The Synapse
What responsible for postsynaptic inhibition?
IPSP
What takes the membrane potential farther away from threshold?
IPSP
Cause hyperpolarization by IPSPs and inhibit action potential generation.
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
A graged hyper polarization of the postsynaptic membrane, making it more difficult for the postsynaptic cell to reach threshold.
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
A graded depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane which moves the membrane potential toward the threshold.
Excitatory Postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
Cause depolarization by EPSPs and promote action potential generation.
Excitatory neurotransmitters
what can reach action potential is the threshold is released?
Excitatory postsynaptic potential
True or false: The chemical synapse will always release enough neurotransmitter to bring the postsynaptic cell membrane to threshold.
False: it may or may not release.
Chemical synapses can be divided into three categories.. what are those?
Neuromuscular, Nueroglandular, and Neuron-neuron synapses
Classified as excitatory or inhibitory based on their effects on the postsynaptic membranes
Neurotransmitters
These Bind to receptor proteins on the postsynaptic membrane causing ion channels to open
Neurotransmitters
What two membranes are locked together at gap junctions?
Presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes
Th junction between a neuron and a second cell (either a neuron or a muscle or glandular cell)/ can be organized as either an electrical or chemical synapse.
Synapse
Electrical synapses are present in..
brain, some smooth muscle cells, and some neurons of the brain.
Cells that have a space (synaptic cleft) between them and use a neurotransmitter to cross the space.
chemical synapse
Cells have no space between them- are physically connected which allows for stimulation that is direct.
electrical synapse
Achetylcholine is _ at the neuromuscular junction of the skeletal muscle and _ at the neuromuscular junctions of the heart.
excitatory; inhibitory
What does the transmembrane potential represent; which of all the excitatory and inhibitory stimuli affecting the neuron at the moment.
integration
a molecule that binds with a receptor protein
ligand molecule
synapses between a neuron and a glandular cell
neuroglandular junction
Synapses between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber
neuromuscular junction
Synapse between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite, cell body, or axon or a 2nd neuron./ these impulses pass from eh presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neurons
neuron to neuron synapses
These are released from the presynaptic axon terminals at structures called the terminal boutons (synaptic end bulbs)
neurotransmitters
Effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane depend on what? (2 things)
properties of the receptor and not on the nature of the neurotransmitter