thoughts behind her smile. He also made the famous religious painting, the Last Supper, which shows the personalities of Jesus' disciples through facial expressions.
Who was Martin Luther?
Martin Luther was a monk that came to a conclusion through studying the Bible that faith alone was the key to salvation. He wanted full reform of the church and criticized indulgences.
Who started the protestant reformation?
Martin Luther.
Difference between Medieval artists and Renaissance artists.
Medieval artists used religious subjects to convey a spiritual ideal while Renaissance artists often portrayed religious subjects, but they used a realistic style copied from classical models.
Who were Jesuits?
Members who followed the religious order of the pope which was called the Society of Jesus. They focused on three activities such as founding school throughout Europe, converting non Christians to Catholicism, and stopping the spread of Protestantism.
What major idea did John Calvin promote?
Pre-destination which is the belief that God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved. He said that people are sinful by nature, too.
Who was Queen Elizabeth I?
Queen Elizabeth I was the daughter Henry VIII had with Anne Boleyn. She was a Protestant who led the Church of England and decided to establish a state church that moderate Catholics and moderate Protestants might both accept. She brought a level of religious peace to England.
What caused the Protestant reformation to begin?
Social: the Renaissance values of humanism and secularism led people to question the church. The printing press spread ideas critical of the church. Political: powerful monarchs challenged the church as supreme power in Europe. Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority. Economic: European prices and kings were jealous of the church's wealth. Merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the church. Religious: Some church leaders ad become more worldly and corrupt. Many people found church practices such as the sale of indulgences unacceptable.
What did humanists believe in?
That the potential of humans was almost limitless.
What was the name of the document posted by Martin Luther?
The 95 theses. He posted the statements on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg and invited other scholars to debate him. Someone copied these words of Luther and took them to a printer to eventually spread all of Germany.
What was the result of Gutenburg's printing press?
The process made it possible to produce books quickly and cheaply. For the first time, books were cheap enough that many people could buy them. The contents of books ranged from only religious works to soon various other injects such as travel guides and medical manuals. Printing made more information available and inexpensive enough for society at large. A greater availability of books prompted an increased desire for learning and a rise in literacy throughout Europe. It published accounts of new discoveries and published legal proceedings that made laws clear so that people were more likely to understand their rights. This increase in awareness made people began to question political structures and religious practices.
How did Northern Renaissance art differ from Italian Renaissance art initially?
The style of the paintings.
What influenced the creation of humanist thought?
The survivors of the war and the plaque in the late Middle Ages of Europe wanted to celebrate life and the human spirit. They questioned the institutions of the Middle Ages, which had been unable to prevent war or to relieve suffering that was brought by the plague. They also began to question the church which taught Christians to endure suffering while they awaited their rewards in heaven. It became suggested that a person might enjoy life without offending God.
How did the geography of Italian city-states contribute to the start and spread of the Renaissance?
They were surrounded by water which allowed oversea trade and led to growth. Cities are often a place where people exchange ideas which is why these city-states were an ideal breeding ground for an intellectual revolution. Also, the bubonic plaque of the 1300s struck these cities hard and brought economic changes. Now with few opportunities to expand business, merchants began to pursue other interests like the arts.
How did the Catholics combat the spread of the Protestant reformation?
Through the Catholic reformation which was also known as the counter reformation. It was a movement to help Catholics remain loyal.
What are two differences and two similarities between the Italian Renaissance and the northern Renaissance?
Two differences: the Italian Renaissance focused on more Godly matters while the Northern Renaissance focused on painting regular people in their everyday lives. Italian Renaissance paintings had godly figures in heaven that were enlarged to show importance while in the northern Renaissance these figures were on earth and appears to be normal people. Similarities: include them both using perspective and they both wanted to focus on their achievements and simplify Christian life.
Who was William Shakespeare?
William Shakespeare was the most famous writer of the Elizabethan Age and regarded to many as the greatest playwright of all time. His works display a masterful command of the English language and a deep understanding of Human beings. Many of his plays examine human flaws and he has expressed the Renaissance's high view of Human Nature in Hamlet.
How was the printing press revolutionary?
With easier access to books, more people learned to read.
Define secular
Worley rather than spiritual and concerned with here and now.
Why was Eramus's works censored in Paris and condemned by the Church?
because he increased discontent with the church due to corruption.
What was decided at the council of Trent?
⚫️ The church's interpretation of the bible was final. Any Christian who substituted his or her own interpretation was a heretic. ⚫️Christians needed faith and good works for salvation. They were not saved by faith alone, as Luther argued. ⚫️the bible and church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life. ⚫️indulgences were valid expressions of faith. But the false selling of indulgences was banned.
Define Renaissance
A period of European history during which renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in art, learning, and views of the world.
Who were the Medici's and what were they known for in Italy?
A powerful banking family that ruled the city-state of Florence. They were very influential during the Renaissance and became great patrons of the arts.
Define perspective
A technique used by renaissance painters which shows three dimensions on a flat surface.
Define Humanism
An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements.
What were the Italian cities of Venice, Milan, and Florence best known for?
Trade
